Bath Air Research Articles

Identifikasi Ektoparasit pada Kelelawar di Gua Kenculit Desa Mekar Sari Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Identifikasi Ektoparasit pada Kelelawar di Gua Kenculit Desa Mekar Sari Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Investigation of solar air collectors with concave air duct

In this article study attempts to study the thermal performance of solar air collectors with submersible air ducts and pipes. This study is conducting numerical analysis of the solar collector with pin wings and turbulators to study the effects on the Nusselt number. The paper begins with a numerical analysis of conventional air collectors and compares them with theoretical results. Reynolds numbers range from 2000 to 2500. Next, after the solar collector's performance is evaluated with the bath air with channels, the effects of turbulators of different heights on the Nusselt number are analyzed, followed by the combined effects of pin wings and turbulators. The results are comparable to conventional solar collectors, and suggest that the combined effects of pin wings and turbulators can significantly improve the thermal performance of solar air collectors. The results of this study may contribute to the development of renewable energy-based air conditioning, ventilation and heating systems.

Development of an LC-MS/MS Method for Non-Invasive Biomonitoring of Neonicotinoid and Systemic Herbicide Pesticide Residues in Bat Hair.

With over a quarter of the world’s bats species facing extinction, there is a need for ecotoxicological studies to assess if acute and sublethal exposure to newer pesticides such as neonicotinoids and carbonates contribute to population declines. Pesticide exposure studies in bats have been limited to terminal sampling methods, therefore we developed a non-invasive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method utilizing hair trimmings. The hair of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) was collected and pooled by county to assess the best extraction solvent and solid-phase-extraction (SPE) clean-up cartridges. Using the best performing extraction solvent, methanol, and the best performing SPE cartridge, Chromabond HR-X, we developed an optimized multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 3 neonicotinoids, clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam; 1 carbonate, carbaryl; and 4 systemic herbicides, 2,4-D, atrazine, dicamba, and glyphosate. The optimized protocol yielded the detection of 3–8 of the compounds in the county-level bat hair pools. 2,4-D, glyphosate, and imidacloprid were found in all samples with two of the county-level hair samples having glyphosate concentrations of over 3500 pg/mg of hair. This approach has great potential to facilitate non-terminal ecotoxicological studies assessing the effects of subacute (chronic) pesticide exposure in threatened and endangered bat species and other species experiencing population declines.

Electrification hypothesis of the absence of lice (Anoplura Leach, 1815) on bats (Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1779)

Aim of this work is to substantiate the hypothesis that the absence of lice in bats is associated with the electrification of the surface of their body during the flight.Discussion. The paper analyzes the physical phenomenon of friction electrification, the triboelectric series of substances with special attention to the objects of atmospheric electricity, and the Cohen rule that relates the dielectric properties of a substance to its permittivity. The electrical properties of the atmosphere are described including the occurrence of a potential difference between the Earth's surface and the ionosphere and the mechanism of maintaining this potential as a result of charging the ground with negative electricity by thunderstorms. The results of experimental data on the formation of a positive electrostatic charge on the surface covers of insects and birds are presented. It is hypothesized that the hair and skin membranes of bats should also be positively electrified during flight. The reasons that prevent lice from living in electrified bat hair are described. It is proposed to explain the presence of developed sebaceous glands in bats as a way of discharging electrostatic charge before returning to the shelter and the bell structure of the hair cuticle as a device for retaining the secretion of sweat glands.Conclusion. The absence of lice in bats is a direct consequence of their adaptation to active flight.

Delicacy Management on Kiloton Dry Wet Spinning Bath Liquid

During the dry-jet wet spinning process of polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber precursor, the fluctuation of the coagulation bath liquid level affects the stability of the nozzle directly. The motion trajectory and the motion intensity in all directions of the fluid during the movement of the fiber in the coagulation bath fluid field were studied. A three-dimensional model of the cross flow and jet collision motion trajectory was established, and the impact of fluids with different strengths on the surface of the coagulation bath was analyzed. Solidification of the liquid surface in the fitting strength of the peak effect of the return wave overflow trough coupled superimposed to determine the coagulation bath surface to eliminate interfering fluctuations affecting factors. Based on the above analysis, a smart device for real-time monitoring of the coagulation bath air layer has been developed by using the damping equipment in the coagulation bath, where the impact of various fluid waves on the liquid surface can be eliminated on fixed point or position. According to the understanding of kiloton dry-jet wet spinning precursor fiber production line, in-depth exploration has been made to control the high dynamic coagulation bath level effectively from the perspective of technology and delicacy management.

