Battery Of Choice Research Articles

Pore Network Modelling of a Lithium Ion Battery Cathode as a Tool for Microstructure Optimization

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have become the battery of choice, owning almost 90% of the energy storage market [1]. They boast excellent power and energy density, but performance decreases at high discharge rates limiting their use in large scale applications [2]. With the availability of graphite and silicon materials as anode, the anode in a lithium-ion battery is already well optimized and research has focused primarily on the development of cathode materials with high rate-capacity. A LIB cathode is a porous material comprised of electrolyte, active material, and carbon binder phases. The electrolyte facilitates the migration and diffusion of lithium ions from the anode, through a porous separator, and to the active material where lithium ions intercalate, and electronic current is produced as the battery discharges. A carbon binder phase is also dispersed to enhance the electrical conductivity of the cathode and may even contain micropores that can increase current density [3]. The porous microstructure of a LIB cathode thereby plays an important role in controlling the movement of lithium ions and accessibility of active material effecting both discharge rate and capacity of LIBs. Therefore, tailoring the cathode microstructure provides a route for LIB cathode optimization. Pore scale models that resolve the electrolyte, active material, and carbon binder phases in a cathode can be used for this purpose. Pore scale models offer unique advantages compared to experimental studies in that they can test a wide variety of microstructures, even ones that are not yet realized, in a relatively short time frame. Typical battery models are continuum models that do not resolve the pore space and instead use effective properties determined from experiment. Pore scale models do not use effective properties saving experimental effort but are disadvantageous in that they are computationally very expensive requiring a fine mesh on a highly resolved volumetric image. Of the pore-scale modeling options, pore network modelling (PNM) is an especially efficient approach that discretizes the microstructure into pores and throats where pores are the computational nodes and throats are constrictions connecting pores [4]. In the literature, there is only one known pore network model of a LIB cathode, but it is an isothermal model that does not consider the effect of heat generation from electrochemical reactions [5]. While this model was effective at predicting discharge performance at low currents, predicting the voltage for galvanostatic discharge at high currents proved to be difficult, possibly because of assumed isothermal behaviour. Therefore, this work is focused on the development of a non-isothermal pore network model of a LIB cathode undergoing galvanostatic discharge. The complete set of partial differential equations and their discretization’s for modelling lithium transport, ionic or electronic charge transport, as well as heat transfer in all three phases of a LIB cathode is presented along with the numerical framework used for solving the coupled physics. This framework and discretized set of equations are demonstrated on a pore network extracted from an X-ray tomography image of a NMC532 cathode. Post-processing of the extracted network is done to apply novel interphase nodes between active material and electrolyte phases to provide sites for lithium intercalation to occur. The pore network model is written in Python using OpenPNM, an open-source pore network modelling package [6].[1] S. Zavahir et al., “A review on lithium recovery using electrochemical capturing systems,” Desalination, vol. 500, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114883.[2] R. Wagner, N. Preschitschek, S. Passerini, J. Leker, and M. Winter, “Current research trends and prospects among the various materials and designs used in lithium-based batteries,” J Appl Electrochem, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 481–496, May 2013, doi: 10.1007/S10800-013-0533-6/FIGURES/10.[3] Z. A. Khan et al., “Probing the Structure-Performance Relationship of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes Using Pore-Networks Extracted from Three-Phase Tomograms,” J Electrochem Soc, 2020, doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab7bd8.[4] M. McKague, H. Fathiannasab, M. Agnaou, M. A. Sadeghi, and J. Gostick, “Extending pore network models to include electrical double layer effects in micropores for studying capacitive deionization,” Desalination, vol. 535, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115784.[5] Z. A. Khan, M. Agnaou, M. A. Sadeghi, A. Elkamel, and J. T. Gostick, “Pore Network Modelling of Galvanostatic Discharge Behaviour of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes,” J Electrochem Soc, vol. 168, no. 7, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac120c.[6] J. Gostick et al., “OpenPNM: A Pore Network Modeling Package,” Comput Sci Eng, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 60–74, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1109/MCSE.2016.49. Figure 1

