Basis Of Cross-sectional Data Research Articles

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN DAN EFIKASI DIRI TERHADAP NIAT BERWIRAUSAHA DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS DARUNNAJAH

This study intends to perform empirical research on students at Darunnajah University's entrepreneurship education, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial goals. On the basis of cross-sectional data, the author employs quantitative methodologies. Students at the Darunnajah University's business faculty are the intended audience for the use of random sampling procedures. To get responses from respondents, the author employed a survey questionnaire. The structural equation model (SEM) is employed by the author. The study's findings indicate that the introduction of opportunities and the acquisition of entrepreneurial knowledge, specifically, have a strong positive impact on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial goals. In addition, the entrepreneurial self-efficacy variable significantly and favourably influences entrepreneurial inclinations.

Does the Linder hypothesis hold? Recent Japanese case

The theory of comparative advantage has for a long time played one of the most important roles among the theories of international economics. The theory says that a country has to specialize in producing and exporting goods and services that the country can produce at lower opportunity cost than other goods and services. Achieving this, both countries can benefit. The Linder hypothesis focuses on internal demand in a country. It states that the pattern of export goods is determined by internal demand structure. This study empirically analyzes this Linder hypothesis for the recent case of Japan. The Gravity model can be used to obtain theory-consistent estimates of the Linder hypothesis. This model can estimate bilateral international trade on the basis of cross-section data. The results show that the Linder effect has been holding well. Also, FTA (Free Trade Agreement) has been having positive impacts on international trade.

Challenges in Transformation of Informal Business Sector towards Formal Business Sector in Nepal: Evidence from Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

This study seeks to contribute to the empirical understanding to the transformation of informal business towards formal business in Nepal on the basis of cross-sectional data. This paper examines the preferences socio-economic and other social capital related to informal business. Various indicators were identified to understand and analyze readiness of various informal sectors from literature review of different theories. People with high level of education less prefer informal sector however, prime working age labor force were involved massively in informal sector. More than two-third respondents argued that situation is not manageable which means the informal economy is not transitional to formal economy. Majority of respondents believes that there are some administrative problems that could hinder the entrepreneurial potential and their creativity to flourish.

Emotional Intolerance and Core Features of Anorexia Nervosa: A Dynamic Interaction during Inpatient Treatment? Results from a Longitudinal Diary Study.

ObjectiveThe role of emotion dysregulation with regard to the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa (AN) is increasingly discussed. It is both assumed that AN symptoms have an impact on difficulties in tolerating aversive emotions and that—conversely—emotion dysregulation influences AN. To date, such conclusions are drawn on the basis of cross-sectional data not allowing for inferences on the temporal dynamics. The current study investigates the longitudinal interaction between emotional intolerance and core AN symptoms over the course of inpatient treatment by comparing patients with high (BMI<15 kg/m2) vs. low symptom severity (HSS vs. LSS).MethodThe study adopted a longitudinal, process-oriented design with N = 16 analysed electronic diaries. Throughout the course of their inpatient treatment, the patients answered questions daily about emotional intolerance and their AN-specific cognitions and behaviours. The temporal dynamics between emotional intolerance and these variables were analysed using a multivariate time series approach.ResultsThe time series of the processes under investigation adequately reflected the individual treatment courses. The majority of significant linear time trends was found for HSS patients. Most importantly, analysis revealed significant temporal interactions between emotional intolerance and AN symptoms in almost 70% of HSS patients. Thereby, up to 37% of variance in eating restraint and up to 23% in weight concern could be attributed to changes in emotional intolerance.ConclusionsThe findings support the notion that intolerable unpleasant emotions in severely affected AN patients influence their psychopathology. Additionally, time series analysis outlined the inter-individual heterogeneity of psychosomatic treatment courses of AN patients.