Inter- and intra-specific variation in hair cortisol concentrations of Neotropical bats.

Quantifying hair cortisol has become popular in wildlife ecology for its practical advantages for evaluating stress. Before hair cortisol levels can be reliably interpreted, however, it is key to first understand the intrinsic factors explaining intra- and inter-specific variation. Bats are an ecologically diverse group of mammals that allow studying such variation. Given that many bat species are threatened or have declining populations in parts of their range, minimally invasive tools for monitoring colony health and identifying cryptic stressors are needed to efficiently direct conservation efforts. Here we describe intra- and inter-specific sources of variation in hair cortisol levels in 18 Neotropical bat species from Belize and Mexico. We found that fecundity is an important ecological trait explaining inter-specific variation in bat hair cortisol. Other ecological variables such as colony size, roost durability and basal metabolic rate did not explain hair cortisol variation among species. At the individual level, females exhibited higher hair cortisol levels than males and the effect of body mass varied among species. Overall, our findings help validate and accurately apply hair cortisol as a monitoring tool in free-ranging bats.

Presence of artisanal gold mining predicts mercury bioaccumulation in five genera of bats (Chiroptera).

Mercury, a toxic trace metal, has been used extensively as an inexpensive and readily available method of extracting gold from fine-grained sediment. Worldwide, artisanal mining is responsible for one third of all mercury released into the environment. By testing bat hair from museum specimens and field collected samples from areas both impacted and unimpacted by artisanal gold mining in Perú, we show monomethylmercury (MMHg) has increased in the last 100 years. MMHg concentrations were also greatest in the highest bat trophic level (insectivores), and in areas experiencing extractive artisanal mining. Reproductive female bats had higher MMHg concentrations, and both juvenile and adult bats from mercury contaminated sites had more MMHg than those from uncontaminated sites. Bats have important ecological functions, providing vital ecosystem services such as pollination, seed dispersal, and insect control. Natural populations can act as environmental sentinels and offer the chance to expand our understanding of, and responses to, environmental and human health concerns.

Reduction of metal exposure of Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) following remediation of pond sediment as evidenced by metal concentrations in hair

Transfer of contaminants from freshwater sediments via aquatic insects to terrestrial predators is well documented in spiders and birds. Here, we analyzed the metal exposure of Myotis daubentonii using an urban pond as their preferred foraging area before and after a remediation measure (sediment dredging) at this pond.Six metal elements (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) were measured in the sediment of the pond, in EDTA extracts of the sediment and in hair samples of M. daubentonii foraging at the pond. Samples were taken before remediation in 2011 and after remediation in 2013. Metal concentrations were quantified by ICP-OES after miniaturized microwave assisted extraction.In 2011, the pond sediment exhibited a high contamination with nickel, a moderate contamination with copper and chromium and low contents of zinc, cadmium and lead. While sediment metal contents declined only weakly after remediation, a much more pronounced reduction in the concentrations of zinc, copper, chromium and lead concentrations was observed in bat hair.Our results suggest a marked decline in metal exposure of the bats foraging at the pond as a consequence of the remediation measure. It is concluded that Daubenton's bats are suitable bioindicators of metal contamination in aquatic environments, integrating metal exposure via prey insects over their entire foraging area. We further suggest that bat hair is a useful monitoring unit, allowing a non-destructive and non-invasive assessment of metal exposure in bats.

Stable hydrogen isotopes record the summering grounds of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis).

Bats face numerous threats associated with global environmental change, including the rapid expansion of wind-energy facilities, emerging infectious disease, and habitat loss. An understanding of the movement and migration patterns of these highly dispersive animals would help reveal how spatially localized the impacts from these threats are likely to be on bat populations, thus aiding in their conservation. Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H) can be used to infer regions where bats have foraged during the summer molt season, thus allowing an assessment of summering location and distance of movement of bats sampled during other times of year. However, a major impediment to the application of δ2H for inference of bat movements is that the relationship between δ2H of bat hair and precipitation tends to be species specific and is still unknown for some key species of conservation concern. We addressed this issue by using geo-referenced museum specimens to calibrate the relationship between δ2H of hair (δ2Hhair) and long-term δ2H of growing-season precipitation (δ2HGSprecip) at the site of collection for eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis), one of the main species of bats experiencing large numbers of fatalities at wind-energy facilities in North America. Based on comparison of δ2Hhair and δ2HGSprecip values for males we estimated a period of molt of June 14–August 7. Within this period, male and female red bats exhibited a significant positive relationship between δ2Hhair and δ2HGSprecip. These results establish the relationship between δ2Hhair and δ2HGSprecip for red bats, which is necessary for the use of δ2Hhair to infer the movement and migration patterns of this important species. These results provide a critical resource to conservation biologists working to assess the impacts of environmental change on bat populations.

