Basis Of Socioeconomic Status Research Articles

Locus Of Control in Cancer And Cardiac Patients: Comparison Across Gender And Socio-economic Status

The objective of the study was to explore the locus of control in cancer and cardiac patients in comparison to gender and SES (socio- economic status). A total of 360 respondents constituted the sample of the present study. Modification of Rotter’s Internal-External Control of Personality Scale (Ara’s Bengali Adaptation 2006) was used for the collection of data. The sample was equally divided into three categories (cancer, cardiac, normal) on the basis of type of individuals (N=120 for each category). Again they were equally divided into male and female on the basis of gender (N=60 for each group).Each category was again equally subdivided into lower middle and upper middle on the basis of SES (N=30 for each group). Results analyzed through ANOVA revealed that the main effects for type of individuals, gender and SES were statistically significant. That is, Both cancer and cardiac patients were more externally controlled as compared to normal individuals, Females were more externally controlled as compared to males and lower middle SES individuals were more externally controlled as compared to upper middle SES individuals. Again the two way interactions between type of individuals & gender, and gender & SES were statistically significant. The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 7(1 &2):131-149, 2012.

Billing for Electronic Patient-Physician Communications: An Ethical Analysis.

This review paper analyzes the ethical implications of billing patients for electronic communication with physicians through electronic health records, a practice already adopted by medical institutions such as the Cleveland Clinic. The analysis assesses how billing aligns with pillars of medical ethics which include beneficence, respect for persons, and justice. Although billing may enhance communication, improve patient care, and alleviate physician burnout, concerns arise over potential consequences on patient autonomy, trust, and health care disparities. The review delves into the intricate balance of these ethical principles by first considering the potential benefits of incentivizing concise questions and improving physician workload management through billing. By reducing messages, this approach can potentially mitigate burnout and enhance care. It also acknowledges potential drawbacks such as deterring patients because of financial constraints and eroding trust in physicians and the medical team. It emphasizes the necessity of thoroughly examining all aspects of this intricate ethical dilemma to formulate a nuanced solution that protects patient well-being while respecting physicians. We propose a middle-ground approach involving nominal and transparent billing on the basis of the question's complexity, urgency, and level of expertise required in the response. Transparent billing policies, up-front communication of costs, and potential fee waivers on the basis of socioeconomic status can address equity concerns and maintain patient trust. Striking a balance between the potential benefits and drawbacks of billing for patient questions is crucial in maintaining ethical patient-physician interactions and equitable health care provision. The analysis underscores the importance of aligning online patient-physician communication with ethical principles within the evolving digital health care landscape.

An Analytical Viewpoint of the Educational Perspectives of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto

The study was conducted to analyze the educational perspectives of communist manifesto. The objective of the study was exploring the role of education in promoting class inequality, determine the role of current education system towards providing equal opportunity for learners irrespective of their socio-economic status and identify role of education system in promoting obedience and the acceptance of hierarchy, which eventually reproduces capitalism. Everybody do not have an equal chance to continue their studies in our current education system, because in our education system, all that matters is how much money you have to continue your education. Instead of merit, people are getting selected for different roles on the basis of socio-economic status. Education is transmitting the ideology of ruling class. Additionally, education is replicating fresh families of labour who have been taught to accept their role in capitalist society, education promotes obedience.

Sustaining development in Nigeria through liberal democracy

Development is a pivotal process for human existence. The unique feature of the development is that it involves an active engagement of everybody. In Nigeria, the situation is different because, with the inception of self-rule particularly the return of full democracy in 1999, the system of politics disguisedly revolves around the interests of the few (bourgeois). National interests are handled like private property by the selected few who came into power on the basis of socio-economic status, tribe, and religion. However, people who are supposed to contribute to the transformation of the state are neither not voted into power because of their tribe nor allowed to participate in national decisions. Nigerian politics in a nutshell stifled all efforts of true democratization because of greed which sidelines the welfare of the masses. Advocates of development insist that the process can only be sustained in a society where there is a principle of equal opportunities. By this, the principles of right, law, and government should aim at shielding different personalities as illustrated in the principles of liberal democracy. Liberal democracy maintains a political value that incorporates equality and widens the horizon for religious, economic, political, and intellectual freedom of citizens. It is on this basis that this study suggests liberal democracy as a vital system which can transform the socio-economic and political situation of Nigeria. The study recommends that to sustain development in Nigeria, stakeholders should prioritize the welfare of the civil society against material gains and selfish interests of the few elites.

