Batik Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Fenton and Persulfate Processes with UV/H2O2 for Batik Wastewater Treatment: Optimizing Fe2+ and S2O8 2- Ratio by H2O2 for Enhanced Pollutant Degradation

Wastewater generated from industrial processes including the batik industry in Indonesia contains high organic pollutants and dyes. In this study, the advanced oxidation process that will produce hydroxyl radicals was used to degrade pollutants in this batik industry wastewater. This study aims to compare the Fenton and Persulfate processes with the influence of variations in the concentration of Fe2+ and S2O8 2- added. This method is carried out by adding H2O2 as an oxidant which is added to each catalyst, namely Fe2+ and S2O8 2- in the presence of a combination of UV light. Fenton process was carried out in 60 minutes and Persulfate process was carried out in 45 minutes. In this study, there was a tendency to increase the efficiency of COD and color removal along with the increasing concentration of each catalyst added. The highest COD and color removal efficiency occurred at a ratio of H2O2:Fe2+ and H2O2: S2O8 2- of 1: 0.08.

Developing UV-light driven photocatalytic PSf/Ni-doped ZnO/PDA membrane with superior antifouling, self-cleaning, and self-protecting performances for handmade batik wastewater treatment

Ultrafiltration UV light-driven photocatalyst composite membranes, with distinctive antifouling, self-cleaning, and self-protection capacities, were synthesized using a Ni-doped ZnO photocatalyst to enhance the functional properties of polysulfone (PSf) membranes. The manufacturing process involved soaking of PSf membrane sheet in a dopamine solution to allow self-polymerization of polydopamine (PDA) on the membrane surface. PDA coating led to increased membrane surface roughness and the incorporation of numerous hydroxyl and amine groups, which play a role in the reduction of interactions with impurities. The results of FTIR, XRD, mechanical properties, and surface physicochemical properties confirmed that the optimum duration for PDA polymerization to achieve the preferred membrane performance was 2 h. This was supported by high membrane stability in terms of productivity and photocatalytic activity for the processing of handmade batik wastewater (BWW). Furthermore, the membranes also possess an improved antifouling property, with a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of nearly 100%. The membrane also exhibited preserved self-cleaning and self-protection abilities after being operated for five consecutive cycles under UV light irradiation, with flux recovery and pollutant rejection rates exceeding 90%. These findings suggest that the 2-h PDA-coated composite membrane is the most suitable membrane for efficient processing of highly polluted wastewater, particularly handmade batik and other textiles wastewater.

Effect of Chitosan-TiO2 Membrane Performance for the Degradation of Batik Waste with a Photocatalytic Hybrid System

The treatment of industrial wastewater has gained significant attention in recent years due to its detrimental impact on the environment and public health. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of a photocatalytic hybrid system using a Chitosan-TiO2 membrane for the degradation of batik waste. The performance of the membrane was investigated through a series of experiments, evaluating its ability to remove organic pollutants and enhance the overall treatment efficiency. The morphology, as seen through SEM images, shows a rough surface that enhances photocatalytic efficiency by providing a larger surface area for reactions. The uniform distribution of TiO2 particles within the chitosan matrix is crucial for stable and efficient pollutant degradation during photocatalysis. Furthermore, Chitosan-TiO2 membranes offer a promising solution for batik wastewater treatment. They combine the benefits of chitosan's permeability and organic substance capture with TiO2's photocatalytic capabilities. This integration allows for efficient, one-step hybrid photocatalytic filtration, reducing the use of harmful chemicals and producing environmentally friendlier byproducts. Finally, AAS analysis demonstrated that the addition of TiO2 improved heavy metal degradation in batik waste, with optimal performance observed up to a 89.78% rejection rate, beyond which TiO2 agglomeration occurred.