Continental-scale, seasonal movements of a heterothermic migratory tree bat.

Long-distance migration evolved independently in bats and unique migration behaviors are likely, but because of their cryptic lifestyles, many details remain unknown. North American hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus cinereus) roost in trees year-round and probably migrate farther than any other bats, yet we still lack basic information about their migration patterns and wintering locations or strategies. This information is needed to better understand unprecedented fatality of hoary bats at wind turbines during autumn migration and to determine whether the species could be susceptible to an emerging disease affecting hibernating bats. Our aim was to infer probable seasonal movements of individual hoary bats to better understand their migration and seasonal distribution in North America. We analyzed the stable isotope values of non-exchangeable hydrogen in the keratin of bat hair and combined isotopic results with prior distributional information to derive relative probability density surfaces for the geographic origins of individuals. We then mapped probable directions and distances of seasonal movement. Results indicate that hoary bats summer across broad areas. In addition to assumed latitudinal migration, we uncovered evidence of longitudinal movement by hoary bats from inland summering grounds to coastal regions during autumn and winter. Coastal regions with nonfreezing temperatures may be important wintering areas for hoary bats. Hoary bats migrating through any particular area, such as a wind turbine facility in autumn, are likely to have originated from a broad expanse of summering grounds from which they have traveled in no recognizable order. Better characterizing migration patterns and wintering behaviors of hoary bats sheds light on the evolution of migration and provides context for conserving these migrants.

Glycerophospholipid analysis of Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) hair by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Pilosebaceous units found in the mammalian integument are composed of a hair follicle, the proximal portion of the hair shaft, a sebaceous gland, and the erector pili muscle. Pilosebaceous units release protective oils, or sebum, by holocrine secretion onto skin and hair through rupturing of sebocytes. Sebum is composed largely of polar and neutral lipids including glycerolipids, free fatty acids, sterols, wax esters, sterol esters, and squalene. In addition to these lipid classes, there is a small proportion of ionic/anionic glycerophospholipids (GPs). Composition of GPs on hair is rarely addressed despite their broad biological activities as signaling molecules and membrane stability. Furthermore, knowledge on GP composition in bats is lacking. Bat GP composition is important to document due to GP roles ranging from decreasing drag during migration to interaction with the integumentary microbiome. In this study, we analyzed GP molecular composition with liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and compared GP content to previous literature. A total of 152 GPs were detected. Broad GP classes identified include lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylglycerol, with PC being the most abundant class. The acyl components were consistent with fatty acid methyl esters and triacylglyceride moieties found in Eastern red bat sebum. Glycerophospholipid proportions of the hair surface were different from a previous study on bat lung surfactants. This study determined the broad class and molecular species of bat sebum GPs that may be used in future ecological studies in vespertilionid bats.

Bath Central Heating and Air Conditioning Systems Economic Analysis

According to the building to its own characteristics, functions, and local circumstances existing cold source author believes that the heating and air conditioning system to determine which technology lies cold and heat source and system solutions optimize indoor hot and cold source program will directly greatly affect the project's initial investment and operation costs and system management service effectiveness.

Variation in catchment areas of Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) hibernacula inferred from stable hydrogen (δ2H) isotope analysis

Understanding seasonal movements of bats is important for effective conservation efforts. Although female Indiana bats ( Myotis sodalis Miller and Allen, 1928) have been documented to migrate >500 km, knowledge of their migratory patterns is still extremely limited. We used the relationship between latitude and stable hydrogen isotope ratio in bat hair (δ2Hhair) to estimate the north–south extent of the summer range (catchment area) of bats hibernating in 14 Indiana bat hibernacula in eight states throughout its range. Range of δ2Hhair values varied substantially among hibernacula, suggesting large differences among sites in the north–south distance travelled by bats between summer and winter habitats. In particular, hibernacula in the southern portion of the range had greater catchment areas than those in the central and northern portions of the range. Variability in movement distances among sites was not associated with the number of hair samples analyzed or colony size. Significant year-to-year variation (2007–2008 to 2008–2009) in the distribution of δ2Hhair for two sites in Tennessee was observed. Currently, hibernacula considered important for species conservation are largely determined by population size, but our results suggest that migratory diversity should also be considered.