Explaining racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in COVID protective behavior

COVID-19 has had a disproportionate impact on Black, Hispanic, and lower socioeconomic status communities. Using data from the Community, Health and Politics Study (CHAPS 2021), collected in the midst of the pandemic, we examine differences in COVID-19 health promotion behavior (i.e., avoiding large gatherings, mask wearing, and vaccination status) across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic status subgroups of the population. Moreover, we examine the degree to which observed differences are robust to controls for other health-related disparities, such as access to health insurance, underlying health conditions, personal exposure to COVID-19 (i.e., own diagnoses, knowing persons who have died from COVID-19), and perceived COVID-19 threat. Findings are consistent with arguments proposed by fundamental cause theory and disease stage theory as they indicate fewer differences on the basis of socioeconomic status or race and ethnicity for masking and social distancing, which may be thought of as less effective measures. In contrast, disparities were prominent in vaccination outcomes. Specifically, racial and ethnic minorities, those with lower levels of education, and those with lower incomes had lower odds of vaccination, after controlling for covariates. Private insurance and older age were also associated with higher odds of vaccination. Higher perceived threat of COVID-19 increased the likelihood of all protective behaviors. Our findings suggest that the need for ongoing efforts to increase vaccination uptake in socially disadvantaged communities.

Impact of technical trainings on socio-economic status and knowledge to farmers for the management YMV and charcoal rot diseases of soybean by antagonistic microorganism and chemical pesticides

On the basis of Socio Economic Status of farmers records, technical trainings to Farmers and knowing the constraints of farmers faced during last years, an experiment was conducted in the year 2017 and 2018 Kharif season with four soybean verieties namely JS 20-29, JS 97-52, RVS 2001-4 and JS20-69 in four replications with control plot. Personal contact with farmers indicated that majority of farmers (60%)came under small land holders categories having only 3.0 ha cultivated area whereas 13.33% farmer occupied > 10ha cultivated areas considered large land holding farmers. More than 57% young farmers having age below 35 years seriously engaged in agricultural work than old age (>50years) whose interest was 26.66% followed by middle age groups ( 35-50years). As for as educational level was concerned, 56% respondents were of medium category having education between 10 th to higher secondary. Nearly 29% respondents had high qualification (Graduate and above) level while14% were of low educational level. Majority of respondents (78%) was engaged in Agricultural enterprise followed by horticulture+ (14.64%) and dairy (6.66%). Incidence of both diseases was also varied from variety to variety of soybean. Highest incidence of yellow mosaic disease was found in RVS2001-4(8.79%) followed by JS20-29 (5.57%) and JS97-52 (2.32%) whereas no incidence was observed in JS 20-69. It was observed that YMV affected plant either unable to bear the flowers and fruits (pods) or very few pods appear but dried prematurely. Results revealed that RVS2001-4 affected maximum (14.15%) with charcoal rot infection than JS20- 29 in comparison to JS97-52 whereas minimum incidence was recorded in JS20-69. Control plot affected more severely than demonstration and it was due to none application of trichoderma in seed and soil treatment. Among the soybean entries JS 2069 gave more yield (17.39q/ha ) followed by RVS2001-4 (14.57q/ha) in compassion to JS20-29 and JS97-52).Timely application of bioagent and chemical pesticides for seed/soil treatment plus spray and change of knowledge through technical training to the farmers during crop period play an important role in managed the diseases and enhanced the soybean productivity. The ratio of yield increased was 15.73% to32.04% over control. A training was organized after harvested of the crop to know the major constraints and observed that 94.66 per cent respondents were face difficulties recording lack of knowledge for identification of beneficial and damager pests followed by unavailability of quality bio-pesticides (93.33%) such as trichoderma, NPV, Bavaria basiyana and bio-fertilizers (81.33%) at local level for pests and diseases management. Besides above problems, unavailability of trained labours (78.66%), quality seed (68% ), rate of wages and problems of storage were also the important and time needed constraints.

