Batch-type Reactor Research Articles

Preparation of Vanadium (3.5+) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

In this study, vanadium (3.5+) electrolyte was prepared for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) through a reduction reaction using a batch-type hydrothermal reactor, differing from conventional production methods that utilize VOSO4 and V2O5. The starting material, V2O5, was mixed with various concentrations (0.8 M, 1.2 M, 1.6 M, 2.0 M) of citric acid (CA) as the reducing agent and stirred for 60 min at 90 °C using a hot plate to ensure complete dispersion in the solution. The resulting solution was subsequently subjected to a hydrothermal reduction reaction (HRR) furnace at 150 °C for 24 h to generate vanadium (3.5+). The mixed states of the produced vanadium (3+) and vanadium (4+) were confirmed using UV-vis spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the electrolyte were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealing that the optimal concentration of the CA was 1.6 M. The current efficiency, energy efficiency, and voltage efficiency of the electrolyte produced via the HRR process was compared with that prepared using VOSO4 in charge and discharge experiments. The results demonstrate that the HRR process yields an enhanced electrolyte across all efficiency metrics produced through the given improved performance in all efficiencies. These findings indicate that the HRR process using citric acid can facilitate the straightforward preparation of vanadium (3.5+) electrolyte, making it suitable for large-scale production.

Hydrogen peroxide mediated thermo-catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to C1-C2 products over Cu (0)

The global challenge concerning CO2 conversion to valuable products is anticipated to execute an essential task towards net zero carbon emissions. Thermal CO2 reduction is advantageous in terms of higher conversion rates, selectivity, and already-established industrial thermal instruments for scalability. However, the method is energy-intensive, a hindrance to sustainably practical adoption. Herein, we present a comprehensive study of H2O2-mediated thermal CO2 conversion in the presence of dendritic zerovalent copper (d-ZCu) in a batch-type reactor, yielding C1 and C2 carbon products, with acetic acid (AcOH) as the major product (achieving an optimized yield of approximately 0.98 M and a selectivity of around 97 % at near ambient conditions of 25–150 °C and 1–15 bar), along with trace amounts of methanol and ethanol, and carbon monoxide (CO) as a gaseous product. The reaction parameters, including temperature, time, pressure, and concentrations, were optimized to gain better insight into the reaction. To further explore the feasibility of the process, experiments were conducted in a continuous flow-packed bed reactor using similar parameters as those in the batch reactor, where CO was identified as the primary product of CO2 reduction. For advanced real-life applicability, the as-emitted exhaust gases from diesel and petrol engines, as sources of anthropogenic CO2, were utilized to establish the practical applicability of the proposed method.

An in-depth study of the oxidative liquefaction process for polymeric waste reduction and chemical production from wind turbine blades and personal protective equipment used in the medical field

An in-depth study of the oxidative liquefaction process has been provided to degrade the polymeric waste from personal protective equipment (PPEs) and wind turbine blades (WTBs). Thermogravimetric investigations demonstrate that WTBs have three prominent peaks throughout the degradation, whereas PPEs display solitary peak features. Experiments are carried out employing specific experimental design approaches, namely the Central Composite Face-Centered Plan (CCF) for WTBs and the Central Composition Design with Fractional Factorial Design for PPEs in a batch-type reactor at temperature ranges of 250–350 °C, pressures of 20–40 bar, residence times of 30–90 min, H2O2 concentrations of 15–45 %, and waste/liquid ratios of 5–25 % for WTBs. These values were 200–300 °C, 30 bar, 45 min, 30–60 % and 5–7 % for PPE. A detailed comparison has been provided in the context of total polymer degradation (TPD) for PPE and WTBs. Liquid products from both types of wastes after the oxidative liquefaction process are subjected to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to identify the existence of oxygenated chemical compounds (OCCs). For WTBs, TPD was 20–49 % and this value was 55–96 % for PPE while the OCC yield for WTBs (36.31 g/kg - 210.59 g/kg) and PPEs (39.93 g/kg - 212.66 g/kg) was also calculated. Detailed optimization of experimental plans was carried out by performing the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and optimization goals were maximum TPD and OCCs yields against the minimum energy consumption, though a considerable amount of complex polymer waste can be reduced and high concentrations of OCC can be achieved, which could be applied for commercial and environmental benefits.