Automation System Architecture of pH Neutralization Process in Batik Wastewater Treatment Plant

Batik production in home industries needs support wastewater treatment in a limited space. Therefore, a modular-type, lab-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with a capacity of 87.75 liters and a dimension of 1.5 m × 0.75 m × 1 m has been constructed. The WWTP combines three significant processes: equalization, neutralization, and adsorption. This study focuses on the monitoring systems for the pH neutralization process. The system uses four microprocessors in a Master/Slave architecture and the I2C protocols for data communication between processors. The measuring instruments include pH, temperature, turbidity, and flow rate sensors. The actuators consist of submersible and peristaltic pumps. The operating range of pH, temperature, turbidity, and flow rate sensors are 0–14, 25–81.44℃, 0–3000 NTU, and 6.49–20.84 ml/s respectively. The pumps work in Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) mode with an operating range of 125–225 PWM. All sensors and actuators operate linearly within the operating range with a correlation coefficient of 0.97–1.

The Potential of Ozone/UV System in The Treatment of Batik Wastewater in Indonesia

The Batik dyeing method, producing famous fabric products recognized locally and internationally, requires lots of wax and dyes in the dyeing process. The wastewater containing high loads of organic pollutants requires proper treatment to prevent environmental damage. Among many technologies developed for wastewater treatment, combining ozonation and UV irradiation has been a promising method due to its effectiveness in degrading and reducing the organic pollutants in wastewater. In this study, Batik wastewater was treated using commercially available ozone generators and UV lamps in a combined ozone/UV system to confirm the effectiveness and to propose a simple and economically feasible method for Batik wastewater treatment. The color and the suspended solids in the wastewater were reduced significantly after 48-hour treatment using the setup in this study. A simple simulation of the investment and operational costs was also conducted.

Coagulation-flocculation treatment for batik effluent as a baseline study for the upcoming application of green coagulants/flocculants towards sustainable batik industry

The batik industry has been one of the main family businesses in most of the east-coast region of the Malaysian peninsula for many years. However, appropriate water treatment is still a major challenge for this industry. Stringent laws introduced by the Malaysian authorities and the intention to protect the environment are factors that drive researchers to search for suitable, appropriate, affordable and efficient treatment of batik wastewater. Treatment research on batik wastewater is still lacking and coagulation-flocculation treatment using alum was introduced and chosen as a stepping stone toward the selection of green coagulants. This study aimed to determine the best conditions for alum flocculation-coagulation using a standard jar test method. Four main factors were investigated: alum dosage (0.1–3.5 g/L), pH (4–11), settling time (0.5–24 h) and rapid mixing rate (100–300 rpm). Results obtained were further analysed statistically using SPSS software prior to determining the significant effect of variable changes. From this study, the best conditions for batik wastewater treatment using the flocculation-coagulation process were found to be at alum dosage of 1.5 g/L, pH 8, 4 h settling time and a rapid mixing rate of 100 rpm. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, colour and total suspended solids (TSS) were removed by 70.7, 92.2, 88.4 and 100%, respectively, under these conditions. This study showed that batik wastewater can be treated by the coagulation-flocculation process using chemical means of alum. This indicates the need for forthcoming developments in natural-based-coagulant-flocculants toward the sustainability of the batik industry.

Fabrication, characterization, and application of PSf/Ni@ZnO amalgamated membrane for photocatalytic degradation of dyeing wastewater from batik industry

The ultraviolet-light-driven composite membrane incorporated with nickel@zinc oxide (Ni@ZnO) photocatalyst for batik wastewater treatment is demonstrated in this study. Co-precipitation and non-solvent-induced phase separation techniques were directed to fabricate the nanocomposite membranes. Based on characterization results, the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyses showed a large surface pore of the polysulfone (PSf)/Ni@ZnO membrane with a well-arranged loose-spongy structure and a predominant presence of elemental O, compared to the pristine membrane. The improved photocatalytic activity was observed by a decreased ZnO band-gap energy from 3.31 to 3.07 eV after nickel doping. Based on the atomic force microscope results, the addition of Ni@ZnO promoted a rougher surface membrane, while also increasing the porosity, hydrophilicity, water uptake ability, and mechanical strength of PSf membrane. Furthermore, PSf/Ni@ZnO 1% (w/w) showed the best performance in photodegradation-filtration systems with 10 times higher permeability than pristine PSf; total dissolved solid, chemical oxygen demand, and dye removal were 26.4%, 33.5%, 92.2%, respectively; with photodegradation efficiency reaches 53.26%. The photodegradation stability test for five consecutive cycles also revealed that PSf/Ni@ZnO 1% (w/w) was 62.5% more reactive than PSf/ZnO, which was established by its fresh and recycled crystal structure membranes. Thus, the PSf/Ni@ZnO 1% (w/w) membrane was out to be the most outstanding ultraviolet-light-driven photocatalytic membrane for efficient batik wastewater treatment.