Perinatal Counseling at the Margin of Gestational Viability: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Going, and How to Navigate a Path Forward

Perinatal Counseling at the Margin of Gestational Viability: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Going, and How to Navigate a Path Forward

Gender and class distinction in travel behavior: evidence from India

Purpose This paper aims to examine the gender differences in various measures of travel behavior for a large-sized Indian city, taking into account the existing class differences. Design/methodology/approach Stratified random sampling technique is used to collect primary data for travel behavior. The collected data is then differentiated on the basis of socioeconomic characteristics and gender. Descriptive statistics are used for analysis. Findings The findings confirm that, women mostly walk and men use motorized vehicles. With an improvement in socioeconomic status, women switch over to public transport and men continue to ride motorized vehicles. While the number of women making everyday trips declines with a rise in socioeconomic status, the number of men rises. Research limitations/implications The study points out at the need for development of an adequate infrastructure of nonmotorized transport and public transport in the city which attends to not only the issue of environmental quality but also of women’s empowerment. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a comprehensive analysis of differences in travel behavior between men and women on the basis of socioeconomic status is carried out in this region. This analysis will facilitate the policy makers in understanding the inconsistencies in transport demand between the two groups of population.

Effectiveness of information technology-enabled 'SMART Eating' health promotion intervention: A cluster randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundUnhealthy dietary behaviour–high intake of fat, sugar, and salt, and low intake of fruits and vegetables–is a major risk factor for chronic diseases. There is a lack of evidence-based interventions to promote healthy dietary intake among Indian populations. Therefore, we tested the effectiveness of an information technology-enabled ‘SMART Eating’ intervention to reduce the intake of fat, sugar and salt, and to increase the intake of fruits and vegetables.MethodsIn Chandigarh, a North Indian city, a cluster randomized controlled trial was implemented in twelve geographical clusters, based on the type of housing (i.e., LIG: Low-income group; MIG; Middle-income group, and HIG: High-income group–a proxy for socio-economic status). Computer-generated randomization was used to allocate clusters to intervention and comparison arms after pairing on the basis of socioeconomic status and geographical distance between clusters. The sample size was 366 families per arm (N = 732). One adult per family was randomly selected as an index case to measure the change in the outcomes. For behaviour change, a multi-channel communication approach was used, which included information technology–short message service (SMS), email, social networking app and ‘SMART Eating’ website, and interpersonal communication along with distribution of a ‘SMART Eating’ kit—kitchen calendar, dining table mat, and measuring spoons. The intervention was implemented at the family level over a period of six months. The comparison group received pamphlets on nutrition education. Outcome measurements were made at 0 and 6 months post-intervention at the individual level. Primary outcomes were changes in mean dietary intakes of fat, sugar, salt, and fruit and vegetables. Secondary outcomes included changes in body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, haemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and serum lipids. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to determine the net change in the outcomes in the intervention group relative to the comparison group.ResultsParticipants’ mean age was 53 years, a majority were women (76%), most were married (90%) and 51% had completed a college degree. All families had mobile phones, and more than 90% of these families had access to Internet through mobile phones. The intervention group had significant net mean changes of -12.5 g/day (p<0.001), -11.4 g/day (p<0.001), -0.5 g/day (p<0.001), and +71.6 g/day (p<0.001) in the intake of fat, sugar, salt, and fruit and vegetables, respectively. Similarly, significant net changes occurred for secondary outcomes: BMI -0.25 kg/m2, diastolic blood pressure -2.77 mm Hg, FPG -5.7 mg/dl, and triglycerides -24.2mg/dl. The intervention had no effect on haemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.ConclusionThe IT-enabled ‘SMART Eating’ intervention was found to be effective in reducing fat, sugar, and salt intake, and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among urban adults from diverse socio-economic backgrounds.Trial registrationClinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2016/11/007457.

