Basis Of Realism Research Articles

FROM REALISM TO MODERNISM: THE BOUNDARI IN THE PROSE OF LESYA UKRAINKA

The article focuses on the process of changing stylistic trends in Lesya Ukrainka’s prose. The purpose of the article was to trace the regular changes in the style, subject matter, form and content of Lesya Ukrainka’s prose and highlight the main trends of the transition from realism to modernism. The internal modifications of the genre, which indicate certain changes in the writer’s technique, in her worldview, have been studied. A departure from the instructions of Olena Pchilka, who still remained on the positions of realism in her own work, was traced. Attention is drawn to Lesya Ukrainka’s early stories and their emphasized “fabulousness” (figurative side). The dynamics of worldview are observed in late stories, where the emphasis is shifted to nuanced images and characters of the works. The subject of research is the prose of Lesya Ukrainka (stories, images). The object of the research is the study of the stylistic direction of the stories (title, genre modification, changes in the structure of the works from early stories to later ones) and thematic innovation (theme of abuse, the theme of teenage friendship, the theme of loneliness in a crowd). In addition, the aspects of modernist techniques (images of feelings, moods of characters due to fragmented phrases, incompleteness, lack of resolution, the use of psychological analysis, philosophical fragments, intellectual vocabulary) were also investigated. Structural-typological, phenomenological methods of research were used. The article analyzed the internal orientation of early prose of the beginning of the 20th century. Signs of neo-romanticism and impressionism on the basis of realism and early modernism are revealed in the researched stories. It is concluded that the prose is manifested in the neo-romantic impulse ins blau (up, up, high), the theme of the stories depends on the aesthetic immersion of the artist in the function of consciousness and The topic of the article is quite promising: it is time to research the feminist discourse in the stories of Lesya Ukrainka, the nation-building aspect and existential issues of her prose.

Formulation of Definitions of Consciousness on the Methodological Basis of Realism

In this paper, the traditional question – what is mind? – is suggested to be treated from the metareflective realist stance from which different determinations of consciousness could be apprehended as always instantiated and dependent on their definitions. Methodological differentiation between what is representational and what is non-representational is expressed as a divergence between particular definitions of consciousness and the ontological X, in this context, acting as a universality of consciousness. The derivation of this position is reached through the investigation of François Laruelle’s non-standard philosophy, Wilfrid Sellars’s critique of the myth of the given and Iain Hamilton Grant’s revisionary study of Schelling’s naturphilosophie.

Sino-US Global Competitive Dynamics Post 9/11 and its Impacts on Pakistan's Security

In this paper we examine the security implications for Pakistan after the engagement of two powerful states, China and United States. After the incident of September 11, 2001 (9/11) and their security impacts in the capacity of Pakistan's domestic and peripheral front. Their rivalry in the 21st century at the geo strategic, geopolitical and geo-economic level have been explained on the basis of realism, neo-realism and complex interdependence philosophies of international relations. The drastic political and strategic change in the status of Kashmir propelled Pakistan and China to review their foreign policies in future. In response, China wants Pakistan a strategic partner to closely look onto Afghanistan's political crisis during and after the withdrawal of the US from Afghanistan. However, the strategic relationship nuclear partnership between America and India has allowed the Sino-Pak strategic and nuclear partnership to level the magnitude of the United States' influence in South Asia. The issue of cross border terrorism, infiltration from Afghanistan and Indian espionage policy further sabotaged peace and security calculus in Pakistan's internal and external levels. India-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership has further deteriorated Pakistan's relations with Afghanistan.

Bohmian Mechanics: Realism and the “Box” Experiment

It is difficult to articulate how we should take a realist attitude towards Bohmian mechanics because there are many versions of it. This paper aims to clarify the realist commitments of Bohmian mechanics and how we can understand it from a general scientific realist perspective. I use the box experiment, a double-slit like experiment conducted by Cardone et al. (Phys Lett A 326(1–2):1–13, 2004; Int J Mod Phys B 20(09):1107–1121, 2006), as a working example to argue that a causal realist account (in the sense of selective realism) that is applicable to Bohmian mechanics, has to be supplemented with the use of Inference to the Best Explanation. The reason is because causal realism on its own does not form a sufficient basis for realism about Bohmian mechanics. In particular, I argue that the existence of the pilot wave explains why we observe an anomalous interference effect in the experiment of Cardone et al. The conclusion to draw is that a complete realist account about Bohmian mechanics rests on explanatory considerations.