A Triple-Isotope Approach to Predict the Breeding Origins of European Bats

Despite a commitment by the European Union to protect its migratory bat populations, conservation efforts are hindered by a poor understanding of bat migratory strategies and connectivity between breeding and wintering grounds. Traditional methods like mark-recapture are ineffective to study broad-scale bat migratory patterns. Stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) have been proven useful in establishing spatial migratory connectivity of animal populations. Before applying this tool, the method was calibrated using bat samples of known origin. Here we established the potential of δD as a robust geographical tracer of breeding origins of European bats by measuring δD in hair of five sedentary bat species from 45 locations throughout Europe. The δD of bat hair strongly correlated with well-established spatial isotopic patterns in mean annual precipitation in Europe, and therefore was highly correlated with latitude. We calculated a linear mixed-effects model, with species as random effect, linking δD of bat hair to precipitation δD of the areas of hair growth. This model can be used to predict breeding origins of European migrating bats. We used δ13C and δ15N to discriminate among potential origins of bats, and found that these isotopes can be used as variables to further refine origin predictions. A triple-isotope approach could thereby pinpoint populations or subpopulations that have distinct origins. Our results further corroborated stable isotope analysis as a powerful method to delineate animal migrations in Europe.

Editorial: What is in a Name? A Proposal to Use Geomycosis Instead of White Nose Syndrome (WNS) to Describe Bat Infection Caused by Geomyces Destructans

In 2006, a mysterious condition was first observed in hibernating bats near Albany, NY, US [1]. The affected animals and carcasses displayed a prominent cotton-like growth around the nostrils, which came to be colloquially termed White Nose Syndrome (WNS). Subsequent studies indicated that the cottony appearance was due to fungal growth. The extensive fungal colonization of bat skin and hair, characteristic histopathological appearance, and exclusive presence of a specific fungal DNA in the animals’ tissues led to the discovery of the causal agent—a newly described species called Geomyces destructans [2–6]. Subsequent studies revealed that this condition has caused the deaths of nearly a million bats in the Northeast and it has rapidly spread to other parts of the country [7]. Unfortunately, the prognosis for bats remains poor at present. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has decided to impose extreme measures, such as barring human access to the caves and the mines where bats live, in an attempt to stop further spread of this disease (http:// www.fws.gov/whitenosesyndrome/pdf/NWRS_WNS_ Guidance_Final1.pdf). Recently, G. destructans growth was reported on bats from many European countries, but the associated morbidity or mortality seen in the US bats was absent from the European animals [8, 9]. Thus, G. destructans causes both colonization and invasive infections in Chiroptera. The underlying mechanisms causing such a wide spectrum of host– pathogen interactions still remain unknown. Bats afflicted with WNS have many symptoms, such as, emaciation, epidermal erosion and ulcers, and extensive wing damage [4, 10]. Accordingly, this disease can be confirmed by the morphological appearance of the fungus on any part of the body, histopathology of affected tissues with demonstration of hyphae–conidia, or demonstration of G. destructans by PCR–nucleotide sequencing [3, 4, 6, 11]. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that WNS is neither an exclusive presentation nor an all-encompassing description of G. destructans infections in bats. The continued use of this terminology to describe bat disease carries the risk of undue focus on one symptom of what is likely to be a complex host– pathogen interaction. In the fungal kingdom, Geomyces destructans has the closest affinity with Geomyces pannorum, which is widely distributed from the Arctic and the Antarctic to temperate climate zones in cave soil and other substrates [12–15]. The two species can be distinguished by their characteristic conidia and subtle differences in the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal DNA [5, 16]. Geomyces pannorum is a rare pathogen of humans and animals. It has been V. Chaturvedi (&) S. Chaturvedi Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA e-mail: vishnu@wadsworth.org

Diet of spotted bats (Euderma maculatum) in Arizona as indicated by fecal analysis and stable isotopes