(Digital Presentation) Development of a Bio-Inspired Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Utilizing Anionic Active Materials

Energy storage is an indispensable part of future electrical grids as they increasingly shift toward renewable energy sources.1 Although many other energy storage technologies have shown potential, redox flow batteries are especially promising because of advantages arising from their decoupled power and energy capacity, wide range of possible electroactive materials, wider potential window (in non-aqueous solvents) and safety. 2 However, the nascent non-aqueous redox flow battery (NRFB) technology currently faces key challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their reliability and widespread implementation. Low stability of active material during deep cycling is one such challenge that needs to be addressed while low solubility of active material in organic solvent is another main hurdle that greatly limits energy density.Herein, we present a cost-effective, experimental-theoretical approach 3 , 4 to improve the solubility of a vanadium-based, highly stable, anionic active material known as vanadium-bis-hydroxyiminodiacetate (VBH). This is accomplished by tuning the key thermodynamic quantities of free energy of solvation and free energy of the lattice. We also demonstrate that the lattice free energy, which has been largely ignored in theoretical solubility models, is vital to obtain a meaningful prediction of solubility, and cannot be overlooked. Finally, we report the full cell cycling of the highly soluble VBH, coupled with an anthraquinone, exhibiting excellent cyclability and a reliable spectroscopic method to characterize pre- and post-cycled electrolytes.References(1) IEA. Renewable Energy Market Update 2021 ; Paris, 2021.(2) Dunn, B.; Kamath, H.; Tarascon, J.-M. Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices. Science 2011, 334 (6058), 928-935. DOI: 10.1126/science.1212741.(3) Pahari, S. K.; Gokoglan, T. C.; Visayas, B. R. B.; Woehl, J.; Golen, J. A.; Howland, R.; Mayes, M. L.; Agar, E.; Cappillino, P. J. Designing high energy density flow batteries by tuning active-material thermodynamics. RSC Advances 2021, 11 (10), 5432-5443, 10.1039/D0RA10913D. DOI: 10.1039/D0RA10913D.(4) Visayas, B. R. B.; Pahari, S. K.; Gokoglan, T. C.; Golen, J. A.; Agar, E.; Cappillino, P. J.; Mayes, M. L. Computational and experimental investigation of the effect of cation structure on the solubility of anionic flow battery active-materials. Chemical Science 2021, 12 (48), 15892-15907, 10.1039/D1SC04990A. DOI: 10.1039/D1SC04990A.

Improved Mass Transfer of Methyl Viologen By the Nitrate As Counter Anion for Aqueous Redox Flow

