Basketball Game Research Articles

Match internal load in wheelchair basketball games – an exploratory study

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the match internal load according to the type of disability at different moments in the wheelchair basketball game and the effect of playing the last 5 min of the half on Lactate (LA+) concentrations. Thirty athletes (34.4 ± 6.8 years) from 5 wheelchair basketball Brazilian teams were analysed during five official games. For the analyses, athletes were separated by disability [spinal cord injury, polio sequels and lower limb amputation]. A generalised estimating equation analysis was performed to verify the effects of moment, disability and playing the last 5 min of each period on the La+ concentrations. No significant differences were found between disability groups for the TRIMP and the La+ concentrations at different moments in the game. The results pointed out that unbalanced games seem to cause higher lactate concentrations in the first period of the game, especially in players who end up playing in the second quarter. Finally, unbalanced games, whether the player finishes playing the game, seems not to influence the final lactate concentrations. The internal load of the WB game does not differ in the different disabilities, and, in unbalanced games, the players finish the game with low concentrations of lactate.

The Effect of Temporary Group Identity on Adolescent Social Mindfulness Decisions: An Empirical Study Using Team Sports Contexts

Social mindfulness entails the consideration of the interests of others while respecting their autonomy. Although long-term group identity generates in-group favoritism in social mindfulness decisions, the effect of temporary group identity on social mindfulness remains to be validated. This study examined this effect by recruiting a convenience sample of 74 adolescents from a youth basketball club, who were randomly assigned to either an in-group or out-group decision-making condition. A basketball game scenario was used to establish temporary group identities, referencing the Minimal Group paradigm for grouping while applying the SoMi paradigm in a real-world context. The results showed that adolescents exhibited higher social mindfulness (χ2 = 22.774, df = 1, p < 0.001) and preference-adjusted social mindfulness (χ2 = 6.861, df = 1, p < 0.01) toward in-group compared to out-group members. Conversely, they displayed higher levels of preference-adjusted social hostility toward out-group members (χ2 = 11.291, df = 1, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that even temporary group identities, formed in a sports setting, can lead to intergroup bias in adolescents’ social decision-making, promoting goodwill toward the in-group while restricting the autonomy of out-group members.

Players in the Women's National Basketball Association Are More Likely to Tear Their Anterior Cruciate Ligament if They Are a Guard, Forward, or Driving to the Basket: A Case-Control Study.

The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) has grown in popularity since its induction in 1996. Furthermore, it is well known that female athletes are at an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears compared with their male counterparts. The purpose was to examine the player positions and player movements during basketball games and practices that contribute to ACL tears in WNBA players. Player position and demographics from WNBA players who suffered an ACL tear from 1996 to 2021 were collected from publicly available sources. Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) news reports and video analysis were reviewed to determine what movements each player was performing when the injury occurred. Injured players were matched with two noninjured players by age, position, height, and league experience. Performance statistics were collected one season prior to injury and compared with the matched controls. A total of 62 WNBA players with ACL injuries were identified with an average age of 26.7 (±3.9) years. More guards and forward were seen in the injured cohort and more players were injured while driving to the basket (p < 0.05). ACL injuries occurred more commonly during games than in practice (p < 0.05). Compared with controlled match cohort, the players who suffered ACL tears started more games (p = 0.007), had higher minutes played per game (p = 0.003), more field goals per game (p = 0.04), more field goal attempts per game (p = 0.03), more 3-point attempts per game (p = 0.04), more rebounds per game (p = 0.04), more steals per game (p = 0.02), and more points per game (p = 0.02). WNBA guards and forward were more likely to tear their ACL, especially while driving to the basket during real game play. Additionally, players with higher playing times, rebounds, and steals per game had higher rates of ACL tears. However, there was no impact on their performance on season statistics after returning to sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

The Effect of Arm Muscle Strength and Leg Muscle Explosiveness on Ball Shooting Results Basketball