Study on Superstitions Related to Pregnancy

Background: During pregnancy, there are many superstitions throughout the world, especially in the developing countries like Bangladesh.&#x0D; Objective: This study was aimed to know the status of superstitions related to pregnancy among people.&#x0D; Methodology: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient of department in Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2018 to March 2018 for a period of three months. Total 96 persons were recruited after taking verbal consent.&#x0D; Result: Among the study group having at least one superstition was in 69.8% of total participants showing in figure 1. In 25 to 40 years of age group the superstitions were more common and it was 85.0% showing in table1. On the educational background, illiterate group having more superstitions 81.13%, primary education group 65.21%, SSC 50% and above SSC 33.33% showing in table 3. On the basis of gender, male (58.233%) and Female (71.42%) were superstitious in at least one superstition. On the basis of socioeconomic status, lower class 92.72%, lower middle class 54.54% and middle class 21.05% were superstitious in at least one superstition. On the basis of occupation, housewives (89.90%), students (16,66%), service holder(30%) and farmer(50%) having at least one superstitious. On the basis of religion; the superstitious individuals were Muslim 59%, Hindu 97%, and others 67.16%.&#x0D; Conclusion: Superstitions related to pregnancy are very common in Bangladesh. Superstitious are more related to illiteracy, low socioeconomic condition and with house wives who remain inside.&#x0D; Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2019;5(2): 172-176

Abstract 192: Disparities and Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation and Outcomes

Background: Prior studies have demonstrated disparities in access to cardiovascular procedures on the basis of socioeconomic status (SES). Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are used as a bridge to transplant or as destination therapy in heart failure. Our objective was to determine whether there is a relationship between SES and receipt or outcomes of LVAD implementation. We assessed whether Medicaid expansion was associated with an increase in LVAD implantation among likely poor individuals. Methods: We studied all patients &lt;85 years of age admitted with heart failure or cardiogenic shock in the State Inpatient Database (SID) in AZ, AK, CO, FL, MA, MD, MI, NE, NJ, NV, NY, VT, WA, WI, and IA between 1/1/2012 and 9/30/2015. Elixhauser comorbidities, age, gender and hospital characteristics were used for multivariate regression analyses. Difference-in-difference analyses were conducted to evaluate changes in Medicaid expansion versus non-expansion states. Results: Among 889,377 patients, 64.6% were &gt; 65 years old; 43.3% were women; and 64.2% were Caucasian. Overall, 0.42% of patients received LVADs. After adjusting for age, gender, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics, African Americans (odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% CI 0.65-0.80) and Hispanics (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.53-0.72) were less likely to receive LVADs compared to Caucasians. Compared to privately insured patients, those with Medicare (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.65-0.79), Medicaid (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.38-0.49), and uninsured (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.06-0.15) were less likely to receive LVADs. Patients residing in the lowest-income ZIP codes were less likely to receive LVADs (OR=0.74, 95% CI 0.67-0.82) than those in higher-income quartiles. Among patients who received LVADs, African Americans (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.73-0.77) and Hispanics (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.81-0.87) had lower risk-adjusted mortality compared to Caucasians. Patients with Medicaid (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.99) had lower mortality, uninsured patients had higher mortality (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.16-1.31), and Medicare patients had similar mortality (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.05) compared to privately insured patients. Mortality did not differ by ZIP code income. The rate of LVAD implantation among likely poor patients (Medicaid, uninsured, or low-income ZIP) at baseline in Medicaid expansion states was 0.35%; this increased to 0.40% post-expansion (p=0.037). In non-expansion states, the baseline rate was 0.23%, which remained unchanged post-expansion at 0.23% (p=0.88), for a difference-in-differences of 0.05% (p=0.47). Conclusion: Patients with low income, no insurance or Medicaid insurance, and racial/ethnic minorities were less likely to receive LVADs. Among patients who received LVADs, African Americans and Hispanics had lower in-hospital mortality. Medicaid expansion was not associated with a differential change in access to LVADs among likely poor patients.

