Battery Industry Effluent Research Articles

Characterization of HCl-activated Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Adsorbent in Removing Lead Ion (Pb2+) from Battery Industry Effluent

Characterization of HCl-activated Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Adsorbent in Removing Lead Ion (Pb2+) from Battery Industry Effluent

Potential of Oil-free-Cake Dry Seed Kernels of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile) for simultaneous Removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions from Battery Industry Effluent

This study was carried out to investigate the potential of oil-free-cake dry seed kernels of desert date (Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile) for simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions from Battery Industry Effluent using standard methods in a batch sorption process.. The battery effluent was mimicked by dissolving known concentration of metal ions in distilled water. The optimum conditions for the simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions were: pH (6), contact time (105 min) and adsorbent dosage (6.5 g). The results obtained showed that the biosorbent was effective for the simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions with removal efficiencies of up to 87.7%, 78.6% and 61.6% respectively. The consistency of the model-predicted optimum conditions were confirmed by conducting experiments under those conditions. It was found that the experimental removal efficiencies under optimum conditions were very close (less than a 5% error) to the model-predicted value. The three parameter isotherm equations (Redlich-Peterson and Sips) provide better fitting than the two-parameter isotherm equations (Freundlich and Langmuir), which can be explained by the fact that these have three adjustable parameters. The best fitted was achieved with the Redlich–Peterson equation. The results of the sorption kinetic study showed that the data fitted well with the pseudo-second order model for Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions. In conclusion, desert date oil-free cake exhibits great potential as an efficient sorbent for removal of metal ions.

Phytoremediation of battery industry effluent through aquatic macrophytes

Research was conducted to quantify the level of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contamination in battery industry effluent and to assess the remediation potential of three invasive aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Hydrocotyle umbellata by growing on industrial effluent collected from Lead acid Battery industry.The effluent was heavily contaminated with Pb (10mg/l) and sulphuric acid (pH 2- 2.1). Due to high Pb concentrations and low pH (2-2.2) the plants were unable to survive. Mortality rate of E. crassipes was 96 % while P. stratiotes and H. umbellata were 100% rotten. The experiment was repeated after adjusting the effluent pH to 7-7.5 to increase the plant life.Plant parts and wastewater samples were analyzed after every 3 days interval uptil 21st day. The amount of Cr, Cd and Cu in the effluent was 0.076 mg /L, 0.036 mg /L and 0.097 mg /L, which was in permissible limits of NEQs (1.0 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l and 1.0 mg/l) respectively. Pb was found 10 times higher i.e. 10 mg/l than the permissible limit 0.5 mg/l. E. crassipes removed Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd while P. stratiotes and H. umbellata reduced Cd, Cr, Cu more than Pb from the effluent. E. crassipes was most efficient Pb removing plant in 21 days of experiment. Â

Adsorptive removal of heavy metals from battery industry effluent using MOF incorporated polymeric beads: A combined experimental and modeling approach

In this study, the metal organic framework (MOF) ZIF-8 was investigated as potential adsorbent for heavy metal ions. The MOF powder was used further to prepare mixed matrix beads (MMBs) using polysulfone as the base material. Both the MOF powder and the MMBs were characterized using Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyzer and zetasizer. Adsorption capacity of the MMBs were 164−220 mg/g for Pb and 92−161 mg/g for Cd. A fundamental pore diffusion-adsorption model was used to predict the batch kinetics for both single and multicomponent cases and effective pore diffusivities and mass transfer coefficients were determined. Mutual interactions among heavy metals were quantified using interaction parameters. ZIF-8, incorporated in the PSF matrix, plays the predominant role in capturing the metal ions through surface complexation with the NH and metal-OH groups. A first principle-based model involving convection, diffusion and adsorption was used to quantify the breakthrough behavior for the continuous fixed bed column using the MMBs. The column performance was tested with battery industry effluent. The saturated beads were suitably regenerated using 0.1(M) HCl solution. Finally, the model parameters were used for scaling up of the columns.

Removal of Pb(II) Ions Using Polymer Inclusion Membranes Containing Calix[4]resorcinarene Derivative as Ion Carrier.