The problem in this study is the lack of students in basketball shooting results so that the players often experience failures. The formulation of the problem in this study is whether there is an effect of arm muscle training and leg muscle explosive training on shooting results in extracurricular students of SMP Negeri 2 Bangka Barat. The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is an effect of arm muscle training and leg muscle explosiveness training on shooting results in extracurricular students of SMP Negeri 2 Bangka Barat. The method used in this study is the one group experiment method. The sample in this study is the total of the existing population, namely 26 students who participate in extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 2 Bangka Barat. Based on the results of the research and the results of statistical calculations on the test of improving the results of arm muscle strength exercises to influence arm muscle strength and leg muscle explosiveness on basketball shooting results in extracurricular students of SMP Negeri 2 Bangka Barat, the author can conclude that: isometric exercises have an effect on basketball shooting in extracurricular basketball games of SMP Negeri 2 Bangka Barat. The magnitude of the influence is shown significantly at the real level of 0.05 with t calculated &gt; t 0.95 (50) = 6.84 &gt; 1.70.

Development of Flipbook-Based E-Module to Improve Students’ Learning Outcomes in Basketball Course

Limited learning resources for integrating theory and practice in e-module-based physical education, particularly in basketball, present challenges in enhancing student learning outcomes. This study addresses the development and assessment of multimedia-based basketball teaching materials aimed at improving students' understanding and performance in sports education. This research employed a Research and Development (RD) approach with a quantitative design. The developed multimedia basketball game application was evaluated by experts, including basketball coaches and university lecturers from Medan State University, to assess its suitability as a teaching resource. The evaluation process involved both content and media experts. The assessment by basketball learning material experts yielded a score of 87.52%, indicating the application is highly suitable for use in educational settings. Media experts provided a score of 89.70%, further affirming the multimedia basketball application’s effectiveness as a teaching tool. Both evaluations reflect the application’s potential to bridge the gap between theory and practice in basketball education. The findings suggest that the multimedia basketball game application is a viable tool for enhancing basketball education. Its implementation can improve the quality of teaching, support lecturers in delivering complex content, and ultimately enhance students' learning outcomes in sports science. The development of a multimedia-based e-module for basketball is a significant step towards improving the resources available for physical education. The application has been validated by experts and can be effectively integrated into the curriculum to enhance learning in basketball courses.

Data variables related to wins and losses of game in different scenarios in the WNBA 2023 season

ABSTRACT The research subarea of sports performance analysis on women’s basketball games is relatively scarce. Therefore, this study aims to explore the key variables that influence the game outcomes in the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) during the 2023 season. Firstly, chi-square tests and k-means clustering to control variables were applied to categorise games into four groups (home balanced, home unbalanced, away balanced, and away unbalanced). Secondly, stepwise logistic regression was employed to identify key variables influencing game outcomes in each group. The game statistics variables that were significant in home and away balanced games were the field goals made (FG) (+) and attempted (FGA) (-), free throws made (FT) (+), total rebounds (TRB) (+), steals (STL) (+), turnovers (TOV) (-), and personal fouls (PF) (-). Additionally, 3-point field goals made (3P) were significant in home balanced games and assists (AST) (+) in the away balanced games. And FG (+), FGA (-), offensive rebounds (ORB) (+), STL (+), blocks (BLK) (+), and TOV (-) were significant in the home unbalanced games. In addition, in the away unbalanced group 4 variables included 3P (+), offensive rebound percentage (+), defensive rebound percentage (+), and total rebound percentage (+) were identified as key variables.

Key variables for predicting scoring success in Brazilian basketball games

The objective of this study was to identify the variables that can predict the number of points scored by teams in Brazil's national basketball league. A total of 182 NBB games were analyzed using scouting variables including free-throw, 2-point, and 3-point shooting percentages; free-throw, 2-point, and 3-point attempts; number of defensive and offensive rebounds; number of assists, steals, turnovers, violations, and fouls committed and received. A Multiple Linear Regression analysis (SPSS, v.19) was used to determine which variables predict the number of points scored in a game. The prediction of the number of points scored was achieved (a) without considering shooting variables, (b) considering only shooting-related variables, and (c) considering all analyzed variables, explaining 30.5%, 62.9%, and 63.2% of the variation in scoring behavior, respectively. These findings can be used to enhance basketball training by focusing on the most determinant variables for scoring in games.