Social Status: The Last Bastion of Discrimination

Despite the increasing inequality between rich and poor, there is resistance towards proscribing discrimination on the basis of socioeconomic status. This resistance is marked in Anglophone countries, namely, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the UK, the US and South Africa, countries that are located in the high inequality/low mobility extreme in terms of socioeconomic status. This article argues that the resistance is associated with the embrace of neoliberalism, a political value system that extols the free market, individualism and profit maximisation. The commitment to competition policy necessarily produces inequality in contradistinction to equality, which informs the philosophical underpinnings of anti-discrimination legislation. Even in the comparatively few jurisdictions where legislation on the basis of social status or a cognate attribute exists, the legislative model is restrictive and the number of complaints minuscule. Most notably, an overview of the Anglophone countries reveals that there is a dearth of complaints involving national and multinational corporations, the primary wealth creators of the neoliberal state that are also major employers. Although employment generally gives rise to the preponderance of discrimination complaints on grounds such as race and sex, it is suggested that the resistance to social status discrimination serves to protect private corporations from scrutiny.

A comparison of all-cause and cause-specific mortality by household socioeconomic status across seven INDEPTH network health and demographic surveillance systems in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACTBackground: Understanding socioeconomic disparities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality can help inform prevention and treatment strategies.Objectives: To quantify cause-specific mortality rates by socioeconomic status across seven health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS) in five countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, and Nigeria) in the INDEPTH Network in sub-Saharan Africa.Methods: We linked demographic residence data with household survey data containing living standards and education information we used to create a poverty index. Person-years lived and deaths between 2003 and 2016 (periods varied by HDSS) were stratified in each HDSS by age, sex, year, and number of deprivations on the poverty index (0–8). Causes of death were assigned to each death using the InterVA-4 model based on responses to verbal autopsy questionnaires. We estimated rate ratios between socioeconomic groups (2–4 and 5–8 deprivations on our poverty index compared to 0–2 deprivations) for specific causes of death and calculated life expectancy for the deprivation groups.Results: Our pooled data contained almost 3.5 million person-years of observation and 25,038 deaths. All-cause mortality rates were higher among people in households with 5–8 deprivations on our poverty index compared to 0–2 deprivations, controlling for age, sex, and year (rate ratios ranged 1.42 to 2.06 across HDSS sites). The poorest group had consistently higher death rates in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions (rate ratios ranged 1.34–4.05) and for non-communicable diseases in several sites (1.14–1.93). The disparities in mortality between 5–8 deprivation groups and 0–2 deprivation groups led to lower life expectancy in the higher-deprivation groups by six years in all sites and more than 10 years in five sites.Conclusions: We show large disparities in mortality on the basis of socioeconomic status across seven HDSS in sub-Saharan Africa due to disparities in communicable disease mortality and from non-communicable diseases in some sites. Life expectancy gaps between socioeconomic groups within sites were similar to the gaps between high-income and lower-middle-income countries. Prevention and treatment efforts can benefit from understanding subpopulations facing higher mortality from specific conditions.

Knowledge and attitude of farmers towards Zero – Tillage Technology in Haryana

A study was conducted in two districts i.e. Fatehabad from South-West zone and Karnal from North- East Zone of Haryana state .A list of all the villages (Zero tillage technology users) in each selected village was prepared. Twenty farmers (having small, medium and large size of land holdings) were selected by using random sampling techniques from each village. Therefore, the sample constituted for the proposed study was one hundred and forty farmers/respondents to collect the information for the purposively study. To measure the knowledge and adoption level of ZTT users, they were asked to reply different questions on recommended aspects/practices of ZTT users. The correct answers were awarded a score and incorrect reply was given zero score. The scores obtained under various aspects/practices were summed up with both respondent wise and as well as component wise. The computing low, medium and high knowledge level on the basis of socio economic status. The study revealed that Mean knowledge score of the respondents was 62.75%. High socio-economic status farmers were found to have high level of knowledge in all practices i.e. pre sowing (72.26%), after sowing knowledge (74.66%) and fertilizer knowledge (74.16%) medium and low socio-economic status farmers had found poor or medium knowledge about ZTT. Pooled farmers (57.85%) had favoural attitude towards ZTT. High socio-economic status farmers (63.63%) had better attitude under favourable conditions than medium (32.09%) and low (24.32%) farmers. The SES farmers, having pre sowing adoption (66.80%) and fertilizer adoption (55.50%), after sowing adoption (50.66%) the medium and low SES. Farmers. High SES farmers than (63.63%) had better attitude under favourable condition than medium (32.09%) and low (24.32%) farmers.