Advanced method for clean water recovery from batik wastewater via sequential adsorption, ozonation and photocatalytic membrane PVDF-TiO2/rGO processes

This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of TiO2/rGO nanocomposite particles and incorporate them into PVDF membrane for Batik wastewater treatment. Bentonite adsorption and ozonation were combined to mitigate fouling development during the filtration process. The results proved that the TiO2/rGO nanocomposite successfully narrowed the band gap energy ∼2.9 eV by which enhancing its photo sensitivity within the visible light region. Furthermore, the chemical compatibility of TiO2 with PVDF can be improved with the presence of rGO. PVA coating on PVDF-TiO2/rGO membrane has enhanced hydrophilicity and provided the best performance by giving permeate flux ∼19.3 L.m−2.h−1 and dyes rejection up to ∼90%, respectively. Obviously, pre-treatment using bentonite and followed by ozonation significantly enhanced the permeate flux up to 21 L.m−2.h−1 and overall rejection up to ∼95%. As expected, the addition of TiO2/rGO nanocomposites increased membrane’s photocatalytic activity by 30–100%. More importantly, wastewater treatment by combining bentonite adsorption, ozonation, and photocatalytic membrane filtration has successfully improved permeate flux and performance stability, reduced fouling growth, and produced clean water. Therefore, the results of this study offers a new promising advanced wastewater treatment for Batik wastewater treatment to produce clean water.

Community Empowerment Through Appropriate Technology: Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Program in Home-Made Batik Industry at Ngawi, Indonesia

The increasing number of companies and the number of batik productions in the Ngawi region is directly proportional to the amount of wastewater produced and thus poses a burden on the environment as the overflow of wastewater is absorbed from the production process. The results of the laboratory analyses showed that the values for TSS, color, COD, BOD, total ammonia, oil, and grease exceeded the quality standards. Prevention of pollution from wastewater is done through community empowerment. Community empowerment aims to realize the development of Appropriate Technology for Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) and the prevention of Wastewater Pollution to the Environment Around Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) Griya Batik Widi Nugraha, Ngawi Regency. The benefit of community empowerment is to provide experience for other Batik Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) development programs. Community empowerment at UKM Griya Batik Widi Nugraha Ngawi uses methods of document collection, site surveys, preparation of processing systems, training, and demonstrations. The target group of community empowerment activities at Griya Batik Widi Nugraha Ngawi are the owner of Griya Batik Widi Nugraha Ngawi, batik workers at Griya Batik Widi Nugraha Ngaw, workers in the dyeing and washing process, administrators of Ngawi Batik Association and construction workers. Results of Community Empowerment of UKM Griya Batik Widi Nugraha Workers and Surroundings Together with the academic community of Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya, appropriate technology was built for a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with a capacity of 1,464.5 liters per day, which is still safe for UKM Griya Batik Widi Nugraha Ngawi Regency. The stages of wastewater treatment are pre-treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment, and storage of the final product. The results of the functional tests based on effluent samples from the final treatment showed that the treatment plant was able to reduce the levels of TSS, color, COD, BOD, total ammonia, oil, and grease that exceeded the quality standard to meet the quality requirements as per the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.16/MENLAHK /SETJEN/KUM.1/2019. These results provide benefits for UKM Griya Batik Widi Nugraha to prevent pollution and can use treated water as a source of fish pond water and watering the garden. It is recommended that community empowerment can be continued by other SMEs that have the potential to dispose of wastewater from production activities and pollute the environment through the use of appropriate technology (TTG) research results by lecturers or students so that they do not stop as intakes.