Retraction Note: Light image enhancement and virtual reality application in automatic generation of basketball game scenes and training data simulation

Retraction Note: Light image enhancement and virtual reality application in automatic generation of basketball game scenes and training data simulation

Relationship between screen-play scenarios' effectiveness and player classification in elite wheelchair basketball based on match results of Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games

BackgroundThe competitiveness of wheelchair basketball has increased over time. However, screen-play, considered a vital offensive tactic in running basketball, is still poorly clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the impact of screen-play on scoring and game results in wheelchair basketball and assess the roles of each player classification (PC).MethodsInformation regarding screen-play, including 13 categories such as shot success, location, and PC, was recorded for 22 wheelchair basketball games in the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. This information was analyzed using the chi-square test to evaluate the significant differences in the appearance frequency of variables in each category (categorical variable) between the winning and losing teams and the shot-success rate.ResultsExcept for PC-related categorical variables, comparing the appearance frequency of the winning and losing teams confirmed a significant difference for screen and pass locations (all p &amp;lt; 0.05). Regarding the shot-success rates of the winning and losing teams, a significant difference in five categories was confirmed, including shot and pass locations (all p &amp;lt; 0.05). Regarding the PC, comparing the appearance frequency of the winning and losing teams confirmed a significant difference for PC of the screener (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Significant differences were found in the shot-success rates of the winning and losing teams in nine, five, three, and four categories regarding the PCs of the shooter, user, screener, and passer, respectively, such as shot location, pass location, and type of screen (p &amp;lt; 0.05, respectively).ConclusionIn wheelchair basketball offenses, it may be effective to consider the following points in the scenario lead-up to a shot: Using two different spaces, in the paint and the 3-point field goal area, could be crucial in screen-play. Improving the accuracy of on-the-ball screen plays appears vital, and using off-the-ball screens could also contribute to winning. Allocating approximately 50% of screeners to the middle-point classification (Middle) players and the rest to the low-point (Low) and high-point (High) classification players, at approximately 25% each, may be practical. Regarding winning team player roles, using High shooters and users; Low, Middle, and High screeners; and Middle and High passers contributed to play success.

Small-Sided Games with Baskets Are Significantly More Effective at Enhancing Neuromuscular Force Parameters Compared to Ball Possession Games: A Randomized Controlled Study in Young Male Basketball Players.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of small-sided basketball games (SSG) training using baskets (SSGbk) and ball possession games without baskets (SSGbpg) on various neuromuscular parameters in young male basketball players. Specifically, the study examined unilateral isometric knee flexor strength (KFS), unilateral isometric knee extensor strength (KES), bilateral countermovement jump peak power and peak landing force (CMJ), and leg land and hold test (LHT) peak landing force. This randomized controlled study included two experimental groups (SSGbk and SSGbpg) and one control group. Fifty regional competitive-level male youth basketball players (16.7 ± 0.5 years) were assigned to the groups. The experimental groups participated in two additional SSG weekly training sessions over 8 weeks. Both experimental groups were exposed to the same 2v2 to 4v4 formats of play and training volume, with the only difference being that one group performed ball possession games while the other participated in games targeting to score in the basket. Players were evaluated twice: once at baseline in the week prior to the intervention period, and again in the week post-intervention. The neuromuscular tests were conducted using force platforms. Significant interactions between time and groups were observed in KES (p < 0.001; η p 2 = 0.902), KFS (p < 0.001; η p 2 = 0.880), and CMJ peak power (p < 0.001; η p 2 = 0.630). Significant differences between groups were found post-intervention for the variables of KES (p = 0.017; η p 2 = 0.159), KFS (p = 0.011; η p 2 = 0.174), CMJ peak power (p = 0.017; η p 2 = 0.160), CMJ peak landing force (p = 0.020; η p 2 = 0.154), and LHT peak power (p = 0.012; η p 2 = 0.171). In conclusion, our study highlights that the SSGbk significantly increases neuromuscular adaptations in young male basketball players. Conversely, our findings do not support the efficacy of SSGbpg in targeting these specific physical fitness variables. Therefore, the use of SSGs must be carefully considered, particularly in selecting task conditions, to ensure efficacy in interventions.