The Impact of Biostarter Em-4 and Buffalo Feces on The Quality of Biogas Created from Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber

Energy is one of the most important needs in life. That’s because all human activities require energy to live. New breakthroughs need to be made to overcome the energy crisis, one of which is biogas by utilizing waste. Waste that can be used is sugarcane bagasse and buffalo feces, which have the potential to produce biogas. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a mixture of bagasse fiber and buffalo manure with the addition of EM-4 biostarter and without EM-4 biostarter that has the potential to produce biogas. Variations in the composition of AT and buffalo feces in this study were 50%SB: 50%BF, 40%SB:60%BF and 30%SB:70%BF without using the EM-4 biostarter. batch-type digester reactor type. The method used is the experimental method. The results showed that biogas production from the composition of a mixture of bagasse fiber with buffalo feces has an influence. Where the more buffalo feces added, the more gas produced. Then for the biogas production process using EM-4 biostarter and without EM-4 biostarter, it was found that the best in producing gas was using EM-4 biostarter, this was due to the function of biostarter which accelerates biogas fermentation so that the influence on biogas production was to use EM-4 biostarter

Development of Sustainable Biofuel from Seed Waste Using Pyrolysis and Its Sustainability in the Compression Ignition Engine Application

In recent decades, conventional diesel engines have faced serious challenges due to the depletion of fossil fuel sources. The current research investigates the feasibility of using waste Acacia nilotica (AN) seed pyrolysis oil as fuel in diesel engines. The pyrolysis investigations were carried out in a batch-type reactor at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 650 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min, and feedstock sizes ranging from 0.2 to 1.7 mm. The maximum oil yield of 49% was obtained at 500 °C with an optimum particle size of 0.5 mm. The characterization of bio-oil was estimated with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. FTIR analysis detected aliphatic functional groups in bio-oil. GC-MS analysis determined phenolic, acetic, and cresol compounds in pyrolysis oil. Bio-oil contains 64.78% aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC), according to 1HNMR. Blends of AN and diesel were studied in diesel engines to investigate engine parameters, and the findings were compared to standard diesel. Under full load conditions, the efficiency of the AN10 (10% AN seed pyrolysis oil + 90% diesel) blend was discovered to be 32.8%, which is 2.3% lower than normal diesel, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions were low. The findings confirmed that up to 30% of the AN blend can substitute for diesel in compression ignition (CI) engine applications.

Design expert based optimization of the pyrolysis process for the production of cattle dung bio-oil and properties characterization

This study aimed to optimize pyrolysis conditions to maximize bio-oil yield from cattle dung, a waste product of livestock practices. Pyrolysis of cattle dung was carried out in batch type reactor. The pyrolysis process was optimized using a central composite design in response surface methodology, with conversion parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, vapor cooling temperature, residence time, and gas flow rate taken into account. The cattle dung bio-oil was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), an elemental analyzer, a pH probe, and a bomb calorimeter. Furthermore, the ASTM standard procedures were used to determine the bio-fuel characteristics. The optimized conditions were found to be a pyrolysis temperature of 402 °C, a vapor cooling temperature of 2.25 °C, a residence time of 30.72 min, and a gas flow rate of 1.81 l min−1, resulting in a maximum bio-oil yield of 18.9%. According to the findings, the yield of bio-oil was predominantly affected by pyrolysis temperature and vapor cooling temperature. Moreover, the bio-oil that was retrieved was discovered to be similar to conventional liquid fuels in numerous ways.