From living wage to living hours – the Nordic version of the working poor

ABSTRACTThe development of service economies in the Western world has led to a debate on the quality of new service jobs as many are low-wage jobs with poor working conditions and career opportunities. Although the incidence of low-wage service work is somewhat lower in the Nordic countries than elsewhere in Europe, it is increasingly addressed and debated. Employees find it hard to make a living from their job and to work the working hours requested, whereas employers find it hard to attract and retain employees. This article introduces the concept of ‘living hours’ to capture the segmentation processes in low-wage service work in the private sector of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The concept of living hours is used to explain developments in low-wage service jobs that are not explained by the concept of a living wage. On the basis of cross-sectional data from the European Labour Force Survey, the article demonstrates how the increasing use of part-time and Sunday work since the crisis interacts with the increasing shares of young workers and migrant workers. The analysis focuses on retail and hotels/restaurants, which employ the majority of low-wage service workers in Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

Coming together or growing apart? Globalization, class and redistributive preferences

Globalization refers to a growth in international trade, the integration of financial markets and investment flows as well as greater labour mobility. It is also associated with greater market volatility and intensified competition. The general question we address is, does globalization strengthen or weaken public support for governmental redistribution? However, rather than assuming that globalization undermines or buffers welfare state support generally, we suppose that this effect might be class-specific. It might lead to a reduction in welfare state support for better-off classes while those at the lower end of the social strata may call for more governmental intervention. We test this hypothesis on the basis of cross-sectional data from the fourth round of the European Social Survey (ESS) (fielded 2008/2009). The results of multilevel analyses of 31 countries indicate that while welfare state support is generally lower in globalized countries, class cleavages in welfare attitudes are neither intensified nor diluted under conditions of globalization.

Repair and maintenance costs of hill-farm tractors and transporters for upland mechanisation

The annual repair and maintenance costs of two types of motorised agricultural machines for upland agriculture, hill-farm tractors (twoaxle mowers) and transporters, are estimated on the basis of crosssectional data. An aggregation leads to the accumulated repair and maintenance costs for the entire service life of the machines, expressed as a repair and maintenance factor (RMF). Given the strong influence of annual utilisation, a high annual utilisation combined with a short length of service leads to lower accumulated costs. While the RMFs of hill-farm tractors and transporters are similar, they are higher than those of standard 4-wheel drive tractors analysed in a similar study. This effect is especially relevant for low annual utilisation, as is the case for both machine types under current operating conditions in Switzerland. Accordingly, the assumption that the RMFs of hillfarm tractors and transporters are equivalent to those of standard 4- wheel drive tractors is not to be recommended.

Repair and maintenance costs of hill-farm tractors and transporters for upland mechanisation

The annual repair and maintenance costs of two types of motorised agricultural machines for upland agriculture, hill-farm tractors (twoaxle mowers) and transporters, are estimated on the basis of crosssectional data. An aggregation leads to the accumulated repair and maintenance costs for the entire service life of the machines, expressed as a repair and maintenance factor (RMF). Given the strong influence of annual utilisation, a high annual utilisation combined with a short length of service leads to lower accumulated costs. While the RMFs of hill-farm tractors and transporters are similar, they are higher than those of standard 4-wheel drive tractors analysed in a similar study. This effect is especially relevant for low annual utilisation, as is the case for both machine types under current operating conditions in Switzerland. Accordingly, the assumption that the RMFs of hillfarm tractors and transporters are equivalent to those of standard 4- wheel drive tractors is not to be recommended.

EXPLORING OPEN SEARCH STRATEGIES AND THEIR PERCEIVED IMPACT ON INNOVATION PERFORMANCE—EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

Given Chesbrough's idea of open innovation, it could be said that external knowledge is an important element in the optimisation of in-house innovation. External knowledge is distributed among various actors and is accessible through many channels. However, we still do not know much about the search strategies that affect innovation performance. Our study therefore explores the relationship between open knowledge search strategies and company-level innovative performance. This study examines the open search strategies of 193 firms on the basis of cross-sectional data from Finnish markets. We identified four specific strategies, namely (1) market-driven, (2) science-driven, (3) intermediary-driven and (4) generic-knowledge-driven. According to the results, all except intermediary-driven strategies positively affect innovation performance.