Yoo Chijin's Strategy to Popularize Singeuk in Colonial Korea: The Story of Chunhyang and Porgy

Dorothy and DuBose Heyward's Porgy was performed in colonial Korea in 1937. This paper explains the process of performing Porgy, in connection with the strategy to popularize the singeuk (new drama) by Yoo Chijin, a playwright and director who argued that one could popularize singeuk by promoting performance of colonial Korean dramas. Yoo's strategy encountered great difficulties because of opposition by members of the Research Association of Theatrical Art and strict Japanese censorship. Yoo tried to overcome these problems pertaining to realistic plays such as Slums and The Cow; however, his efforts were in vain. Therefore, Yoo undertook a new strategy of adapting the traditional The Story of Chunhyang, a play of "romanticism based on realism," which bypassed censorship by expressing the reality of the era metaphorically and amused the audience of the grand theatre with songs and dances. Porgy's songs and dances influenced The Story of Chunhyang. Although the audience responded favorably to The Story of Chunhyang, critics found fault with the fact that Yoo was a playwright who followed the practices of commercial theatre. Yoo tried to refute their criticism by producing Porgy, a performance of "romanticism on the basis of realism." He argued that The Story of Chunhyang reflected the latest theatre trends in the United States.

The Interchangeability of VFX and Live Action and Its Implications for Realism

FOR THE LAST COUPLE OF DECADES, the distinction between a photo-realistic digital visual effect and a plate has become increasingly difficult to discern. The reason for this phenomenon is that many digital visual effects (VFXs) are used to simulate or imitate ordinary reality, and the present technology is refined enough to hide the artifice. This prompts certain skepticism among scholars and others involved in the industry about the use of the term The skepticism is based on the fact that the industry has developed new venues of entertainment using the latest digital technology to bring about an ultra-realistic visual representation where live-action and as well as true and false are interchangeable terms. This is of singular importance when we consider that a realistic visual representation may not be a complement to the fundamental objective reality but instead may become its substitute. Reality here is defined as that which exists and that to which the artist has access through the senses and intellect. For example, in a forest winter landscape, the physical aspects of the landscape are grasped through the faculty of sight and revealed to the eye by daylight. What transcends the senses is grasped through the intellect. The cinematographer sees vegetative life, now dormant because is winter. This intellectual grasp is not reachable by any technological means.Consequently, the idea that the cinematographer's encounter with reality and the framing of (i.e., subjectivity) contributes something to [the embellishment of] the order of creation instead of providing a substitute for it (Bazin 15) is totally irrelevant given today's digital environment standards. That is, the computer graphic artist, like the cinematographer, establishes reality as the basis for realism; however, the former remains distant from it. This remoteness from reality may not be readily apparent.Let's take Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu's The Revenant (2015). Although the film intends to make the audience believe that the visuals were captured exclusively by the camera, a great portion of them-630 shots-were digitally created or altered by VFX production houses such as Industrial Light Magic, Motion Picture Company (MPC), and Cinesite. The final result is a compendium of computergenerated imagery (animals, trees) and hidden VFXs such as particle effects simulation, lighting, stitching, cleaning, and compositing that make up 122 minutes of the 156 minutes of the entire film's length (Wolf). The intention of all these hidden visual effects is to enhance the visuals of the story as well as present visually a dramatic action that otherwise would be impossible to manage (the elk, the buffalo herd, the wolves, the bear, etc.).Another example is Alfonso Cuaron's Gravity (2013). The impossibility of obtaining outerspace live action with actors forced the production team to create a totally realistic digital VFX environment. A blend of studio live action, CGI, animation, and VFX made the visual trickery invisible and credible and thus difficult for the viewer's eye to detect.What is relevant here is that the veracity of the visuals in The Revenant and Gravity has no other authentic connection with the objective reality than competing with reality itself. The created realistic temporal and visual spectacle is completed, enclosed, and rooted in technology.With this in mind, is the intent of this article to reflect on the consequences of such interchangeability between the natural (that which reflects the spontaneous) and the (that which mimics the spontaneous). In other words, the present technology has the potential to replace a recorded event in the same manner that an artificial flower, in all its perfect imitation of a one, replaces the one to the point that the regular bystander cannot tell the difference.A General Definition of RealismIn order to better discern and reflect upon some of the repercussions brought by digital technology and the consequences of interchangeability between live action and computer-generated imagery, we must formulate a general definition of realism. …