Caffeine supplementation during official basketball games: a randomized crossover study on the effects on game-related statistics and perceptual responses of adult male players.

This study examined the effects of caffeine (CAF) supplementation on game-related statistics and perceptual responses of male basketball players during official games. Eight players (23.5±5.7 years) participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study. Sixty minutes before the start of each game, players ingested a dose of either CAF (3 mg/kg body mass) or placebo (PLA) in a randomized order. Game-related statistics were collected. After the games, players reported ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and their perceptions of endurance and power. Separate linear mixed models evaluated the effects of treatment (CAF, PLA), game location (home, away), and opponent level (better, worse) on game-related statistics and perceptual responses. Players committed fewer fouls when taking CAF compared to PLA (P<0.001, ES=0.75, moderate). No effects of CAF were found for the other game-related statistics (all P>0.05). RPE was higher in CAF compared to PLA (P=0.031, ES: 0.49, small). There were no differences in perceptions of endurance (P=0.388) or power (P=0.988). No effects of game location or opponent level were found for game-related statistics or perceptual responses (all P>0.05). This study suggests that caffeine supplementation can improve defensive performance in semiprofessional basketball players while also possibly increasing physical performances, seen the higher RPE.

Caitlin Clark's surprising economic impact

Increases in attendance for University of Iowa's women's basketball games caused by star player Caitlin Clark have led to claims of large economic benefits for Iowa City. This paper uses daily hotel occupancy data to analyze the visitor inflow arising from Clark's stardom. The findings show a surprising pattern: hotel occupancy did increase substantially during Clark's junior season but showed a much smaller increase during her senior season, even with considerably higher game attendance. Local fans substituting from men's games to women's games, thereby leaving fewer women's basketball seats available for out-of-town visitors, appears to explain at least some of the smaller hotel occupancy effect in Clark's senior season.

An Efficient Application of Modified YOLOv5 in Basketball Player Detection and Analysis

Effective analysis helps players evaluate their performance, make necessary adjustments, and develop diverse game strategies. Moreover, the analysis provides viewers with different perspectives, enhancing their understanding of the game. This study aims to develop a basketball player detection and analysis system to assist in analyzing on-court situations. The system uses perspective transformation to obtain player tracking information on the top view image in basketball games. The system uses a modified you only look once (YOLO) v5 model that replaces the backbone of YOLOv5s with the MobileNetv3-small architecture for player detection. Compared to the original YOLOv5, the modified YOLOv5 reduces parameters from 7.02 × 106 to 3.5 × 106, a decrease of 49.8%. The number of frames obtainable per second increases from 12.4 to 17.5, an improvement of about 41.1%. Finally, the system performs perspective transformation and tracks the detected player positions onto the top-view court image using the YOLOv5 model.

The effect of post-traumatic chondropathy on the functional state of knee joints in athletes during the basketball game.