Impact of using glucose as a sole carbon source to analyze the effect of biochar on the kinetics of biomethane production

The adaptation of biochar in anaerobic digestion (AD) positively influences the conversion of substrate to biomethane and promotes system stability. This study investigated the influence of biochar (BC) doses (0 to 8 g/L) on the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) of glucose during a 60-day AD in a mesophilic batch-type reactor. The first 6.5 weeks of the experimentation were dedicated to the microorganism’s adaptation to the biochar and degradation of organics from the used inoculum (3 phases of the glucose feeding). The last 2 weeks (4th phase of glucose feeding) represented the assumption, that glucose is the sole carbon source in the system. A machine learning model based on the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method was used to model the cumulative BMP. The results showed that the BMP increased with the amount of BC added. The highest BMP was obtained at a dose of 8 g/L, with a maximum cumulative BMP of 390.33 mL CH4/g-VS added. Likewise, the system showed stability in the pH (7.17 to 8.17). In contrast, non-amended reactors produced only 135.06 mL CH4/g-VS and became acidic at the end of the operation. Reducing the influence of carbon from inoculum, sharpened the positive effect of BC on the kinetics of biomethane production from glucose.

Studies on CRDI diesel engine performance and emissions using waste plastic oil and fly ash catalyst

Fossil fuels are quickly draining on a daily basis, causing fuel product prices to increase throughout the world. There is a crucial need to develop new alternate fuels from various sources that meet our daily requirements, like industries, mining, building construction, transportation, electric power generation from rural areas, etc. In the present study, mono-use low density polyethylene (LDPE) was successfully transformed into a liquid form of hydrocarbon fuel with fly ash-supported catalytic pyrolysis. The ratio of 0.1 with reference to catalyst-to-feedstock was fixed for the preparation of waste plastic oil (WPO) using batch-type pyrolysis reactors. About 180 °C was the temperature at which the extracted crude oil was segregated. The diesel fuel’s properties and those of the WPO fuel were compared and evaluated. Experiments were carried out using diesel-WPO mixed fuel (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) in a multi-cylinder, water-cooled Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Additionally, the impact of the compression and mixing ratios on performance, emission characteristics, and combustion was studied. We observed significant improvement in the results of BTE and BSFC for the tested fuel blend, D80WPO20, compared to other blends. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the emissions of CO, HC, and NOx rise with an increasing fuel mixing ratio. Based on the analysis carried out on performance and emissions, it was determined that D80WPO20 was the best combination.

Analysis of Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol by Zinc Oxide Using Response Surface Methodology.

In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, which is commonly found in industrial wastewater at high rates, was investigated using a zinc oxide (ZnO) catalyst. It is thought that our findings will contribute to the removal of phenol in industrial wastewater. The experimental study was conducted in a batch-type air-fed cylindrical photocatalytic reactor, and a central composite design (CCD) was chosen and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The study aimed to explore the effects of initial phenol concentration, catalyst concentration, airflow rate, and degradation time on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and the removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC). A quadratic regression model was developed to establish the relationship between phenol degradation, TOC removal effectiveness, and the four factors mentioned. The validity of the model was assessed through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). A good agreement was observed between the model results and the experimental data. As a result of the experiments carried out under optimized conditions, the degradation percentage of phenol was found to be 77.15 %, and the degradation percentage of TOC was 59.87 %. Additionally, pseudo-first-order kinetics were used in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol.

Continuous flowing technology for efficient and stable scale‐up production of Pt nanoparticles catalysts in PEMFC

A stable scale-up production strategy is necessary to propel high-performance Pt nanoparticles (NPs) catalysts from academic research to industrial applications. Conventional batch-type reactors scale up the production of Pt NPs catalysts by expanding the volume of the reaction vessel, which induces insufficient reaction control due to the limited heat transfer capacity. It can lead to severe agglomeration of Pt NPs and prevent the original high catalytic activity. Here, the continuous flow technology with efficient heat transfer was demonstrated to possess excellent properties of efficient and stable reaction control, which can effectively avoid agglomeration and stably produce Pt NPs catalysts with Pt NPs of uniform size and homogeneous dispersion on carbon supports at various production scales. The results show that the continuous flow technology enables the reaction slurry to reach the equilibrium temperature with a tiny difference (<1 °C) from the preset temperature within 1 min, reducing the reaction time from 4 h in the batch-type reactor to 10 min. The Pt NPs catalyst synthesized by it achieved a performance of 1.32 W cm−2 at 0.6 V, 1.4 times that of the batch-type reactor. It is an ideal solution to promote the rapid industrial application of high-performance Pt NPs catalysts that conduct laboratory synthesis studies of small amounts by the efficient and convenient continuous flow reactor and then use the same continuous flow reactor to perform efficient and stable scale-up production.