Individual ontogenetic trajectories and ontogenetic channels of three forms of large African barbs (Barbus intermedius complex). Analysis of experimental data

Changes of external morphological characters in three forms (morphotypes) of African barbs from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) belonging to Barbus intermedius complex were traced using electronic tags. It was shown that within age interval from two to four years individual ontogenetic allometric curves often cannot be described with a single power function equation. Individual ontogenetic trajectories in the principal components space within this interval strongly differ in shape meandering within ontogenetic channels outlined on the basis of cross-sectional data. Morphological differences between siblings are found that do not allow to classify some of them with the morphotype of their parents.

School Context Variables and Students’ Smoking

Background/Aims: This study applied a multilevel approach to examine the associations between school smoking policy and student smoking. It was tested whether individual characteristics are mediators of school policy effects. Methods: On the basis of cross-sectional data from 3,364 students and school principals from 40 schools in Germany, two multilevel nonlinear regression models were computed for current smoking. Results: In the first model, controlling for individual factors not influenced by school, smoking bans for students and evidence-based prevention activities were negatively associated with smoking prevalence. The second model included student characteristics potentially influenced by school (e.g. school engagement, peer smoking). As school variables remained significant, these characteristics obviously do not mediate school context effects. Conclusion: School context variables influence students’ smoking independent of individual factors. The data suggest that individual variables rather mediate family influences.

Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use in relation to peer and school factors: Results of multilevel analyses

The present study used a multilevel approach with multiple informants to determine whether, at individual level, association with substance-using peer groups, and, at class level, incidences of intoxicated students in school premises, are related to students’ own substance use. Additionally, it tested the hypothesis that such school incidences affect the closeness of the relation between association with substance-using peers and students’ own substance use. Multilevel regression models were estimated separately for drunkenness and cannabis use on the basis of cross-sectional data from 3925 students of eighth and ninth grades in Switzerland (mean age 15.3, S.D. 0.9) and their teachers ( N = 220). For both drunkenness and cannabis use, the results confirmed that association with substance-using peers is strongly related to individual substance-use. A higher level of students’ own cannabis use and a closer relation between association with cannabis-using peers and the students’ own cannabis use were found in classes where students saw others coming cannabis-intoxicated to school or taking cannabis in school premises. Such relations were not found for alcohol. It appears that cannabis use at school or shortly before arriving at school creates an atmosphere that favors cannabis use whether or not students are associated with cannabis-using peers. Establishing an overarching environment of disapproval appears to be an effective means of preventing cannabis use by adolescents.

New beverages, new drinking contexts? Signs of modernization in Finnish drinking habits from 1984 to 1992, compared with trends in the European Community.

The dynamics of change in drinking patterns is discussed using the data from the drinking habits surveys conducted in Finland in 1984 and 1992. The results are compared with a respective analysis on the EU countries from 1988 by Hupkens, Knibbe & Drop (1993). The analysis is based on changes in beverage preferences. In the Finnish case, both wine and mild beer appear as new beverages, gaining popularity in the late 1980s. For beer, both the elites and the population at large were involved in that process. For wine, the interest in the new beverage was stronger among the elites. There were notable gender differences in adopting the new beverage. Some of the differences were related to the older cultural patterns of wine as a woman's drink and beer as a male beverage. The results also point to difficulties in analysing the dynamics of change on the basis of cross-sectional data, as was done in the earlier analysis on the EC countries. The Finnish data shows that even the inter-group dynamics of drinking patterns may change over a relatively short period of time.

Suicidal behavior, drug use and depressive symptoms after detoxification: a 2-year prospective study

Introduction: Individuals with substance-related disorders are at increased risk for suicidal behavior. Identifying those at higher risk for suicide among this population is difficult and informed mainly on the basis of cross-sectional data. Methods: We examined factors associated with drug-related suicidal behavior using multivariable regression analyses in a 2-year prospective study of 470 inpatients enrolled from an unlocked, detoxification unit. Suicidal behavior included suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempt (SA). Results: Lifetime prevalence for SI was 28.5%, and for SA, 21.9%. During the 2-year follow-up, 19.9% of the sample endorsed suicidal ideation and 6.9% reported a suicide attempt. Correlates of lifetime suicidal behavior included younger age, female, Hispanic, greater depressive symptoms, past sexual abuse, and problem sedative or alcohol use. Factors associated with suicidal behavior at follow-up included past suicidal behavior, more depressive symptoms, and more frequent benzodiazepine and alcohol use. Cocaine and heroin use did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior is common among individuals with substance-related disorders. Differences in “suicide potential” may exist between drug categories with CNS depressants increasing the risk. These findings highlight the importance of addressing the recurrent ‘suicide risk’ of patients with substance-related disorders and regular monitoring for changes in depressive symptoms and drug use. Based on the prevalence and severity of this problem, the role of universal suicide screening of individuals with substance-related disorders merits greater attention.