The relevance of the study is conditioned upon the widespread occurrence of knee injuries in athletes when playing basketball, in particular, damage to the cartilage system of the knee joint. Such a feature of injury causes the fact that basketball players may develop post-traumatic chondropathy with a subsequent change in the functional state of knee joints, which is inextricably linked with a decrease in the quality of life, the occurrence of pain syndrome, shortening of career duration, an increased risk of surgical interventions, and possible disability in the long-term perspective. This paper is aimed at uncovering modern ideas about the impact of post-traumatic chondropathy on the functional state of knee joints in athletes during basketball games. The method for this paper was the search for relevant studies concerning the formulated problem, the collection of information and drawing conclusions. Given the character of the basketball game, knee injuries, both acute and chronic, are widespread among athletes of this sport, including cartilaginous defects of the knee joint, which often occur in athletes. The materials of the paper are of practical value for sports medicine doctors, physiotherapists, traumatologists since it presents the main mechanisms of knee injuries in athletes when playing basketball and the possible consequences of these injuries in the long term.

ASSESSMENT OF 16-YEAR-OLD FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS WITH CHRONOJUMP SYSTEM

In the basketball game, lower extremity strength plays a key role in various game actions. The jumping mat (Chronojump), an open-source (free software and open hardware), is available to the public on official servers, emphasizing peer review and corrections by the user community. The aim of this study was to establish the explosive power of the lower limbs of 16-year-old female basketball players from the Bulgarian National Basketball Team. We used specialized software, a signal transducer, and an electro-contact mat Chronojump. The subject of the study was the explosive power of the lower limbs of 16-year-old female basketball players from the national team of Bulgaria. The object of the study was the performance of the Chronojump platform tests to establish the explosive strength of the lower limbs. The study was conducted among 16 active female basketball players selected for the Bulgarian national team. Each participant performed all jumps at the same time of day. They performed CMJ - 90-degree squat jump; SJ - Squat, two-second hold, and jump; CMJAT - Jump with arms extended forward and up; RCMJ - Manipulative 90-degree squat jump; Stiff ness - Manipulative ankle jump. The test’s mathematical-statistical results were processed with variance analysis and One-way ANOVA, with a critical value of the F-criterion (F = 2.38) and high statistical reliability (Pt ≥ 95%). Results showed that hand involvement is key in rebounding. In terms of jumping endurance and explosiveness quotient, female athletes had a lower level of development. This research has the potential to significantly impact the training and performance of female basketball players.

Sensor based interactive digital entertainment and gamified training to alleviate basketball player fatigue

In recent years, due to the increasing number of basketball games and training activities, basketball players often face the problem of fatigue and injury. This study aims to develop an interactive digital entertainment and gamification training method to provide basketball players with more efficient training methods and enhance their training fun. Sensors can be installed in various key parts of the athlete’s body, through the use of high-precision sensor equipment, real-time acquisition of athlete action data, the use of machine learning and data mining technology, real-time analysis and modeling of sensor data to extract key information and movement patterns. Using gamified training theory to design interactive digital entertainment system, develop a series of training scenarios and gamified tasks for different technical elements, combine sensor data and motion analysis results, and provide athletes with personalized training plans and feedback mechanisms to help them improve their technical level. Through an interactive digital entertainment system, basketball players can train and compete in a virtual environment. They can complete various training tasks by interacting with the system, which will give real-time evaluation and guidance based on the athlete’s performance to help them correct mistakes, improve technique and improve training results.

Eye-Tracking Analyses of a Coach's Pointing Gestures Timed With Speech: Implications for Players' Recall of Basketball Tactical Instructions.

Coaches often use pointing gestures alongside their speech to reinforce their message and emphasize important concepts during instructional communications, but the impact of simultaneous pointing gestures and speech on learners' recall remains unclear. We used eye-tracking and recalled performance to investigate the impact of a coach's variously timed pointing gestures and speech on two groups of learners' (novices and experts) visual attention and recall of tactical instructions. Participants were 96 basketball players (48 novice and 48 expert) who attempted to recall instructions about the evolution of a basketball game system under two teaching conditions: speech accompanied by gestures and speech followed by gestures. Overall, the results showed that novice players benefited more from instructional speech accompanied by gestures than from speech followed by gestures alone. This was evidenced by their greater visual attention to the diagrams, demonstrated through a higher fixation count and decreased saccadic shifts between the coach and the diagrams. Additionally, they exhibited improved recall and experienced reduced mental effort, despite having the same fixation time on the diagrams and equivalent recall time. Conversely, experts benefited more from instructional speech followed by gestures, indicating an expertise reversal effect. These results suggest that coaches and educators may improve their tactical instructions by timing the pairing of their hand gestures and speech in relation to the learner's level of expertise.

