Battery Power Source Research Articles

Optimization of energy storage based on floating charge lithium iron phosphate battery

Abstract Lithium iron phosphate batteries are often used as power supplies, power batteries and energy storage batteries for electronic equipment, and their charge and discharge cycle characteristics have been studied extensively. However, when it is used as a new battery power source in a substation, the battery pack must be hung on the charger in a fully charged state for a long time and run for float charging. In this operating mode, the choice of the float billing voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery, the size of the float charging existing, and features of unexpected discharge and battery life under lasting float charging still need to be studied. For that reason, a simulation model of the lithium battery power storage space system was developed, and the control criteria were adapted to make the particular curve constant with the examination information. Based on the real control logic of the energy storage inverter, a simulation model of the power storage inverter is built. With simulation screening and comparison with the actual outside characteristics of the inverter, the control parameters of the simulation model are continuously optimized to make them regular with the outside attributes of the actual inverter. The actual battery access point substation operating mode data is collected and sorted out, an appropriate equivalence on the battery system is performed, and an equivalence model in MATLAB/SIMULINK and PSCAD/EMTDC is built, which forms a complete simulation model together with the battery system model[1].

Development of a top-lit-up-draft biomass gasifier as a sustainable heat source for effective drying of plantain slices in a cabinet dryer

This paper explored the development of a top-lit-up-draft biomass gasifier as a sustainable heat energy alternative to the traditional sun drying and the costly, unreliable heat energy sources such as grid-electricity and petrochemical fuels commonly used for cabinet dryers, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. The gasifier utilized the principle of top-lit-updraft biomass gasification system to thermochemically converts agricultural residues into clean heat energy. The designed gasifier has reactor diameter and height of 28cm and 90cm, fuel consumption rate of 55kg/hr, gasification airflow rate of 82.1m3/hr, DC fan motor of 15W, equipped with 30Ah battery power source, and capable of supplying heat energy of 260.16MJ/h. Performance testing using input variables of fuel loading (10kg-20kg), fan speed (4000rpm-6000rpm), and fuel type (palm-kernel shell, coconut shell, coconut husk, and wood shavings) assessed the gasifier responses such as fuel gasification time, flame temperature, thermal and combustion efficiencies, and carbon monoxide (CO) emission of the flame. Results revealed maximum thermal efficiency, peak flame temperature and longest gasification time of 86.02%, 8750C, and 130min respectively, when operated with palm-kernel shell at maximum fan speed and fuel loading, which emitted average CO of 1ppm lower than the least international air pollutant threshold of 9ppm. Highest combustion efficiency of 99.9% was attained using wood shavings at maximum fan speed and fuel loading. The results highlighted the potential of the gasifier as an effective heat source for drying applications, particularly for drying plantain slices in a cabinet dryer.

Design and performance evaluation of a multi-load and multi-source DC-DC converter for efficient electric vehicle power systems

This paper introduces the design and comprehensive performance evaluation of a novel Multi-Load and Multi-Source DC-DC converter tailored for electric vehicle (EV) power systems. The proposed converter integrates a primary battery power source with a secondary renewable energy source—specifically, solar energy—to enhance overall energy efficiency and reliability in EV applications. Unlike conventional multi-port converters that often suffer from cross-regulation issues and limited scalability, this converter ensures stable power distribution to various EV subsystems, including the motor, air conditioning unit, audio systems, and lighting. A key feature of the design is its ability to independently manage multiple power loads while maintaining isolated outputs, thus eliminating the inductor current imbalance that is common in traditional systems. Experimental validation using a 100 W prototype demonstrated the converter’s ability to deliver stable 24 V and 48 V outputs from a 12 V input, with output voltage deviations kept within ± 1%, significantly improving upon the ± 5% deviations typically seen in existing converters. Furthermore, the system achieved an impressive 93% efficiency under variable load conditions. The modular nature of the converter makes it not only suitable for EV applications but also for a broader range of industries, including renewable energy systems and industrial power supplies. This paper concludes by discussing optimization strategies for future improvements and potential scaling of the technology for commercial use in sustainable energy applications.