Changes in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained women: 7-yr follow-up.

On the basis of cross-sectional data, we previously reported that the absolute, but not the relative (%), rate of decline in maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2 max)) with age is greater in endurance-trained compared with healthy sedentary women. We tested this hypothesis by using a longitudinal approach. Eight sedentary (63 +/- 2 yr at follow-up) and 16 endurance-trained (57 +/- 2) women were reevaluated after a mean follow-up period of 7 yr. At baseline, VO(2 max) was ~70% higher in endurance-trained women (48.1 +/- 1.7 vs. 28.1 +/- 0.8 ml. kg(-1). min(-1). yr(-1)). At follow-up, body mass, fat-free mass, maximal respiratory exchange ratio, and maximal rating of perceived exertion were not different from baseline in either group. The absolute rate of decline in VO(2 max) was twice as great (P < 0.01) in the endurance-trained (-0.84 +/- 0.15 ml. kg(-1). min(-1). yr(-1)) vs. sedentary (-0.40 +/- 0.12 ml. kg(-1). min(-1). yr(-1)) group, but the relative rates of decline were not different (-1.8 +/- 0.3 vs. -1.5 +/- 0.4% per year). Differences in rates of decline in VO(2 max) were not related to changes in body mass or maximal heart rate. However, among endurance-trained women, the relative rate of decline in VO(2 max) was positively related to reductions in training volume (r = 0.63). Consistent with this, the age-related reduction in VO(2 max) in a subgroup of endurance-trained women who maintained or increased training volume was not different from that of sedentary women. These longitudinal data indicate that the greater decrease in maximal aerobic capacity with advancing age observed in middle-aged and older endurance-trained women in general compared with their sedentary peers is due to declines in habitual exercise in some endurance-trained women. Endurance-trained women who maintain or increase training volume demonstrated age-associated declines in maximal aerobic capacity not different from healthy sedentary women.

The demand for defense in East Asia: Modeling security alternatives∗

An interactive economic model of military spending is proposed. It is quantified on the basis of cross section data for East Asia. Projections of military spending to the end of the decade suggest that the growth of military spending in the region will decline slightly in the current decade. East Asian military spending can, however, be greatly influenced by the path of Chinese and US military efforts. An expansion of military spending by China could cause neighboring countries to greatly increase their military expenditures.

Relationship between habitual physical activity and insulin area among individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.

To determine whether higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower fasting insulin levels and lower insulin areas under the oral glucose tolerance curve in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in a community setting. Data from a cross-sectional study of a population consisting of 219 Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women with IGT (by World Health Organization criteria) in two rural Colorado counties were analyzed. Total physical activity was assessed by a 7-day physical activity recall, from which metabolic equivalents (METs) were estimated (expressed as MET h/week). Relationships of MET h/week with fasting insulin levels and insulin areas were assessed while considering obesity, age, and other risk factors known to influence fasting insulin level and insulin area. Among all subjects, univariate analyses showed that higher physical activity levels were associated with lower mean insulin areas and fasting insulin levels (both P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that higher levels of physical activity were significantly associated with lower values of of the insulin area (P < 0.001) but not with fasting insulin levels. The relationship between insulin area and habitual physical activity was independent of obesity, fat distribution, and age. On the basis of cross-sectional data, we conclude that higher levels of habitual physical activity are associated with lower insulin areas in a population of individuals with IGT. Understanding the impact of physical activity on markers of insulin action in individuals with IGT is important because of the greatly enhanced risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and, hence, cardiovascular disease in this population.