Malaria infection and socioeconomic status of some residents of Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

The study investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of subjects in part of Port Harcourt metropolis. Following ethical clearance which was obtained from the University of Port Harcourt and the parents of the subjects who gave their written consents, blood samples were collected and analysed following standard parasitological method from 200 subjects within the age bracket of 0-17years. The demographic characteristics of 200 subjects showed that more males, 105 (52.5%), were examined compared with females, 94 (47.5%). The socioeconomic status of subjects were grouped into higher class with 144 (72.0%), middle class with 22 (11.0%) and lower class with 34 (17.0%). Overall prevalence of 71 (35.5%) was recorded. Sex related prevalence showed that more males were infected with 42 (40.0%) and parasite density of 91120 μl than females with 29 (30.5%) and parasite density of 62480 μl. The differences in prevalence between males and females was not significant (P>0.05).The prevalence of malaria infections based on socioeconomic status showed that greater percentage of infection of 55 (38.2%) was recorded among the higher class with parasite density of 112880 μl followed by infection of 12 (35.3%) and parasite density of 29120 μl in the lower class with the least percentage of 4 (18.2%) and parasite density of 11600 μl recorded in the middle class. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in infection rate on the basis of socioeconomic status. In Conclusion, malaria infection does not respect individual’s socioeconomic status. There is need to sustain the current intervention measures and awareness campaign among Port Harcourt residents for prevalence rate to be reduced to the desired zero level. Keywords : Malaria infection, prevalence, Parasite intensity, Socio-economic status,

Social segregation and spatial differentiation of electoral alignment in Vilnius metropolitan area

The paper analyses two interrelated fields: residential differentiation in the Vilnius metropolitan area on the basis of socio-economic status and of political alignment. Data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses were used to investigate socio-economic and ethnic segregation and data from the parliamentary elections of 2000 and 2012 were used for the analysis of political alignment. Indices of segregation and isolation were calculated, and the main occupational groups were used as a proxy for socio-economic status. GIS tools were used to visualise existing spatial differences. Though most indices indicated quite low levels of segregation, the situation was changing. The wealthiest and poorest groups tend to live more and more separately. The political preferences of the different social groups differ and differentiation of political field is increasing. The paper reveals socio-political spatial interrelations in the metropolitan area which have a unique ethnic structure. Our findings suggest that socio-economic structure is a major factor determining the degree of differentiation of electoral alignment in the metropolitan area. The different political preferences of the different ethnic groups could be related not simply to ethnicity but rather to socio-economic status.

Association of Occupational Class with Healthcare Utilization among Economically Active Korean Adults from 2006 to 2014: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study of Koreans Aged 19 Years and Older.

BackgroundTo investigate the impact of indicators of occupational class on healthcare utilization by using longitudinal data from a nationally representative survey.MethodsData were obtained from the Korean Welfare Panel Study conducted from 2006 (wave 1) through 2014 (wave 9). A total of 5,104 individuals were selected at baseline (2006). Analysis of variance and longitudinal data analysis were used to evaluate the following dependent variables: number of outpatient visits and number of days spent in the hospital per year.ResultsThe number of annual outpatient visits was 4.298 days higher (P<0.0001) in class IV, 0.438 days higher (P=0.027) in class III, and 0.335 days higher (P=0.035) in class II than in class I. The number of days spent in the hospital per year was 0.610 days higher (P=0.001) in class IV, 0.547 days higher (P<0.0001) in class III, and 0.115 days higher (P=0.136) in class III than in class I. In addition, the number of days spent in the hospital in class IV patients with unmet healthcare needs showed an opposite trend to that predicted on the basis of socioeconomic status (estimate,−8.524; P-value=0.015).ConclusionPatients whose jobs involved manual or physical labor were significantly associated with higher healthcare utilization. Thus, the results suggest that healthcare utilization in different occupational classes should be improved by monitoring work environments and promoting health-enhancing behaviors.