Ontological and Epistemological Foundations of Contemporary Pragmatic and Realistic Philosophy of Law

Pragmatism, which is one of the mainstreams of the philosophy of law, became popular in the UK especially after the 18th century on the basis of utilitarianism, and in the USA and Scandinavian countries after the 19th century on the basis of realism. Books on philosophy of law and legal theory discuss these philosophies under the headings of pragmatist and realist philosophies of law, and present it basically as a continuation of the British and American philosophy. However, the roots of these legal movements, which are epistemologically experimental and sensational, ontologically realistic, and ethically utilitarian and relativist should be sought in the whole history of philosophy especially in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Thus, to show this historical background, in the article, we try to return to the history of utilitarianism, pragmatism, realism and relativism in philosophical thought. In the last part of the article, with the help of examples taken from some assessments of contemporary pragmatist and realist philosophers of law, how pragmatism respond to today's complex and interactive social reality is discussed.

Economic Interdependence and National Security: The India-Pakistan Case

Abstract In this paper, the main goal is to contribute to the debate, which concerns the interaction of economic interdependence between rival states. So far, this debate was between Liberals and Neo-Marxist, whose argument was that trade promotes peace, for the former, and that asymmetric trade creates either conflictual relations or more cooperation, according to the balance of power. This paper is built on the theoretical basis of Realism and more specifically, on Gilpin's approach of international political economy. By developing a new analytical framework, which consists of determinants such as the geographic specificity and worthiness of the disputed area, meaning the added value the conflictual area gives to the state's influence and therefore to its power, we examine the case of conflict between India and Pakistan, arguing that trade, commercial relations and economic interdependence, in general, does not deter conflict or militarized disputes, because states’ dominant objective is not the economic growth and prosperity but the access to areas which provide them with more possibilities of exercising their influence, through economic or other means. We conclude, that economic interdependence does not promote peaceful relations between adversaries, since conflict is not eliminated, and for that reason, a potential reduce of conflict levels or militarized disputes provides a sense of virtual national security.

Re-theorizing news’ construction of reality: A realist-discourse-theoretic approach

Constructionism has always carried problems for journalism studies, for, whereas news is supposed to be about facts and reality, constructionism problematizes these very concepts. This article bears on this tension by revisiting the proposition that news constructs reality. We distinguish between construction as a concept and constructionism as a theory, and argue that the above proposition is fruitful but has hitherto been argued on the faulty theoretical grounds of constructionism. A realist-discourse-theoretic approach is proposed to establish the proposition on a sound theoretical basis. This is done on the basis of realism, and by means of modifying constructionism’s central thesis that the outcome of discursive contention is decided upon exclusively by extra-discursive factors and grounding it on a realist basis. The characteristics of news-making are conceptualized as a particular category of extra-discursive factors, which, in particular types of cases, can play a central role in the construction of reality, thereby constituting reality construction by news. Empirical illustrations are provided. Our analysis should contribute to resolving the tension mentioned at the beginning.

Philosophy in Italy

There has lately been published a posthumous work on “pure realism” by an Italian philosopher who died a little while ago at an early age. He had been working on the book for some time with great concentration of energy, but did not live to finish it. In the form in which it has been edited for publication some parts of it have been developed almost to completion, while others are mere sketches and notes—though not wanting in interest, for they reveal the author's method of working, and expose doubts and difficulties in the immediate form in which they presented themselves to his mind and found the way to a solution. The most complete section is one dealing with the critique of idealism, a critique which, while it is not devoid of ingenuity, is in the main stringent and vigorous, and deserves particularly the consideration of idealists. The principal thesis is that there are two possible solutions of the problem of consciousness. It admits the possibility either that consciousness itself creates its own world, endowing it, thanks to the action of the mind on its own images, with those physical attributes that make it appear external to the subject or independent of the activity by virtue of which it is formed (idealism); or that consciousness is the immediate revelation of the world itself to itself, a revelation that can only consist in a unique act whereby the world establishes itself as identical with itself and as different from itself, as internal and external knowing and known, spirit and nature (realism). At the basis of idealism, according to Ranzoli, is the implied presupposition (of the philosophy of Empedocles) that like is conscious only of like, and at the basis of realism is the Anaxagorean presupposition that opposite is conscious of opposite.

The Basis of Realism

The Basis of Realism