Among the redox active materials, viologen compounds are the most promising redox species, featuring the stable redox reaction MV2+/MV+ and the tunability of the substituents and counter anion, indicating that its electrochemical properties (i.e., diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant) are significantly influenced by the substituents and counter anions[1-8]. Herein, we present the viologen compound employing nitrate as counter anion (MV2+*2NO3 -) as an aqueous redox active material. The MV2+ 2NO3 - was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, and then, the electrochemical properties were studied using cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode techniques. Compared with MV2+ 2Cl- using chloride as the counter anion, which is commonly used an anolyte, it was demonstrated that MV2+ 2NO3 - featured fast mass transfer properties (D = 5.13 x 10-5 cm2 s-1) and comparable kinetics (Ket = 9.68 x 10-3 cms-1. Reference [1] B. Hu, Y. Tang, J. Luo, G. Grove, Y. Guo, T.L. Liu, Improved radical stability of viologen anolytes in aqueous organic redox flow batteries, Chemical communications 54(50) (2018) 6871-6874.[2] B. Hu, C. DeBruler, Z. Rhodes, T.L. Liu, Long-cycling aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) toward sustainable and safe energy storage, Journal of the American Chemical Society 139(3) (2017) 1207-1214.[3] T. Liu, X. Wei, Z. Nie, V. Sprenkle, W. Wang, A total organic aqueous redox flow battery employing a low cost and sustainable methyl viologen anolyte and 4‐HO‐TEMPO catholyte, Advanced Energy Materials 6(3) (2016) 1501449.[4] T. Janoschka, N. Martin, U. Martin, C. Friebe, S. Morgenstern, H. Hiller, M.D. Hager, U.S. Schubert, An aqueous, polymer-based redox-flow battery using non-corrosive, safe, and low-cost materials, Nature 527(7576) (2015) 78-81.[5] B. Dunn, H. Kamath, J.-M. Tarascon, Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices, Science 334(6058) (2011) 928-935.[6] P.M. Monk, N.M. Hodgkinson, Charge-transfer complexes of the viologens: effects of complexation and the rate of electron transfer to methyl viologen, Electrochimica acta 43(3-4) (1998) 245-255.[7] P. Monk, viologens, Wiley1998.[8] C. Bird, A. Kuhn, Electrochemistry of the viologens, Chemical Society Reviews 10(1) (1981) 49-82.

Review of polymers in the prevention of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries

Thermal runaway is one of the key safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries. The rapid increase in temperatures can result in catastrophic and often explosive failures of battery systems. Because lithium-ion cells have become the battery of choice in most portable gadgets, finding reliable and cheap methods to improve their safety is of economic importance. Application of materials within the battery is one of the most reliable ways to achieve this. Such methods are integrated into the battery itself, allowing for quicker responses as opposed to other monitoring systems. Polymers are among the materials highlighted to solve such safety concerns. Highly tuneable chemistries allow reliable employment of a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR). This PTCR results in automatic battery shutdown when temperature increases beyond a certain threshold. However, this is often irreversible and further research improvements are required. This paper will highlight several known polymer materials and the methods in which they are employed to prevent thermal runaway within lithium-ion systems.

Graphite Oxide Cathode for Greener Rechargeable Aluminum Battery

Graphite Oxide Cathode for Greener Rechargeable Aluminum Battery In recent years, with the gradual depletion of traditional energy, Secondary battery is being widely researched and applied, and will become a vital force in a plenty variety of new green energy. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust and each aluminum ion carries three electrons which make the capacity of the aluminum ion battery is expected to be greatly improved. Additionally, aluminum ion battery might offer significant cost savings and safety improvements over the Li-ion battery platform due to the price of aluminum is much lower than that of lithium. However, at present, the working voltage and energy density of the aluminum ion battery is lower than that of the lithium ion battery, so it is urgent to develop a new kind of positive electrode material of aluminum ion battery to improve the electrochemical performance. [1-2] In the work, we report on a novel Al-ion battery system using graphite oxide as the cathode against an aluminium metal anode in an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMIM]OTF) and aluminum trifluoromethanesulfonate (Al(OTF)3), -based electrolyte. [3] As shown in Figure 1a, the charge and discharge capacity gradually decreased with the increase of cycle number. However, reduction of discharge capacity is much smaller than that of the charge capacity. As shown in Figure 1b, with the increase of cycle number, the discharge capacity is gradually reduced and the coulombic efficiency is gradually increased, which are consistent with the results obtained from the Fig.1a. It can be seen from the Fig.1a that the first discharge capacity of graphite oxide cathode is only 26.7 mAh/g and its electrochemical polarization is relatively large, so we will further improve the oxidation graphite to enhance the electrochemical properties of aluminum ion batteries. Reference 1. Dunn, B.; Kamath, H.; Tarascon, J.M., (2011) Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices. Science, 334: 928-935 2. Lin, M.C.; Gong, M.; Lu, B.; Wu, Y. P.; Wang, D.Y.; Guan, M.; Angell, M.; Chen, C.;Yang, J.; Hwang, B.J.; Dai, H., (2015) An Ultrafast Rechargeable Aluminium-Ion Battery. Nature, 520: 524-528. 3. wang, H.L.; Gu, S.C.; Bai, Y.; Chen, S.; Wu, F.; Wu, C.; (2016) A high-voltage and non-corrosive ionic liquid electrolyte used in rechargeable aluminum battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8: 27444-27448. Acknowledgments The experimental research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.51572024, 51372021) Figure 1