We assessed diet of spotted bats ( Euderma maculatum (J.A. Allen, 1891)) by visual analysis of bat feces and stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis of bat feces, wing, hair, and insect prey. We collected 33 fecal samples from spotted bats and trapped 3755 insects where bats foraged. Lepidopterans averaged 99.6% of feces by volume; other insects were not a major component of diet. The δ13C and δ15N values of bat feces were similar to those of moths from families Noctuidae (N), Lasiocampidae (L), and Geometridae (G), but differed from Arctiidae (A) and Sphingidae (S). We used a mixing model to reconstruct diet; three families (N, L, G) represented the majority (88%–100%) of the diet with A + S representing 0%–12%. Although we compared δ13C and δ15N values of wing, hair, and feces of spotted bats, feces best represented recent diet; wing and hair were more enriched than feces by 3‰ and 6‰, respectively. This pattern was consistent with that reported for other bat species. We suggest that spotted bats persist across a wide latitudinal gradient partly because they can forage on a variety of noctuid, geometrid, and lasiocampid moths. Using visual fecal inspection with stable isotope analysis provided information on families of moths consumed by an uncommon bat species.

Using Hydrogen Isotopes to Assign Origins of Bats in the Eastern United States

Stable hydrogen isotopes (dDs) in metabolically inert tissues such as feathers and hair provide a set of endogenous markers that may be useful for establishing migratory connectivity in animals. We tested the assumption of a clear relationship between dD values of growing-season–weighted average precipitation (dDp) derived from 2 geographic information system (GIS) models or latitude (LAT) and dD values in bat hair (dDh), and examined intra- and interspecific variation in dDh of 4 bat species in the eastern United States. We analyzed 251 hair samples from 1 long-distance migrant (eastern red bat [Lasiurus borealis]) and 3 regional migrants (Indiana bat [Myotis sodalis], northern long-eared bat [M. septentrionalis], and little brown bat [M. lucifugus]) captured during the reproductive period (pregnancy and lactation) when bats are resident. LAT explained more of the variation in dDh than dDp derived from either of the GIS-based models, although 1 model of dDp performed better for some species. We found significant intraspecific differences in the relationships between dDh and LAT and between dDh and estimates of dDp derived from Bowen et al. (dDpB) for L. borealis, and significant variation in the regression equations of dDh and LAT and dDh and dDp among species for adult females and adult males. Stable hydrogen isotope analysis may be a valuable tool for studying migratory connectivity in bats, but significant intra- and interspecific variatio ni ndDh values suggests that pooling across sex and age categories and use of surrogate species should be avoided.

VARIATION IN DIET OF THE MEXICAN FREE-TAILED BAT (TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS MEXICANA)

This study documents the diet of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) at Carlsbad Cavern, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Eddy County, New Mexico, and provides information on seasonal variation in food habits of this species throughout its summer residence. Diet was determined from 1,303 fecal samples. Eleven orders and 38 families of insects, unidentified insects, 2 orders of Arachnida (Araneae and Acari), bat hair, and mist net were consumed, with Lepidoptera (moths) and Coleoptera (beetles) occurring at greatest percentage volumes and percentage frequencies in the diet. Diet varied significantly throughout the season. Twenty-two food categories exhibited statistically significant variation among sampling sessions. Amounts of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Formicidae, Psyllidae, Hymenoptera, and Diptera consumed showed the greatest differences among sampling sessions.

STABLE HYDROGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF BAT HAIR AS EVIDENCE FOR SEASONAL MOLT AND LONG-DISTANCE MIGRATION

Although hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) are presumed to be migratory and capable of long-distance dispersal, traditional marking techniques have failed to provide direct evidence of migratory movements by individuals. We measured the stable hydrogen isotope ratios of bat hair (dDh) and determined how these values relate to stable hydrogen isotope ratios of precipitation (dDp). Our results indicate that the major assumptions of stable isotope migration studies hold true for hoary bats and that the methodology provides a viable means of determining their migratory movements. We present evidence that a single annual molt occurs in L. cinereus prior to migration and that there is a strong relationship between dDh and dDp during the molt period. This presumably reflects the incorporation of local dDp into newly grown hair. Furthermore, we present evidence that individual hoary bats are capable of traveling distances in excess of 2,000 km and that hair is grown at a wide range of latitudes and elevations. Stable hydrogen isotope analysis offers a promising new tool for the study of bat migration.

Water bath air filter

Water bath air filter