Basis Of Vocabulary Research Articles

ОБРАЗ СМЕРТИ В ТЕКСТАХ КЕТСКОЙ ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРЫ

A fragment of the linguistic view of the world of the Kets, a minority ethnos, whose language is going through a period of shift, is reconstructed. The category of mortality is implicated on the basis of vocabulary united by the meanings “death”, “to die”. Through the analysis of contexts, including this vocabulary, the peculiarities of the linguistic representation of ideas about the category of death are revealed and cognitive-figurative models that order these representations are identified. As a result of the study, it is found that metaphorization and description of visual signs in the Ket language act as key mechanisms for the linguization of the phenomenon of death, and the meanings expressed in discourse reveal an ambivalent and antinomic character. Along with such metaphors as “eternal sleep,” “withdrawal into another world,” the Ket discourse of death also contains direct descriptions of objective ones, i.e. visible manifestations of the category under discussion - cessation of breathing, inability to move, etc. An analysis of the Ket discourse of death indicates that the belief in the immortality of the soul and the other world, expressed in it, is intended to neutralize the fear of death. On the other hand, plots are revealed that express the possibility of struggle and victory over death. This indicates that death is understood as an undesirable, frightening phenomenon that opposes the successful course of a person’s life events.

Design of an Intelligent Support System for English Writing Based on Rule Matching and Probability Statistics

In view of the lack of intelligent guidance in online teaching of English composition, this paper proposes an intelligent support system for English writing based on B/S mode. On the basis of vocabulary, grammar rules and other corpus, this system uses Natural Language Processing technology, which combines rule matching and probability statistics, to evaluate and optimize the efficiency of the composition. The empirical results show that the system can effectively improve the teaching direction according to the results of intelligent quantitative analysis.

<i>Dialects of English: Newfoundland and Labrador English</i> (review)

Reviewed by: Dialects of English: Newfoundland and Labrador English Gordon Alley-Young Sandra Clarke. 2010. Dialects of English: Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Pp. 212. $34.80 (softcover). Newfoundland and Labrador English (NLE) is the most distinct dialect of Canadian English (CE) while it more closely resembles southwest British English (BE) and southeast Irish English (IE) (Fee 2002, Boberg 2010). NLE’s uniqueness as a dialect within Canada is why it is the best-documented variety of CE. In this book Clarke blends published research with unpublished Master’s theses on NLE, which were widely unavailable until recently. The book transcribes and analyzes the source of the most salient features of NLE phonology and grammar through their introduction to the region, rise, and in some cases decline. Other chapters provide analysis of the language and the speakers of NLE within a greater cultural context. The book is one of six already published in the Dialects of English series by Edinburgh University Press (four new books are forthcoming). This review will first provide an overview of the book and then discuss each chapter in greater detail with special attention to selected elements. The first three chapters of the book orient the reader to the history of Newfoundland and Labrador’s main linguistic areas and then familiarize the reader with the phonetics/phonology and morphosyntax of NLE. The following two chapters compare and contrast NLE with CE, American English (AE), BE, and IE, first on the basis of vocabulary and discourse and then in terms of language attitudes and language change. The sixth chapter surveys the literature on NLE. Chapter 7 provides the sample texts that are referenced throughout the book in a longer format that can be used along with audio files provided by the author and publisher. Chapter 1 explores migration and settlement patterns that helped to characterize NLE in terms of Newfoundland British English (NBE) and Newfoundland Irish English (NIE). Basque, Portuguese, and French influences are also explored but NBE and NIE are the main foci of the book, as NLE retains such high homogeneity to these two language founder groups. The province is divided into four linguistically distinct areas: the Avalon Peninsula, the southern west coast, the English settled coastline, and Labrador. Discussion of Aboriginal language influence on NLE is limited as the author argues that these languages have not had the systematic investigation needed in order to discuss them effectively in this volume. However, Chapter 4 does reference the contribution of Aboriginal languages to the lexicon of NLE, particularly in Labrador. [End Page 459] Chapter 2 covers vowel and consonant systems by first introducing relevant phonetics/phonology terminology and then presenting NLE relevant IPA characters. Clarke uses Wells’ (1982) keywords list to make the phonetic differences of NLE understandable to speakers of AE and BE as six lax and four tense vowels, three diphthongs, and six pre-/r/ vowels. This section effectively relates how NLE speakers engage Canadian Raising differently through the use of backing and rounding. The discussion of consonant features include the treatment of /ð/ and /θ/, the insertion of an initial /h/, and insertion and deletion of /r/ in NLE. For instance, Clark states that /θ/ is frequently turned into /t/ in words such as thrash, thus making it sound like trash. The /ð/ sound evokes more stopping and this is used in speech to consciously reference Newfoundland identity. Web resources for Chapters 4 and 5 show NLE speakers using these linguistic features to claim their own and/or contest others’ identity performances in music videos and media texts. Such content that references linguistic elements as central to identity performance makes the volume relevant for academics in communication arts oriented disciplines (folklore, performance/cultural studies). Chapter 3 introduces NLE morphosyntax; at the outset Clarke states that research often distinguishes versions of English phonetically but argues that NLE has a rich and historically significant morphology that warrants examination. Similarly, a recently published review of a comparative analysis of CE was criticized for a less thorough analysis of grammatical structures (Brock 2011). This chapter is thorough, however, in its analysis of historical syntax and word structures. It offers an ample listing of how NLE has regularized, partially...