Studies of Earth Abundant Metal Complexes for Near Neutral Aqueous Redox Flow Battery (RFB) for Grid Storage

Among the many options available for Large-Scale Grid Energy Storage, Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) are leading candidates because of the decoupled design of power and energy1 which offers tremendous design flexibility and modularity. As part of the Department of Energy’s Office of Electricity (OE) energy storage program at Sandia National Laboratories, we are investigating earth abundant transition metal coordination complexes for aqueous redox flow batteries at close to pH 7. The aqueous-based systems offer complete freedom from the thermal instabilities that plague non-aqueous systems, such as lithium-ion. Furthermore, the use of neutral pH electrolytes engenders intrinsic safety and low/no corrosion, unlike the highly corrosive and toxic electrolytes used for the vanadium redox flow battery or the zinc-bromine systems. In this abstract we discuss the electrochemical properties of some of the complexes under development, and the performance of full cells containing the optimized redox couples will be presented at the meeting. Performance of Fe(2+)(tris-BPY)Cl2-0.4M Na2SO4 We have performed dc and ac voltammetry to characterize a number of iron coordination complexes, and Figure 1 shows the dc voltammetry curves at a 10 mV/s scan rate of one of these. As seen, the peak separation is ~60 mV, close to the theoretical value. We have also performed DC voltammetry at different scan rates up to 200 mV/s, and the peak separation varies between 60 and 64 mV which clearly demonstrate highly reversible behavior as well. Additionally, this couple exhibits higher redox voltage which will assure a RFB with a higher cell voltage and energy when appropriately configured with another redox couple. Figure 2 shows a plot of redox peak potentials vs. square root of scan rate. The linear increase of peak value vs. square root of san rate indicates that this couple is highly reversible. We also performed AC voltammetry, which is more sensitive than the DC measurement, just to make sure that there are no other redox peaks buried around the solvent decomposition voltage. We observed only one reversible peak (Figure 3) which corroborates the DC measurement. Similar observations were observed for other couples and will be described in detail at the meeting. Reference: B. Dunn, B., H. Kamath, H. & Tarascon, J.-M. “Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices” Science 334, 928–935(2011). Acknowledgment: Sandia Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation for the U. S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL 85000. The authors would like to thank Dr. Imre Gyuk of the DOE Office of Electricity for the support. Figure 1

Lithium Ion Battery Energy Storage System for Grid Applications

Due to the increasing demand for lower energy costs for the supplier and the consumer, using energy storage devices can offer a number of high-value benefits, provided that lower costs can be gained from using this method. Using rechargeable lithium batteries as a storage device in tandem with the power grid can be viewed as a viable way to reduce costs of generation and distribution by the power company and also as a way to drive down electricity bills for consumers. Possible grid applications with energy storage devices can range from frequency regulation and load following, for which short response times are needed, to peak shave and load shift, both of which can lead to improvements in grid reliability, stability, and cost [1]. Energy storage systems (ESS) are becoming widely used as a compliment to the power grid (need a citation to prove this). Large scale ESS are often used due to the advancement of the technology but smaller scale technologies such as compressed air, thermal (thermal what?) and batteries, are also being used more. The smaller scale application can be used more often because there is not a need for specific geographical requirements such a remote location [2]. The ESS that will be discussed is one composed of lithium-ion batteries. There are many advantages of using this specific device, including a high energy-to-weight ratio, no memory effect, and a little self-discharge[3]. Common applications include portable equipment, mobile telephones, and plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. In this study, an overview of a proposed ESS organization and simulation of the response of both parallel and series lithium-ion battery ESS configurations will be compared to determine the most efficient method of powering a load. Factors that determine the better response include capacity fade and useful life. From these results, it can be concluded which may be a better design to incorporate into an ESS based on cost. Figure 1: Flowchart of Energy Storage System Design Acknowledgment This work was supported by the FREEDM ERC program of the National Science Foundation under award number EEC-08212121. References B. Dunn, H. Kamath and J. Tarascom. Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choice. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2011M. Arifujjaman, A comprehensive power loss, efficiency, reliability and cost calculation of a 1 MW/500 kWh battery based energy storage system for frequency regulation application, Science Direct. 2013S. Vazquez, S. M. Lukic, E. Galvan, L. Franquelo, J.M. Carrasaco. Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications Figure 1

Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices

The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

A review of the health-related quality of life literature in bipolar disorder.

This paper reviews the existing literature on health-related quality of life assessments conducted in bipolar disorder patients, and provides recommendations for the use of specific scales to measure health-related quality of life in this population. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed only a handful of studies in bipolar disorder that had incorporated quality of life assessments. While instruments from the medical outcomes study (MOS) were the most frequently used to measure health-related quality of life, a number of other instruments like the psychological general well being scale (PGWB), the streamlined longitudinal interview clinical evaluation from the longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation (SLICE/LIFE), the Euroqol, (EQ-5D), the Lehman's quality of life interview (QLI), and the quality of life in depression scale (QLDS) were also used. Only three studies out of ten reported the psychometric properties of the measures used. In the absence of a disease-targeted measure, a combination of the SF-36 and the PGWB is presently recommended as the battery of choice to assess the health-related quality of life of individuals with bipolar disorder. There is also the need to develop a disease-targeted health-related quality of life measure for bipolar disorder, which will obviate the use of a burdensome battery of generic quality of life instruments.

Effectiveness of Central Auditory Processing Tests With Children.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine central auditory processing (CAP) individual test efficacy and test battery efficacy and to estimate the costs that are associated with the identification of a targeted sample. Ninety-one children with normal learning (NL) abilities and 147 children with a classroom learning disability (CLD) and presumed CAP disorders (CAPDs) ranging in age from 7 to 13 years were given a battery of seven CAP tests. The test battery consisted of: (1) Binaural Fusion Test (BFT), (2) Masking Level Difference (MLD) test, (3) Filtered Speech Test (FST), (4) Time Compressed Speech (TCS) test, (5) Dichotic Digits Test (DDT), (6) Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test, and (7) Pitch Pattern Test (PPT).We believe that this investigation is the first report regarding the assessment of the utility of CAP tests using clinical decision analysis (CDA). We determined that the BFT separated the two samples most effectively and that the FST was the next most effective. A test protocol with BFT and FST or BFT and MLD represented the best battery approach when hit rate, false positive rate, and cost factors were considered. However, if the intent is to be certain that a child with CLD has CAPD given a positive test result, then the BFT and MLD would be the test battery of choice.

EV, EB and remote power—NiMH is the battery of choice

This paper discusses two important applications for rechargeable batteries. First is the use for transportation by electric vehicles (EVs) and electric bicycles (EBs). The second application is for remote power, using renewable solar and wind energy. The principal authpr has driven EVs for more than 92,000 km (50,000 miles) over the past 6 years. The two authors are now working to help bring to reality a lower cost nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery produced in China. Ovonic Battery Company Inc., a subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices Inc., is the leader in this field. They have been selected for a major program by the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), as the battery of choice. USABC is a Consortium of General Motors, Ford, Chrysler and EPRI, representing electric utilities and the U.S. Department of Energy. In fact, the Ovonic battery meets or exceeds the U.S. mid-term goals for EV applications.