Timing of eruption of permanent teeth: Standard Finnish patient documents

Current standards for the eruption of teeth are constructed mostly on the basis of cross-sectional data. The aim here was to analyze the suitability of the standard patient documents created for health center dental care purposes for the collection of longitudinal data on tooth emergence. Copies of the oral health records of the 911 children born in 1970 and 1971 and in 1980 and 1981 living in three rural communities in Finland were re-examined and analyzed using a specially compiled computer program. The means and standard deviations are in line with previous results. The sex difference in emergence timing ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 years for the various teeth. The emergence of the teeth of the second phase of the mixed dentition was later in the children living in an endemic fluoride area, this difference being statistically greater for the boys than for the girls (95% Cl for differences between means was used to evaluate statistical significance). A secular trend in the eruption of permanent teeth was found between 1970 and 1980. Patient documents are shown to be suitable for the collection of longitudinal data on dental emergence.

Economic Development and Tax Structure Change: Mexico, 1895-1975

The relationship between economic development and tax structure change has generally been analyzed on the basis of cross-sectional data. This article looks at the relationship from a time series point of reference, taking the example of Mexico from 1895 to 1975. The regression equations find numerous statistically significant associations between the dependent variable, revenue/tax ratios and different tax categories, and the explanatory variables which represent proxies for economic development.

The Bases of Family Status Segregation: A Case Study in Exeter

This paper employs 1971 Census data to examine the bases of family status segregation in Exeter, in an attempt to reconcile the recent research findings that there is a wide and contradictory pattern of housing use among households at similar stages of the family cycle with the frequently noted comparatively simple zonal distribution of family status groups. A classification of household types is outlined, and their segregation and distribution in Exeter described. It is demonstrated that progression through the family cycle is not associated with changes in housing tenure or accessibility to the city centre, but that households are associated with housing built at the time of, or soon after, their formation; that is to say, the distribution of family status groups is better understood in terms of inertia than changing housing needs associated with lifecycle changes. It is further shown that members of the two privileged housing classes influence ecological structure more than the disadvantaged classes. A residual segregation which cannot be attributed to housing age is partly explained by the doubling of home ownership in the last 30 years. In conclusion, simple concentric models based on housing age, with the inner zone sectorally divided on the basis of tenure differences, are tested. THIS paper has two complementary aims: to describe and understand, first, the segregation of, and second, the spatial distribution of family status groups in Exeter, a cathedral city with a population of 95 729 in I971. In contrast to the socio-economic status component, which factorial ecologies have consistently isolated as the most important dimension of residential differentiation in the western city (for a recent review see Rees, 1972), family status-the second dimension-is comparatively little studied or understood. None the less, analyses in the United Kingdom (for example, Rosing and Wood, I97I; Lewis and Davies, I974), North America (for example, Anderson and Egeland, 1961; Coulson, 1968), Australia (for example, Johnston, 1969; Timms, 1971) and New Zealand (for example, Curson, I968; Franklin et al., I963) have consistently demonstrated a zonal patterning, with generally a succession of youth-old age-middle agelate youth/early middle age from city centre to periphery. The current wisdom concerning this zonal pattern is succinctly summarized by Jones (I968, p. 429), 'The residential areas of a city, differing in the type of available residential accommodation (detached family dwellings, flats) and in access to various urban facilities (central business district, public transport, schools, recreational facilities), can be regarded as an opportunity structure, and ... competition within this structure by persons with different household requirements and different demand on urban facilities (young couples with children, unmarried workers) tends to produce a residential clustering of persons at different points in the life cycle'. He goes on to suggest that this view which emphasizes family needs seems 'to be supported by Rossi's (1955) finding that a high proportion of residential mobility in cities is generated by shifts in family composition accompanying changes in the life cycle'. Strictly, however, this is an inductive explanation of the zonal pattern in American cities. Rossi's analysis was based on intra-urban migrants in Philadelphia. The most commonly accepted model relating progression through the life cycle to changing needs in terms of accessibility, space, tenure and type of house was proposed by Abu-Lughod and Foley (I960) on the basis of cross-sectional data for all non-farm United States residents in I950. Notwithstanding apparently