TERM 2005 SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM PROVERBS AND IDIOMS FOR EDUCATIONAL AREAS

TERM 2005 SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM PROVERBS AND IDIOMS FOR EDUCATIONAL AREAS

Language delays of impoverished preschool children in relation to early academic and emotion recognition skills

Prevalence of delayed language vs. normative language was examined in impoverished preschool children. On the basis of vocabulary, syntax comprehension, and syntax expression, 336 4-year-olds attending Head Start preschools in the US were assigned to five language status categories. A majority of these children living in poverty demonstrated clinically significant language delays, and this held true equally for Majority (White European) and Minority (here African-American or Latino) children. Many of the children living in poverty showed delays that place them in Strong Delay or Moderate Delay status rather than Mild Delay status. Moreover, as children’s language status declined from High Language to Low-Average Language to the three increasingly strong language delays, their academic and socioemotional skills decreased systematically. This conclusion holds, with large effect sizes, for emotion recognition skills, basic mathematics, print knowledge, phonological elision, and phonological blending. Given the high prevalence of language delays and the strong associations of language status levels to multiple skills considered important for school readiness, it may be advisable in intervention, education, and clinical service programs to expand the use of high-quality and high-quantity language teaching and language therapy procedures. Further, it is suggested that making more adjustments in instruction to current levels of language mastery by children in poverty might facilitate instructional effectiveness in most preschool skill domains. These recommendations are discussed in relation to dynamic systems theory and prior intervention studies.

Heresy and Criticism: The Search for Authenticity in Early Christian Literature (review)

Reviewed by: Heresy and Criticism: The Search for Authenticity in Early Christian Literature Frederick W. Norris Robert M. Grant . Heresy and Criticism: The Search for Authenticity in Early Christian Literature. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993. Pp. x + 180. $17.00. Grant is at his best when his attention is focused on problems which many of us have looked at in pieces but have neither gathered together nor expressed with his clean prose and sharp wit. The audience this book can most help includes scholars who look with disdain on the "pre-critical" winners of early Christian struggles and Christian fundamentalists who know that "criticism" is the devilish invention of the Enlightenment or the not-so-enlightening creation of the Devil. As might be expected, however, those of us in between will be its most avid readers. The thesis is clear: Christians who became known as "heretics" had by the second century employed the critical tools of Hellenistic scholarship on the texts of the Christian tradition, particularly its emerging canon. But by the end of the second century, Clement of Alexandria had used those tools in more "orthodox" projects. Later Origen, Dionysius of Alexandria and Jerome, as well as others, continued the process until both "lower and higher" criticism were commonly applied to the Bible. [End Page 361] The first remarkable critical project of early Christianity was that of Marcion who laid out a gospel that had no truck with Mark, Matthew or John or even found numerous interpolations in trusted Luke's text. Marcion's project was primarily a theological one, but he also used grammatical and stylistic judgments in making decisions. His work forced other Christian theologians to form various critical judgments. Irenaeus gave few reasons we find compelling, but he did settle on four gospels and a collection of Paul's letters. His results probably represent both Roman and Asia Minor traditions. Origen employed many Hellenistic textual and grammatical tools worked out by Hellenists on their tradition. Both Julius Africanus and Jerome brought such historical-critical efforts into the discussions among more "orthodox" theologians with the result that centrist Christianity baptized these methods for following generations. One of the strengths of Grant's book is that he looks at the efforts of Ptolemaeus and Apelles, Gnostic Christian critics, not only in separate chapters but also in the context of the general study of texts during the period. He devotes one chapter to "literary criticism in early Christian times" and another to Galen's writings on the problems with texts of Hippocrates. The questions dealt with in this volume continue to agitate us. Queries about the authorship of New Testament documents or some patristic pieces are rats' nests, particularly when we have so little literature written by ancient Christians and too often nearly nothing about them. Some New Testament books are actually anonymous, including the crucial gospels, while most if not all Gnostic gospels claim to be written by an apostle. At times when names are given, we do not know which John, James or Jude. The criteria we apply can be odd although very old. The pastoral epistles were not written by Paul because the vocabulary and themes are so different from the seven authentic letters. Vocabulary lists were used by ancient critics to establish authorship. Dionysius of Alexandria, on the basis of grammar, vocabulary and style, judged the Apocalypse to be the work of some John other than the one who wrote the Gospel and I John. What frustrated ancient critics still frustrates us. If we had the same measly information about Wittengenstein or Heidegger that we have for New Testament authors, and the same tantalizing kinds of apparent cross references, would we be able to tell that their early and late works were written by the same persons? Certainly not on the basis of vocabulary and theme. And if authorial intent is so difficult to discover even for volumes whose authors have good biographies, we may press it too far in many of our interpretations. The interpolation industry, warned about in the Apocalypse, was operating well in the Hellenistic era. Long before that period Herodotus had insisted that Onomacritus "edited the oracles of Musaeus and...