Stricter environmental regulations regarding the discharge of toxic metals require developing various technologies for the removal of these metals from polluted effluents. The removal of toxic metal ions using immobilized membranes with doped ligands is a promising approach for enhancing environmental quality, because of the high selectivity and removal efficiency, high stability, and low energy requirements of the membranes. Cellulose triacetate-based polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), with calix[4]resorcinarene derivative as an ion carrier, were analyzed to determine their ability for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of ion carrier concentration, plasticizer amount, pH of source aqueous phase, and receiving agents on the effective transport of Pb(II) were determined. All studied parameters were found to be important factors for the transport of Pb(II) ions. The PIM containing calix[4]resorcinarene derivative as an ion carrier showed high stability and excellent transport activity for selective removal of Pb(II) from the battery industry effluent, with a separation efficiency of 90%.

Evaluation of hybrid neutralization/biosorption process for zinc ions removal from automotive battery effluent by dolomite and fish scales

ABSTRACTThis work focused in the evaluation of Oreochromis niloticus fish scales (FS) as biosorbent material in the removal of Zn from a synthetic effluent based on automotive battery industry effluent and, further, a hybrid neutralization/biosorption process, aiming at a high-quality treated effluent, by a cooperative use of dolomite and FS. For this, a physicochemical and morphological characterization (i.e. SEM–EDX, FTIR, XRD, and TXRF) was performed, which helped to clarify a great heterogeneity of active sites (phosphate, carbonate, amide, and hydroxyl) on the biosorbent; also the inorganic constituents (apatites) leaching from the FS was identified. Biosorption results pointed out to a pH-dependent process due to changes in the functional group’s anionic character (i.e. electrostatic interactions), where an initial pH = 3 favored the Zn uptake. Kinetic and equilibrium studies confirmed the heterogeneous surface and cooperative sorption, wherein experimental data were described by Generalized Elovich kinetic model and the favorable isotherm profile by Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm ( = 15.38 mg g–1 and ). Speciation diagram of Zn species along with the leached species demonstrated that, for the studied pH range, the biosorption was the most likely phenomena rather than precipitation. Finally, the hybrid neutralization/biosorption process showed great potential since both the Zn concentration levels and the pH reached the legislation standards (CZn = 4 mg L–1; pH = 5). Hence, based on the characterization and biosorption results, a comprehensive evaluation of the involved mechanisms in such complex system helped to verify the prospective of FS biosorbent for the Zn treatment from solution, in both individual and hybrid processes.

Chelating polyacrylonitrile beads for removal of lead and cadmium from wastewater

Chelating polyacrylonitrile beads were prepared using phase inversion of polymeric drops in water bath, followed by treatment in sodium hydroxide solution. Applicability of these beads was tested to remove lead and cadmium from contaminated stream. The uptake capacity was 145 mg/g for lead and 156 mg/g for cadmium. Morphology showed that the porosity of the beads decreased upon treatment. Rapid weight loss was noticed in the range of 266–568 °C, during thermal analysis. Infrared studies showed that the nitrile group was rearranged to carboxyl and amine group due to hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile beads, attracting the heavy metals electrostatically. Maximum removal of lead and cadmium was obtained at 5 g/L and neutral pH. Adsorption was exothermic and chemisorption in nature. Adsorption kinetics showed that the equilibrium was achieved within 600 min. The uptake capacity of individual heavy metals, i.e., lead and cadmium was reduced in multicomponent mixture due to competitive adsorption. Maximum desorption was obtained at acidic pH and the regenerated beads were successfully used for three cycles. The prepared beads were also tested using battery industry effluent, from Exide Industries Ltd., Haldia, West Bengal, India.

Accumulation of Heavy Metal Ions by Eichhornia Crassipes from Battery Industry Effluent under the Influence of Cattle Manure

Phytoremediation, an emerging technology which uses plants to remove contaminants of concern (COC) such as organic and inorganic compounds especially heavy metals (HM). The present study focuses on assessing the toxicity of heavy metals available in effluents discharged from industries and the accumulation ability of an aquatic plant, Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). Phytoremedial potential of E. Crassipes and HM interaction between soil and water were evaluated in the present study under the presence of cow dung manure as an enhancer. Heterogenous accumulation of metal ions were found in the plant. Heavy metal concentration in plant parts were varied for roots and shoots. The concentration of HM ions in the plant parts were varied from root to shoot. Value of translocation factor (TF) was found to be in the region 0.5 – 0.8, with Fe has low (0.51) and Pb has high (0.77), bioconcentration factor (BCF) were in the order of Ar > Ca > Zn > Fe > Pb at both roots and shoots. Transposition factor (TrF) of all HM ions were >1.5 except for Zn (1.21). E. Crassipes was found to accumulate a large amount of HM ions and could be used for efficient treatment of contaminated water.

Removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution and industrial effluent using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes

Industrial effluents loaded with cadmium have contributed to the pollution of the environment and health troubles for humans. Therefore, these effluents need treatment to reduce cadmium concentration before releasing them to public sewage. The purpose of the research is to study the major role of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) processes, which can contribute to the removal of cadmium ions from model water and wastewater from the battery industry. For this reason, two RO and two nanofiltration membranes have been used. The effects of feed pressure, concentration, ionic strength, nature of anion associated with cadmium and pH on the retention of Cd(II) were studied with model solutions. Thereafter, NF and RO membranes were used to reduce cadmium ions and total salinity of battery industry effluent. Among these membranes, there are only three which eliminate more than 95% of cadmium. This was found to depend on operating conditions. It is worth noting that the Spiegler-Kedem model was applied to fit the experimental results.

Removal of Pb and Co from ground water in TADA Industrial estate using low cost Adsordent

The release of heavy metals into the environment is a worldwide major concern. Different studies have demonstrated that natural agents have a high removal capacity for divalent heavy metal ions. Wood ash is a natural adsorbent and, in comparison with others, has a very low price. In this study, the removal of heavy metals (Pb and Co) from Nippo Battery Industry (TADA, A.P.) effluent was investigated in batch condition. Pb and Co measurement in samples were done with atomic absorption equipment and test methods were adapted from standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The effect of pH and the amount of adsorbent was determined and different adsorption isotherms were also obtained. This study shows that the adsorption process follows the adsorption Langmuir isotherm. The amount of wood ash has a great role in the adsorption rate and adsorption rate increased as wood ash increased. In the study, the reactions reached equilibrium in 3 h contact time. The maximum Pb removal efficiency was 96.0% at pH 2 with a contact time of 3 h and 100 g/L wood ash and the maximum Co removal efficiency was 98.9 % at pH 2 with a contact time of 3 h and 100 g/L wood ash. According to the results, wood ash is recommended as a low cost and available adsorbent to remove Pb and Co from municipal and industrial wastewaters.

Effect of Battery Industry Effluent on Cell-mediated Immune Response in Mice

To study the effect of battery industry effluent on cell-mediated immune response (CMI) in mice, twoweek-old (256) mice were randomly divided into 4 equal groups namely, control (group 1), vaccinated (group 2), effluent treated (group 3) and vaccine+effluent treated (group 4). Groups 2 and 4 mice were immunised with Ranikhet disease vaccine (R2b) at every 15 days up to 120 days. Group I was kept as control while group 3 and 4 mice were given battery industry effluent daily orally ad libitum instead of drinking water. Cellular immune response in mice was measured by the lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), total leucocyte count (TLC) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). The results showed a significant decrease in lymphocyte stimulation index, total leukocyte count and absolute lymphocyte count leading to suppression of CMI response in battery industry effluent fed mice in comparison to control.

Effect of Paper and Pulp Industry Effluent on Humoral Immune Response in Mice

To study the effect of battery industry effluent on cell-mediated immune response (CMI) in mice, twoweek-old (256) mice were randomly divided into 4 equal groups namely, control (group 1), vaccinated (group 2), effluent treated (group 3) and vaccine+effluent treated (group 4). Groups 2 and 4 mice were immunised with Ranikhet disease vaccine (R2b) at every 15 days up to 120 days. Group I was kept as control while group 3 and 4 mice were given battery industry effluent daily orally ad libitum instead of drinking water. Cellular immune response in mice was measured by the lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), total leucocyte count (TLC) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). The results showed a significant decrease in lymphocyte stimulation index, total leukocyte count and absolute lymphocyte count leading to suppression of CMI response in battery industry effluent fed mice in comparison to control.