Anxiety among Up Board Students in Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: The present study aims to investigate the anxiety level of sports and non-sports students during board exam. It also aimed to find out the difference of anxiety among up board students on the basis of gender and the difference of anxiety among up board students on the basis of socio-economic status. These were studied with respect to different demographic variables like school type, socio-economic background, gender and academic stream. Methods: In this study, Sample included 420 randomly selected students i.e. 210 boys and 210 girls of U.P boards from various schools of Education at Uttar Pradesh. Subjects were assessed using Socio-demographic sheet and Anxiety Scale by Sinha &amp; Sinha (1955). Result: The results of the study revealed considerable anxiety in boys than girls (p&lt;0.01). Students from Hindi medium schools were more anxious than students from English medium schools (p&lt;0.01). Students belonging to the middle class (middle socio-economic group) suffered more anxiety than those from both high and low socio-economic groups (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: conclusion is that Parent child relationship, child and teacher relationship and parent and teacher relationship and support decrease the level of anxiety. Parents and teacher emotional support drastically change the statics of anxiety in students. Parents and teacher use anxiety prevention efforts and gave lots of confidence to the child because these steps only weapon who broke the anxiety stone.

Socioeconomic status discrimination is associated with poor sleep in African-Americans, but not Whites

RationaleResearch on self-reported experiences of discrimination and health has grown in recent decades, but has largely focused on racial discrimination or overall mistreatment. Less is known about reports of discrimination on the basis of socioeconomic status (SES), despite the fact that SES is one of the most powerful social determinants of health. ObjectiveWe sought to examine the cross-sectional association between self-reported SES discrimination and subjective sleep quality, an emerging risk factor for disease. We further examined whether associations differed by race or SES. MethodsWe used logistic and linear regression to analyze data from a population-based cohort of 425 African-American and White middle-aged adults (67.5% female) in the Southeastern United States. SES discrimination was assessed with a modified Experiences of Discrimination Scale and poor subjective sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. ResultsIn logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, and education, reports of SES discrimination were associated with poor sleep quality among African-Americans (OR = 2.39 95%, CI = 1.35, 4.24), but not Whites (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.57, 1.87), and the race × SES discrimination interaction was significant at p = 0.04. After additional adjustments for reports of racial and gender discrimination, other psychosocial stressors, body mass index and depressive symptoms, SES discrimination remained a significant predictor of poor sleep among African-Americans, but not Whites. In contrast to findings by race, SES discrimination and sleep associations did not significantly differ by SES. ConclusionFindings suggest that reports of SES discrimination may be an important risk factor for subjective sleep quality among African-Americans and support the need to consider the health impact of SES-related stressors in the context of race.

Intelligibility in Context Scale: Normative and Validation Data for English-Speaking Preschoolers.

The purpose of this study was to describe normative and validation data on the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS; McLeod, Harrison, & McCormack, 2012c) for English-speaking children. The ICS is a 7-item, parent-report measure of children's speech intelligibility with a range of communicative partners. Data were collected from the parents of 803 Australian English-speaking children ranging in age from 4;0 (years;months) to 5;5 (37.0% were multilingual). The mean ICS score was 4.4 (SD = 0.7) out of a possible total score of 5. Children's speech was reported to be most intelligible to their parents, followed by their immediate family, friends, and teachers; children's speech was least intelligible to strangers. The ICS had high internal consistency (α = .94). Significant differences in scores were identified on the basis of sex and age but not on the basis of socioeconomic status or the number of languages spoken. There were significant differences in scores between children whose parents had concerns about their child's speech (M = 3.9) and those who did not (M = 4.6). A sensitivity of .82 and a specificity of .58 were established as the optimal cutoff. Test-retest reliability and criterion validity were established for 184 children with a speech sound disorder. There was a significant low correlation between the ICS mean score and percentage of phonemes correct (r = .30), percentage of consonants correct (r = .24), and percentage of vowels correct (r = .30) on the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (Dodd, Hua, Crosbie, Holm, & Ozanne, 2002). Thirty-one parents completed the ICS related to English and another language spoken by their child with a speech sound disorder. The significant correlations between the scores suggest that the ICS may be robust between languages. This article provides normative ICS data for English-speaking children and additional validation of the psychometric properties of the ICS. The robustness of the ICS was suggested because mean ICS scores were not affected by socioeconomic status, number of languages spoken, or whether the ICS was completed in relation to English or another language. The ICS is recommended as a screening measure of children's speech intelligibility.