Planning for Small-Scale Business (USK) Batik Wastewater Treatment Plant X Yogyakarta

Small scale business / Usaha Skala Kecil (USK) X currently does not have a batik wastewater treatment unit. This condition causes the possibility of contamination to water bodies. USK X wastewater treatment applications' planning needs to be carried out sustainably, namely by reusing water. The process units needed in this planning are the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and constructed wetlands. The effluent of textile wastewater with this system for parameters BOD, COD, TSS, sulfide, total oil & fat, and color were 0.13 mg/L; 106.5 mg/L; 2.4 mg/L; 0.036 mg/L; 0.07 mg/L; and 90.67 PtCo, respectively. The dimensions of the SBR unit required are 0.75 x 0.6 x 1 m. Modification of the SBR unit uses an ozone generator to produce ozone gas which functions as oxidation of organic pollutants and colors in batik waste. After processing in the SBR unit, it is carried out using a constructed wetland with 2.56 m2.

Pengaruh Kecepatan Pengadukan dan Jarak Elekroda terhadap Penurunan Kadar COD dan TSS pada Limbah Batik Menggunakan Metode Elektrokoagulasi

The existence of the textile industry, especially in batik production in the region, will certainly provide benefits to the area, because it can absorb labor from the area. However, where there are advantages, there will also be disadvantages, as is the case in this textile factory where the liquid waste produced has a negative impact on the environment. This liquid waste comes from the washing and coloring process which contains dyes, heavy metals, and high salt concentrations. This study examines batik waste from a textile factory using the electrocoagulation method with aluminum electrodes. Research on batik wastewater treatment has been carried out. The results of this study prove that the electrode distance and stirring speed variables affect the COD reduction efficiency and TSS reduction in batik waste. In general, the higher the stirring speed and the closer the electrode spacing, the higher the TSS and COD reduction efficiency. There is an optimal point for stirring speed, where the highest reduction in TSS and COD efficiency is obtained at a stirring speed of 200 rpm. From the variables studied, the optimal value for both variables was obtained, namely at the electrode distance of 1.6 and at a stirring speed of 200 rpm, with the result that the efficiency value obtained was a decrease in COD of 89.39% and a decrease in TSS of 90.45 %.

Pengaruh Kecepatan Pengadukan dan Jarak Elekroda terhadap Penurunan Kadar COD dan TSS pada Limbah Batik Menggunakan Metode Elektrokoagulasi

The existence of the textile industry, especially in batik production in the region, will certainly provide benefits to the area, because it can absorb labor from the area. However, where there are advantages, there will also be disadvantages, as is the case in this textile factory where the liquid waste produced has a negative impact on the environment. This liquid waste comes from the washing and coloring process which contains dyes, heavy metals, and high salt concentrations. This study examines batik waste from a textile factory using the electrocoagulation method with aluminum electrodes. Research on batik wastewater treatment has been carried out. The results of this study prove that the electrode distance and stirring speed variables affect the COD reduction efficiency and TSS reduction in batik waste. In general, the higher the stirring speed and the closer the electrode spacing, the higher the TSS and COD reduction efficiency. There is an optimal point for stirring speed, where the highest reduction in TSS and COD efficiency is obtained at a stirring speed of 200 rpm. From the variables studied, the optimal value for both variables was obtained, namely at the electrode distance of 1.6 and at a stirring speed of 200 rpm, with the result that the efficiency value obtained was a decrease in COD of 89.39% and a decrease in TSS of 90.45 %.