Influence of Pre-Incubation of Inoculum with Biochar on Anaerobic Digestion Performance.

The application of biochar as an additive to enhance the anaerobic digestion (AD) of biomass has been extensively studied from various perspectives. This study reported, for the first time, the influence of biochar incubation in the inoculum on the anaerobic fermentation of glucose in a batch-type reactor over 20 days. Three groups of inoculum with the same characteristics were pre-mixed once with biochar for different durations: 21 days (D21), 10 days (D10), and 0 days (D0). The BC was mixed in the inoculum at a concentration of 8.0 g/L. The proportion of the inoculum and substrate was adjusted to an inoculum-to-substrate ratio of 2.0 based on the volatile solids. The results of the experiment revealed that D21 had the highest cumulative methane yield, of 348.98 mL, compared to 322.66, 290.05, and 25.15 mL obtained from D10, D0, and the control, respectively. Three models-modified Gompertz, first-order, and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)-were used to interpret the biomethane production. All models showed promising fitting of the cumulative biomethane production, as indicated by high R2 and low RMSE values. Among these models, the ARIMA model exhibited the closest fit to the actual data. The biomethane production rate, derived from the modified Gompertz Model, increased as the incubation period increased, with D21 yielding the highest rate of 31.13 mL/gVS. This study suggests that the application of biochar in the anaerobic fermentation of glucose, particularly considering the short incubation period, holds significant potential for improving the overall performance of anaerobic digestion.

Fabrication of ultrafine cerium oxide nanoparticles as an aqueous colloidal solution with single-molecular dispersant via shear agitation reactor or one-pot hydrolysis

Herein, ultrafine CeO2 nanoparticles are synthesized using monomolecular amino acids as dispersants. Monomolecular amino acids are suitable dispersants for the dispersion of nanoparticles with a diameter of 1 nm. Batch-type room-temperature hydrolysis (RTH) synthetic method, which takes advantage of the low decomposition pH of Ce (IV) nitrate, and a shear agitation (SA) reactor, which is highly versatile for multicomponent systems of colloidal synthesis, are used. After adding glycine, ultrafine CeO2 colloids of sizes 1.1 and 1.2 nm are obtained via the batch-type RTH synthesis method and SA reactor, respectively. The smallest CeO2 colloid size is 0.7 nm, which earned at the close concentration of the saturation of glycine using the batch-type RTH method. Because RTH can slowly hydrolyze Ce (IV) nitrate over several hours, we were able to observe the initial stage of nucleation (0.7 nm), which passes instantaneously in the SA reactor. Furthermore, glycine was found to be particularly effective in stabilizing the surface of cerium oxide due to its high adsorption capacity. Therefore, cerium oxide, which is amorphous in the synthesis stage, remained amorphous up to 100 °C due to glycine adsorption, neutralized the colloidal dispersion to form precipitates, and crystallized at room temperature after glycine was removed by washing treatment, resulting in a fluorite structure with a crystallite diameter of 1.5 nm. This crystallite diameter is maintained after heat treatment at 200 °C for 30 min.

Effects of various factors on gangue removal in alkaline hydrothermal treatment of iron ores

The upgrading technology of low-grade iron ores by alkaline treatment was investigated in this study. The basic experiments (evaluation of the effects of solvent types, treatment temperature, holding time, solvent concentration, particle size, and solid–liquid ratio) were carried out with the alkaline hydrothermal treatment in a small batch-type reactor. The gangue removal rate in the 5 M NaOH hydrothermal treatment increased with the increase in treatment temperature, and about 90% of Si, Al, and P could be removed below 250 °C. The gangue removal rate tended to increase with the increase in NaOH concentration, the decrease in particle size, and the decrease in solid–liquid ratio. The order of the removal rate was P < Al < Si. The optimum conditions for alkaline hydrothermal treatment were found to be as follows: particle size, <500 μm; solvent, NaOH; solvent concentration, >0.1 M; solid–liquid ratio, ≤1.2; heating temperature, ≥150 °C; and holding time, 30 min. According to the results of XRD and N2 adsorption measurements of the treated ores, the gangue removal from low-grade iron ores, the improvement of Fe quality (higher Fe content), and densification were possible by alkaline hydrothermal treatment.