Interactive learning media development in Purwokerto city: cognitive aspects of school basketball

Teachers' learning methods for sports and health are still conventional, such as lectures, discussions, and assignments, but teachers have not yet applied learning using interactive learning technologies, especially in basketball games. The aim of this research is to produce effective interactive learning media to enhance the knowledge of students. The research method used is Research and Development (RnD) using the Borg and Gall model. The subjects in this study included validators, physical education teachers, and grade XI students from all public high schools in Purwokerto City (Public High Schools 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Data analysis techniques use quantitative descriptive analysis. The product test suffered audio constraints overcome through improvements and showed a score of 86.20%. After improvements, the usage test of 62 students and five teachers showed very high scores, reaching 95.72% of students and 96.40% of teachers. The results of the effectiveness test showed that interactive learning media has a significant influence on students' cognitive abilities. Keywords: Development, Interactive Learning Media, Cognitive Aspects, Basketball

Do Elite Basketball Players Maintain Peak External Demands throughout the Entire Game?

Consideration of workload intensity and peak demands across different periods of basketball games contributes to understanding the external physical requirements of elite basketball players. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the average intensity and peak demands encountered by players throughout game quarters. PlayerLoad per minute and PlayerLoad at three different time samples (30 s, 1 min, and 3 min) were used as workload metrics. A total of 14 professional elite male basketball players were monitored during 30 official games to investigate this. A linear mixed model and Cohen's d were employed to identify significant differences and quantify the effect sizes among game quarters. The results showed a significant, moderate effect in PlayerLoad per minute between Q1 vs. Q4, and a small effect between Q2 and Q3 vs. Q4. Furthermore, a small to moderate decline was observed in external peak values for PlayerLoad across game quarters. Specifically,, a significant decrease was found for the 3 min time window between Q1 and other quarters. The findings from the present study suggest that professional basketball players tend to experience fatigue or reduced physical output as the game progresses.

Changes in Countermovement Vertical Jump Force-Time Metrics During a Game in Professional Male Basketball Players.

Cabarkapa, D, Johnson, QR, Cabarkapa, DV, Philipp, NM, Eserhaut, DA, and Fry, AC. Changes in countermovement vertical jump force-time metrics during a game in professional male basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1326-1329, 2024-As technology within elite basketball advances and is more available to sporting organizations, novel approaches for assessing and addressing athletic performance during practice or competition are being continuously explored. The aim of this investigation was to examine changes in neuromuscular performance during live basketball play. Eight professional male basketball players volunteered to participate in this study. The testing procedures were conducted during a pre-tournament camp over a span of 2 days. During the first day, the athletes were familiarized with the testing procedures, and baseline measurements were obtained. Using a uni-axial force plate system sampling at 1,000 Hz, each athlete performed 3 countermovement vertical jumps (CVJ) without an arm swing before proceeding with their regular training activities. During the second day of the pre-tournament camp, the athletes repeated identical CVJ testing procedures before the start of the first quarter and post-first, second, third, and fourth quarter of a simulated 5-on-5 basketball game. Repeated-measures testing design was used to examine statistically significant differences in various force-time metrics of interest in comparison to the baseline levels (p < 0.05). Besides a trivial decrease in eccentric mean force, the findings of this study revealed no statistically significant changes in any force-time metrics of interest within both eccentric and concentric phases of the CVJ (i.e., mean and peak force and power, jump height, impulse, velocity, and contraction time). Thus, we can conclude that these variables were not sensitive to acute fatigue, suggesting that the neuromuscular performances of professional male basketball players tend to remain unchanged throughout a 5-on-5 simulated game.