Inovasi Pengolahan Limbah Cair Batik dengan IPAL Ekonomis di Desa Maos Kidul Cilacap

Wastewater resulted from the batik dying process is known for its environmentally hazardous substances including hazardous natural and synthetic organic matter, suspended particles, and hazardous metal. But in the micro and medium scale batik textile business, wastewater treatment is mostly not carried because it does not give benefit for the owner. Economical wastewater treatment constructions can be an alternative for the business owner for their free operational cost. Batik wastewater treatment ought to be carried out to meet government standards but most importantly to decrease hazardous pollutant’s concentrations so it does not harm the environment. This society service project aims to provide alternatively economical wastewater treatment for batik business owners by applying simples and cheapest yet effective treatment methods to reduce pollutant concentrations in wastewater. Methods applied in this project including sedimentation, filtration, and landfill-bioremediation. The laboratorium analysis result shows that sedimentation and filtration are significantly reduced total suspended solid particles in wastewater from 2450 to 100 mg/L in line with wastewater decoloring from dark blue to clear yellow.

The effects of Ozonation and ultrasonic cavitation on batik wastewater treatment with coagulation-flocculation as pre-treatment

The batik industry produces large volumes of wastewater with high organic content. Dyes in batik wastewater are difficult to degrade by biological processes. Therefore, further processing is needed to reduce pollutants before being released into the environment. This study aims to observe the performance of the ultrasonic cavitation, ozonation, and combination of ozonation/ultrasonic cavitation to treat batik wastewater, which was first given a coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment with Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) coagulants. The variations applied were ultrasonic intensity (20%, 30%, and 60%) and pH of wastewater (4, 7, and 10). In this study, it was found that the combination of the ozonation/ultrasonic cavitation method with a pH of 4 and ultrasonic intensity of 20% produced the best performance, namely COD, TSS, and color (Pt-Co) removal of 77.02%, 95.15%, and 94.88%. The ultrasonic intensity and initial pH of wastewater played an important role in the performance of the treatment process. In the ultrasonic cavitation method with an ultrasonic intensity of 20%, the highest percentage of COD, TSS, and color (Pt-Co) removal was 65.59%, 91.51%, and 93.41%. The ozonation method in acidic conditions (pH 4) produced a better performance with COD, TSS, and color (Pt-Co) removal of 70.51%, 94.35%, and 96.10% for 60 minutes.

Batik wastewater treatment by the hydrodynamic cavitation and Ozonation with coagulation-flocculation pretreatment

Wastewater discharged by Batik’s industry still contains a high concentration of dyes and pollutants, thus can contaminate the water’s ecosystem. Because of that, in this study, Batik wastewater was treated by the hydrodynamic cavitation, ozonation, and combination of those two. By using PAC, a coagulation-flocculation-based pretreatment technic was conducted first to increase the effectiveness of the main wastewater treatment process. Then, variations in flow rate (2 L/min, 4 L/min, and 6 L/min) and initial pH of wastewater (4, 7, and 10) were evaluated to analyze its effect on the pH changing and the degradation of TSS, COD, color (Pt-Co), and TOC. The best result obtained from this research was by the application of the combination technic, which can eliminate 95.19%; 78.85%; 96.42%; and 60.56% of TSS, COD, color (Pt-Co), and TOC, respectively after 60 minutes treatment.

Application of Tamarindus indica seed extract as bio-coagulant to removal suspended solids and colors

The batik traditional industries in East Java, Indonesia generally not have a proper wastewater treatment plant yet, so liquid waste directly discharge into the river. Batik wastewater generally have a dark color, which derived from the coloring of naphthol with number of suspended solids greater than 100 mg/L and color concentration more than 250 Pt.Co. Tamarind seed extract is known to contain natural polyelectrolytes active group, which had function as bio-coagulant. The research objective was to analyze the application of tamarind seed extract as bio-coagulant in wastewater treatment of the Batik traditional industries, by reducing suspended solids levels and color of wastewater. The research design used pretest and posttest control group design with variations of bio-coagulant doses of 10ml/L, 30ml/L, and 50ml/L, and analyzed using the Two Way Anova Test. The results showed that the level of suspended solids in wastewater before treatment averaged 291mg/L, and the average color content was 593 Pt-Co, so it did not meet the quality standards of the Governor of East Java No 72/2013. For the highest reduction in suspended solids levels at a dose of 10ml/L reduced up to 95.1% and the highest decrease in color levels at a dose of 50ml/L, reduced up to 87.8%. Traditional batik wastewater treatment, which used a coagulation-flocculation process with bio-coagulant extract of tamarind seeds could reduce levels of suspended solids and colors, in order to meet the specified quality standards.