Mass Transfer-Promoted Fe2+/Fe3+ Circulation Steered by 3D Flow-Through Co-Catalyst System Toward Sustainable Advanced Oxidation Processes

Realizing fast and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) via iron-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is significant in the environmental and biological fields. However, current AOPs assisted by co-catalysts still suffer from the poor mass/electron transfer and non-durable promotion effect, giving rise to the sluggish Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle and low dynamic concentration of Fe2+ for ROS production. Herein, we present a three-dimensional (3D) macroscale co-catalyst functionalized with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to achieve ultra-efficient Fe2+ regeneration (equilibrium Fe2+ ratio of 82.4%) and remarkable stability (more than 20 cycles) via a circulating flow-through process. Unlike the conventional batch-type reactor, experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that the optimal utilization of the 3D active area under the flow-through mode, initiated by the convection-enhanced mass/charge transfer for Fe2+ reduction and then strengthened by MoS2-induced flow rotation for sufficient reactant mixing, is crucial for oxidant activation and subsequent ROS generation. Strikingly, the flow-through co-catalytic system with superwetting capabilities can even tackle the intricate oily wastewater stabilized by different surfactants without the loss of pollutant degradation efficiency. Our findings highlight an innovative co-catalyst system design to expand the applicability of AOPs based technology, especially in large-scale complex wastewater treatment.

Direct extraction of biphasic organosolv lignin for producing aromatic aldehydes via alkaline oxidation

Lignin can be a sustainable source of aromatic compounds, whereas the utilization is limited because of its complex three-dimensional structure. Organosolv method is promising for the valorization of lignin because of its mild conditions as compared with industrial pulping processes. Aromatic aldehydes, widely used in various industries, are obtained by catalytic oxidation of lignin. Organosolv treatment of various types of lignocellulose in water/1-butanol solvent was conducted using a batch type reactor. During the solvent removal from 1-butanol phase containing organosolv lignin, the concentrated lignin was denatured, which was evaluated by measuring particle size distribution and thermal decomposition behavior of the lignin. The recovery procedure of lignin was improved, and the extraction of organosolv lignin from 1-butanol phase to alkaline solution was developed. The improved extraction method definitely showed a higher yield of aromatic compounds regardless of the type of lignocellulose, yielding 14 C-mol% of aromatic aldehydes after alkaline oxidation of willow-derived lignin. After the alkaline oxidation reaction, a simple solvent fractionation was applied for refining the oxidized products. The solvent fractionation of the oxidized products was achieved using ethyl acetate and n-heptane. n-Heptane-soluble fraction selectively contained the lighter fraction with maintaining the content of aromatic compounds.

Kinetics study of the selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol over CuAl2O4 spinel catalyst

The catalytic hydrogenation of furfural is an important process that produce value-added furfural derivatives, especially furfuryl alcohol. In this work, the kinetics of the catalytic furfural hydrogenation over copper aluminate spinel (CuAl2O4) was studied in a batch-type reactor under various reaction parameters including the stirring speed, initial furfural concentration, H2 pressure, and reaction temperature. The CuAl2O4 catalyst showed excellent performance in furfuryl alcohol production as the furfural conversion could reach 100% and the furfuryl alcohol yield was >98%. The furfural concentration and the reaction temperature were found to significantly impact on the reaction rate, while other parameters showed less contributions leading to a flexible operation window. It was determined that the reaction rate expression followed the equation r = kCfurfural0.335 with the apparent activation energy of 44.6 kJ/mol. The developed kinetic model for hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol were in good agreement with the experimental results. The kinetic model presented here could be useful for process design and scale-up of the hydrogenation reactor in the industrial application.