Power Management Strategy of a PEM Fuel Cell-Battery Powered Electric Vehicle

A MATLAB-Simulink based mathematical vehicle simulation model is developed in this investigation to analyze power management strategy of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and battery powered electric vehicle. The vehicle simulation model incorporated a real-world commercial passenger vehicle operator’s drive cycle inputs and associated vehicle dynamics to determine accurate estimation of total onboard power requirements and withdrawal of power from the fuel cell and battery sources to meet the demand. The power management strategy is designed to meet the vehicle’s onboard power demand based on the availability of hybrid combination of fuel cell and battery power sources. The fuel cell stack is the primary power source of the vehicle. The fuel cell is also charging the battery with excess power produced onboard and hence controls the state-of-charge of the battery. Battery is used as a supplemental power source for meeting the vehicle’s peak power demands. The parameters are optimized to implement the power management strategy by considering the battery state-of-the charge, the drive torque and the vehicle drive performance. The model simulation results with optimized parameters showed that the power requirement of the electric vehicle was significantly affected by the combination of fuel cell and battery power management system as well as the operating behaviors of the end user (driver).

Motion planning and control of an autonomous mobile robot

The application of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) has gradually become crucial in smart factories due to the advantages of improving production efficiency and reducing labour costs. Motion planning has been a key part of AMR control development. This paper presents motion planning and position tracking control systems of an omnidirectional wheel AMR powered by a hybrid fuel cell and battery power source. First, the kinematical and dynamic models of the AMR are introduced. The navigation system comprises three loops, with the first loop being motor control, the second loop being position tracking control, and a motion planning layer. The position data of the AMR for feedback control is obtained through sensor fusion of data from the inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, encoder sensor, and ranging sensor with simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) algorithm. The motion planning is then applied to obtain an optimal path with the shortest distance and collision-free movement. In addition, the tracking algorithm is designed to drive the AMR to follow the optimal path and achieve high accuracy. The experimental results show a 30% improvement in tracking accuracy compared to traditional approaches and 8 hours of continuous working, which is promising for industrial applications, and the results are satisfactory in terms of both accuracy and efficiency requirements.

Energy efficient computing by using of software optimization aimed on execution time

Despite of all hardware capabilities, optimization of software always was one of actual tasks. Usually optimization of software was aimed to reduce an execution time. But recent decades it’s possible sometimes also to reduce energy consumption and/or energy efficiency of computing because of enhanced energy saving capabilities. Indeed, if computations are made faster, CPU can suspend unusual computational and control blocks. In case of parallelization which is one of optimization techniques, power consumption can raise in short periods of computations because of using multiple CPUs simultaneously. At once execution time can be decreased dramatically so energy efficiency of computing still increasing. In the paper the authors provide the experiments on small size mini PC Raspberry Pi 3B which show that using of optimization tiling method not only speed up a processing but also increase energy efficiency of computing. For such low power systems this can be useful to increase power on time with a battery power source.

Hybrid Cathode Lithium Battery Discharge Simulation for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Using a Coupled Electro-Thermal Dynamic Model.

This paper explores the effect of the load imposed by implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) on their lithium battery power sources longevity using a simulation approach that incorporates a coupled electro-thermal dynamic model. ICDs are one of the effective treatments available to significantly improve survival of patients with fatal arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) disorders. Using a lithium battery power source, this life-saving device sends electrical shocks or pulses to regulate the heartbeat. The service life and reliability of an ICD is primarily expressed by its battery's lifespan and performance. In this paper we investigate the terminal voltage, depth of discharge and temperature dynamics of the implantable lithium battery with a combined cathode material, namely silver vanadium oxide and carbon-monofluoride (Li/SVO-CFx). Modeling the implantable batteries characteristics is a well-established topic in literature; however, to the best of the author's knowledge, the impact of the high-energy shocks (defibrillation) and low-energy device power supply (housekeeping) on the ICD's battery operation is relatively less-explored. Our analysis reveals that the battery terminal voltage is primarily influenced by the continuous low-level housekeeping discharge current within the range of micro amps, rather than the intermittent high-level demand of defibrillation current within the range of several amperes. A Monte Carlo simulation and model prediction comparison with real-time experimental data from literature were used to assess the accuracy and applicability of the model. The results can be used to improve the device battery design, control and operation, thus extending the service life in patients and reducing the need for invasive replacement surgery.

A Techno-Economic Assessment of a Second-Life Battery and Photovoltaics Hybrid Power Source for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Home Charging

This study discusses the use of a retired battery from an electric vehicle for stationary energy storage electric vehicle charging in a residential household. This research provides a novel in-depth examination of the processes that may be necessary to investigate the life loss of a battery, whether new or used. The main contribution is to promote the feasibility of the application from both a technical and economic point of view. The semi-empirical models are then utilized to analyze the life fading that is used in economic studies. In terms of lower initial investment costs for the battery and solar photovoltaics, the numerical calculation demonstrates that the used second-life battery with a DOD of 85% has more advantages over a new battery in the same condition. Additionally, compared to a new battery, a second-life battery gradually loses life and benefits from recycling after a projected 10-year lifespan. These results support the feasibility of the project. A discussion of project hurdles is included in which the hybrid converter modification may be achieved. Policymakers are encouraged to keep this valuable scheme in mind for the sake of margin profit and environmental preservation.