Performance of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) photocatalysis for batik industry wastewater treatment

In this work, the effectiveness and reusability of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) for batik industry wastewater treatment were investigated. The FSTNS photocatalyst were prepared via hydrothermal process at 180°C for 18 hours in the presence of acetone (5% v/v) as oxidation agent. Batik industry wastewater used in this study were analysed prior the photocatalysis, thus contained organic pollutants including dyes and phenolic compound with chemical oxygen demand (COD) 303.7 mg/L; total phenol 0.8 mg/L and measured pH 5.84. The results show FSTNS is able to degrade the majority of dyes which leads to the reduction of COD value up to 56,7 mg/L, total phenol to 0.3 mg/L and acidity level to 7.15. It is also found out that the effectiveness of FSTNS reduce less than 20% after it is reuse in three times cycles, confirming its fair reusability as photocatalyst for batik wastewater treatment.

Feasibility of Constructed Wetland Using Coagulation Flocculation Technology in Batik Wastewater Treatment

Feasibility of Constructed Wetland Using Coagulation Flocculation Technology in Batik Wastewater Treatment

Constructed Wetland with Rice Husk Substrate as Phytotechnology Treatment for Sustainable Batik Industry in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the vegetation efficiency of Canna indica plants and rice husk as a VFCW substrate in the batik wastewater treatment process. The VFCW pilot is made of acrylic with a length, width and height of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 m respectively. Rice husk is filled as substrate to a depth of 0.3 m. Canna indica is cultivated and acclimatized then be planted in VFCW with 6 plants / units. Batik liquid waste is flowed with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.15 m3/d and variations in hydraulic retention time for 3 days, 7 days, 15 days, 21 days, and 30 days using an intermittent system. The results showed Canna indica proved to have a significant effect (p <0.05) on the removal of all parameters consisting of pH, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, and heavy metals Cr. Optimal efficiency for all parameters occurred at 21 days HRT which obtained TSS removal values of 91.25%, BOD5 of 91.82%, COD of 89.15%, ammonia of 96.2%, and heavy metals Cr of 81.8%. Effluents produced through the construction of VFCW with rice husks as a substrate and vegetation of Canna indica are able to meet the standards set out in East Java Governor Regulation No. 72/2013.

Effectiveness of Using Trichoderma viride as Biosorbent for Remazol Brilliant Purple in Batik Wastewater Treatment

S ynthetic dyes used in the batik industry cause negative impacts to the environment. One type of synthetic dyes used in batik industry is remazol brilliant violet. This synthetic dye is reactive, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable. Therefore, a strategy to degrade this synthetic dye is needed. In this study, the potential application of Trichoderma viride for biosorption of remazol brilliant violet (RBZ) in batik wastewater was investigated. The current work aimed on determination of the optimum biosorption conditions, including pH, contact time, and RBZ concentration. Biosorption of RBZ were carried out at pH 4 to 9; with contact times of 12, 24, 30, 36, and 42 h, with concentrations of dye solutions were 40, 60, 70, 80, and 90 mg/L. Results showed that the optimum biosorption of RBZ was obtained at pH 4, for 30 h, and optimum concentration of RBZ at 60 mg/L, with the RBZ absorbed was 79.27%. The FTIR analysis suggested that RBZ biosorption changed the chemical functional groups in the T. viride. The FTIR spectra revealed that the biomolecules that are affected during the process of biosorption were mainly lipids and proteins, and slightly from nucleic acids and carbohydrates.