Stable Sulfonic MCM-41 Catalyst for Furfural Production from Renewable Resources in a Biphasic System

An MCM-41-SO3H catalyst with 14 wt% S was successfully synthesized to be used in furfural production from xylose and hemicellulose in a biphasic n-butanol/water system. The precursor MCM-41 and the acid-functionalized MCM-41-SO3H catalyst were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, N2 physisorption, ICP-MS, TPD-NH3, and XPS. The characterization results indicated that the sulfonic process partially decreased the ordered mesoporous structure and increased the acid strength of the initial MCM-41. The catalytic performance of the xylose conversion was evaluated in a batch-type reactor using different biphasic ecological and renewable n-butanol/water ratios (1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, and 2.5:1) as dissolvent at 170 °C. The effect of the dissolvent mixture was clearly seen from the larger initial reaction rate and TOF values for the 1.5:1 ratio. This catalytic behavior indicated that a proper proportion of n-butanol/water dissolvent mixture enhanced the solubility of the substrate in the n-butanol-rich mixture and prevented the deactivation of acidic sulfonated surface groups. To achieve transformation of lignocellulosic raw material to value-added products, the MCM-41-SO3H catalyst was also used for the production of furfural. The recycling evaluation tests indicated that for the recovered catalyst submitted to a sulfonation process, the yield of furfural was closer to the fresh catalyst.

Preliminary reactor design for gold nanoparticle production by the Turkevich method on an industrial scale

This study aims to design and analyze the design of a batch-type reactor to optimize the production of gold nanoparticles on an industrial scale. The method used in the design of this reactor is the computational analysis of the reactor calculations, including stirring and mass balance as initial calculations using the Microsoft Excel application manually. The calculation results show that the designed reactor specifications have a reactor volume of 21.7335 ft3, cylinder height of 13.4612 in, a height of solution in the cylinder of 8.9046 in, vessel diameter of 73.2984 in, design pressure of 9.9978 psig, impeller length of 9.1840 in, shaft length of 10.5418 in, with stirring power 62.5228 Hp. Reactor design analysis is an important stage in the design of production processes on an industrial scale, where the specification results from the designed reactor can be used not only to adjust the reactor to the product but also to be used as a reference for production costs. The results of computational analysis and calculations performed on the reactor design in this study can be used as a reference and can be applied in the design of reactor performance analysis as a learning media, including operating mechanisms in the production process.

Arginine-catalyzed isomerization of ribose to ribulose

Arginine, one of the basic amino acids known as green catalysts for sugar isomerization, was used to isomerize ribose to ribulose, a rare keto-pentose sugar, and the effects of reaction conditions on the yield of ribulose and degree of browning were investigated using a batch-type reactor. The initial pH of the mixture of ribose and arginine was in the range of 9.39–10.01. A high yield of ribulose and low degree of browning of the reaction mixture were achieved at a molar ratio of arginine to ribose of 0.05 and a temperature of 110 °C. To achieve the highest possible ribulose concentration, an initial ribose concentration of 0.75 mol/L was preferable. It was found that once isomerization had progressed, acidic by-products caused a reduction in pH and brown-colored compounds were continuously formed. This study showed that the method used is relatively simple and effective for producing ribulose.

A reactor for time-resolved X-ray studies of nucleation and growth during solvothermal synthesis.

Understanding the nucleation and growth mechanisms of nanocrystals under hydro- and solvothermal conditions is key to tailoring functional nanomaterials. High-energy and high-flux synchrotron radiation is ideal for characterization by powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray total scattering in real time. Different versions of batch-type cell reactors have been employed in this work, exploiting the robustness of polyimide-coated fused quartz tubes with an inner diameter of 0.7 mm, as they can withstand pressures up to 250 bar and temperatures up to 723 K for several hours. Reported here are recent developments of the in situ setups available for general users on the P21.1 beamline at PETRA III and the DanMAX beamline at MAX IV to study nucleation and growth phenomena in solvothermal synthesis. It is shown that data suitable for both reciprocal-space Rietveld refinement and direct-space pair distribution function refinement can be obtained on a timescale of 4 ms.