A novel control strategy for dual active bridge bidirectional converter for electric vehicle application

AbstractEnvironmental issues and the depletion of fossil fuel resources cause increased demand for electric vehicles. An electric vehicle consists of two main components: a propulsion system and a battery charger. The design of an efficient, fast and economical charger is key to its success. Therefore, this paper presents a novel design of a dual active bridge‐based bidirectional converter with logical control for an electric vehicle application. The logical control of the converter enables the power flow between the grid and the electric vehicle and vice versa. The power flow is based on the single‐phase shift method. The converter selects the mode of operation based on the battery's state of charge and the user command using a binary switch. The power requirement influences the design of the circuit's parameters of the electric vehicle battery. A 50 V, 100 Ah, and 5 kW Li‐ion battery and AC power source of 230 V, 50 Hz are used in the simulation work. The circuit performance is verified in the SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. The analysis of the converter gives better control for various state‐of‐charge levels of electric vehicle batteries.

Mathematical Modeling and Validation of Saturating and Clampable Cascaded Magnetics for Magnetic Energy Harvesting

Electromagnetic energy harvesting extracts energy from magnetic fields and can provide power to sensors, monitoring nodes, cyber-physical systems and control elements without additional battery and external power source and wiring. This article presents a novel ac-driven electromagnetic energy harvester based on periodically saturating, cascaded magnetics, consisting of a clampable magnetic core and an ungapped high permeability core. The high permeability core guarantees the maximum energy extraction, whereas the clampable core enables the nonintrusive installation of the energy harvester for more pervasive applications. This article first builds a comprehensive mathematical model based on this saturating cascaded magnetic structure, considering the reachability of an individual saturation flux density of the two magnetic cores. This model resolves the new challenges introduced by the cascaded magnetics with respect to a traditional single-core case, providing the accurate calculation of the lengths of the relevant time windows for harvesting and the amount of the harvested power. Our mathematical model is verified against simulation and experiment, showing excellent agreement among them with the maximum discrepancy of less than 6%. This article also reveals that the maximum power extraction occurs when the ungapped core operates in its slightly saturated state and that the harvested power increases with a higher primary current as well as a higher line frequency.

Supporting Uranus Exploration with Deployable Small Spacecraft Probes

We present a mission concept to study the capability for a parent spacecraft to transmit power and remotely manipulate a small probe spacecraft, potentially as small as a chipsat, which is a spacecraft constructed on a single printed circuit board, through a laser transmitter. This concept, referred to as sustained chipsat/CubeSat activity through transmitted electromagnetic radiation, enables the mothership to intermittently deploy probes to make distributed measurements where the use of only photovoltaic, battery, or radioisotope power sources would be infeasible. Using these probes during a long-duration deep space mission to Uranus would provide enhanced scientific measurements such as magnetic field gradients, leading to a better understanding of the ice giants, which are the least explored planets in our solar system. In this paper, we assess the feasibility of using a mothership-based laser for wireless power transfer, translation and attitude control, and communication of probes ranging from a minimal-mass chipsat to a 3U CubeSat, where U refers to a standard 10 cm CubeSat volume. We find that the best performance is achieved with an intermediate probe size, corresponding to a 0.5U CubeSat, which could capture over an order of magnitude more power than the chipsat while being agile enough to maintain attitude control using laser photon pressure.

Design of the Buck Converter without Inductor Current Sensor

This paper proposes a novel control scheme for the buck converter without an inductor current sensor. The architecture of the proposed buck converter is simple and suitable for integration and mass production. It employs an output-voltage-measurement method to determine the switch ON time; therefore, the current sensor is not required. The design specification targets the application with a standard battery power source to generate the low voltages for low-power MCU or ASIC. The load current range aims for several hundred milliamps. The proposed control scheme is analyzed and simulated by SIMPLIS. The control scheme, theoretical analysis, circuit realization, contributions, advantages, and simulation results are presented in this paper. Furthermore, the circuit can be fabricated by a 0.35 μm CMOS process.

Technical and economic feasibility analysis of solar power plant design with off grid system for remote area MSME in Semarang City

The distribution of electricity from State Electricity Enterprise does not necessarily reach remote areas, so these areas require alternative sources of electricity, such as solar power plants. This study aims to design and analyze the potential of small-scale off-grid PV in terms of engineering and economics. The research method has used a simulation on PVSyst software with four components, namely solar panels and batteries. The research results were obtained based on four variations made: a 700Wp panel, a 24V 150Ah battery, and an 800W inverter. The design will produce electrical energy of 2 kWh/kWp/day with a total investment value of IDR 54,268,068 for a project period of 24 years. Compared to using a one kVA generator, the investment value was approximately IDR 208,575,063 for a 24-year project. Compared to batteries with the same specifications using a State Electricity Enterprise electricity charging source, the investment value for a 24-year project was IDR 81,036,162. NPV values in all variations obtained < 0, and PBP > the system project period. Thus, this system was considered not economically feasible and did not provide profit. Still, the off-grid solar power plant option was the most profitable than generators or battery power sources with State Electricity Enterprise charging.

An ultra-low-cost electroporator with microneedle electrodes (ePatch) for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other pathogens with pandemic potential requires safe, protective, inexpensive, and easily accessible vaccines that can be developed and manufactured rapidly at a large scale. DNA vaccines can achieve these criteria, but induction of strong immune responses has often required bulky, expensive electroporation devices. Here, we report an ultra-low-cost (<1 USD), handheld (<50 g) electroporation system utilizing a microneedle electrode array ("ePatch") for DNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The low cost and small size are achieved by combining a thumb-operated piezoelectric pulser derived from a common household stove lighter that emits microsecond, bipolar, oscillatory electric pulses and a microneedle electrode array that targets delivery of high electric field strength pulses to the skin's epidermis. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 induced by this electroporation system in mice were strong and enabled at least 10-fold dose sparing compared to conventional intramuscular or intradermal injection of the DNA vaccine. Vaccination was well tolerated with mild, transient effects on the skin. This ePatch system is easily portable, without any battery or other power source supply, offering an attractive, inexpensive approach for rapid and accessible DNA vaccination to combat COVID-19, as well as other epidemics.

Accelerated Wound Healing Using a Novel Far-Infrared Ceramic Blanket.

Introduction: Wounds are associated with ranges of simple to complex disruption or damage to anatomical structure and function. They are also associated with enormous economic and social costs, increasing yearly, resulting in a severe impact on the wellbeing of individuals and society. Technology that might accelerate wound healing is associated with many benefits to injured people. Methods: BALBc mice underwent symmetrical excisional wounds through the panniculus carnosus. They were divided into a treatment group placed on an autonomous ceramic far-field infrared blanket (cIFRB) and a control group maintained under standard conditions. We also expanded and cultured adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on cIFRB and compared them to standard conditions subjected to a scratch injury to compare survival, proliferation, and wound healing. Results: The wound healing of the cIRFB treatment group was significantly faster than the control group of mice. The wound-healing effect of mesenchymal stem cells on cIRFB was also increased and associated with significant migration to the wound area. Conclusions: Wound healing is improved in a mouse model exposed to cFIRB. The ceramic blanket also promotes survival, proliferation, increased migration, and wound healing of MSCs without affecting their survival and proliferation. The utilization of cFIRB in cellular biology and medical applications may be promising in many situations currently explored in animal and human models. This technology needs no direct or battery power source and is entirely autonomous and noninvasive, making its application possible in any environment.

Proposing Intelligent Energy Management Model for Implementing Price Rate in Microgrids Using Demand Response Program

The present research paper proposes a microgrid generation scheduling model and illustrates a design infrastructure for implementing price management in microgrids with demand response program using intelligent soft computing technique. Higher-order metaheuristic approach like Exponent-decreasing-inertia-weight-particle-swarm-optimization (EDW-PSO) which aids to find precision solution is applied thereby minimizing desired goal. Demand-response-(DR)-schemes are accomplished in manner of inducement remittance on household, mercantile and manufacturing customers. The work considers microgrid system model and consists of different power components like Micro-turbine-(MT), Wind-turbine-(WT), Photo-voltaic-(PV), Fuel-cell-(FC), Battery-power source and responsive loads are used. Numerical and graphical outcome attained present ascendancy in suggested demand side management modeling approach using EDW-PSO for effective generation scheduling in microgrids. Results show that prices decreased utilizing EDW-PSO compared to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).

A study on optimizing the characteristics of lithium-ion battery power source and operating cost for hybrid motorcycle

This study presents a research related to a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Motorcycle (HEM) which renovated from a Honda Lead 110cc with rear wheel is driven by original internal combustion engine and continuously variable transmission, while front wheel is directly-driven by a 48V – 1,000W BLDC Hub-Motor. The research focuses on optimal calculating, designing, prototyping and testing an electric power supply using Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack to replace the lead–acid battery. The simulation and experimental results are able to evaluate the dynamic characteristics and operating cost of HEM. The study has been designed and prototyed a 48V – 33Ah Li-ion battery pack with a Battery Management System (BMS) circuit embeded on the vehicle. The battery pack is 10.84 (kg) weight and 8.11 (l) volume, reduced 30 (kg) and 12.89 liters compared to the lead-acid battery where battery life is greater than 2,000 cycles. In only electric motor mode, the longest distance of the HEM is 78.77 (km) for a half load, only driver, and 65.83 (km) for full load, one driver, and one passenger. Maximum speed is 52.67 (km/h) for a half load and 48.42 (km/h) for full load. In hybrid mode until SOC reduce to 50%, HEM can travel 64.366 (km) for a half load and 54.477 (km) for full load. The fuel consumption in the each case is 2.162 and 2.425 (l/100km), 0.5 liter lower than the original one and 0.3 liter lower than lead-acid battery. The cost of investment in HEM is 56 million VND and the operating cost is 1,106 VND/km, while the original vehicles are 40 million VND and 1,352 (VND/km). For every 1km using hybrid vehicles, 246.88 VND will be saved, after about 3.1 years, it will recoup the spending on investment. At the end of the motorcycle life cycle is about 200,000 km, and 43 million VND will be saved.

Ionic-activated semiconducting gas sensors operated by piezoelectric generators at room temperature

Semiconducting gas sensors that operated at room-temperature (around 25 °C) have been studied to monitor target gases. Furthermore, a self-powered gas sensor with no reliance on a battery or external power source was highly demanded to effectively reduce the power consumption and apply for practical environments. In this study, we designed the self-powered gas sensors by connecting ionic-activated semiconducting sensors, a promising candidate for room-temperature operation, with an oval-shaped piezoelectric generator, and light-emitting diode alarm. The effect of the divided voltage from the energy generator to the sensor on the sensing performance was analyzed. The self-powered sensor has an extremely low detection limit (4.32 ppb NO2) with rapid and constant recovery (6 s) regardless of the NO2 concentration. Additionally, the practical applicability was confirmed by the light-emitting diode alarms according to the NO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

Оценка повышения энергетической эффективности дождевальной машины с аккумуляторным источником питания

In all operating conditions, electrified sprinklers are provided with energy from a centralized source or a portable diesel generator. The energy efficiency of these power supply methods is characterized by losses of electricity during transmission. Battery power sources of sprinkler machines are used in rare cases, there are no such machines on the agricultural lands of the Volga region. If the battery power source is installed next to the electric drive on a support trolley, then there is no loss of electricity during transmission and there is the possibility of using renewable sources, the cost of electricity is close to zero. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in evaluating the increase in the energy efficiency of a sprinkler machine with a battery power source and renewable energy sources in comparison with traditional energy supply. (Materials and methods) Authors used theoretical and empirical methods of scientific knowledge, namely mathematical analysis, systematic approach, literature analysis, observation. (Results and discussion) The power consumption of irrigation systems fed the cable line from the centralized grid will consist of the energy consumed by the actuators support trucks irrigation systems and the energy consumed for transmission. The increase in the energy efficiency of a sprinkler machine with a battery power source in comparison with a cable line consists in saving energy for transmission. Found that when comparing the line cable from the battery feeding method should take into account the losses in transmission of energy along the entire length of the construction of irrigation machines and energy loss during transmission from the transformer substation to the fixed support irrigation systems. (Conclusions) The energy loss along the length of the sprinkler machine logarithmically depends on the number of sections. In relation to the operating conditions of sprinklers in the Saratov region, it is possible to reduce energy consumption even without taking into account the starting modes from 0.20 to 2.01 percent for water distribution by circular sprinklers.

Ensemble Learning, Prediction and Li-Ion Cell Charging Cycle Divergence

In recent years, the pervasive use of lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries in applications such as cell phones, laptop computers, electric vehicles, and grid energy storage systems has prompted the development of specialized battery management systems (BMS). The primary goal of a BMS is to maintain a reliable and safe battery power source while maximizing the calendar life and performance of the cells. To maintain safe operation, a BMS should be programmed to minimize degradation and prevent damage to a Li-ion cell, which can lead to thermal runaway. Cell damage can occur over time if a BMS is not properly configured to avoid overcharging and discharging. To prevent cell damage, efficient and accurate cell charging cycle characteristics algorithms must be employed. In this paper, computationally efficient and accurate ensemble learning algorithms capable of detecting Li-ion cell charging irregularities are described. Additionally, it is shown using machine and deep learning that it is possible to accurately and efficiently detect when a cell has experienced thermal and electrical stress due to cell overcharging by measuring charging cycle divergence.