Basis Of Entry Research Articles

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ КОЛЛЕКЦИЙ ИЗ ПАМЯТНИКОВ СРОСТКИНСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ ЛЕСОСТЕПНОГО АЛТАЯ В АЛТАЙСКОМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ

The paper presents the history of the formation of anthropological collections of carriers of the Srostkin archaeological culture. The publication was prepared on the basis of entries in the inventory book “Craniological Collections of the ASU Anthropology Cabinet”. The accumulation of osteological materials began in 1987, thanks to the work of archaeologists of Altai State University on the Srostkin necropolises. The analysis of the data showed that currently there are 109 storage units of osteological material belonging to the Srostkin population from the burial complexes of the Forest-Steppe Altai in the collection of the ASU Anthropology cabinet.

The AmP project: Comparing species on the basis of dynamic energy budget parameters.

We developed new methods for parameter estimation-in-context and, with the help of 125 authors, built the AmP (Add-my-Pet) database of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models, parameters and referenced underlying data for animals, where each species constitutes one database entry. The combination of DEB parameters covers all aspects of energetics throughout the full organism’s life cycle, from the start of embryo development to death by aging. The species-specific parameter values capture biodiversity and can now, for the first time, be compared between animals species. An important insight brought by the AmP project is the classification of animal energetics according to a family of related DEB models that is structured on the basis of the mode of metabolic acceleration, which links up with the development of larval stages. We discuss the evolution of metabolism in this context, among animals in general, and ray-finned fish, mollusks and crustaceans in particular. New DEBtool code for estimating DEB parameters from data has been written. AmPtool code for analyzing patterns in parameter values has also been created. A new web-interface supports multiple ways to visualize data, parameters, and implied properties from the entire collection as well as on an entry by entry basis. The DEB models proved to fit data well, the median relative error is only 0.07, for the 1035 animal species at 2018/03/12, including some extinct ones, from all large phyla and all chordate orders, spanning a range of body masses of 16 orders of magnitude. This study is a first step to include evolutionary aspects into parameter estimation, allowing to infer properties of species for which very little is known.

Improving promiscuous mammalian cell entry by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus.

The insect baculovirus AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus) enters many mammalian cell lines, prompting its application as a general eukaryotic gene delivery agent, but the basis of entry is poorly understood. For adherent mammalian cells, we show that entry is favoured by low pH and by increasing the available cell-surface area through a transient release from the substratum. Low pH also stimulated baculovirus entry into mammalian cells grown in suspension which, optimally, could reach 90% of the transduced population. The basic loop, residues 268–281, of the viral surface glycoprotein gp64 was required for entry and a tetra mutant with increasing basicity increased entry into a range of mammalian cells. The same mutant failed to plaque in Sf9 cells, instead showing individual cell entry and minimal cell-to-cell spread, consistent with an altered fusion phenotype. Viruses grown in different insect cells showed different mammalian cell entry efficiencies, suggesting that additional factors also govern entry.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean

With 3 figures and 3 tables AbstractPartial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean may provide effective protection against all isolates of the pathogen, thus reducing yield losses. Better understanding of partial resistance has, therefore, become an important goal for the improvement of soybean (Glycine max). The aim of the present study was to identify the potential quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for partial resistance to P. sojae. A population of 176 F7:11 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of Su88‐M21 × Xinyixiaoheidou, was evaluated for Phytophthora partial resistance using slant board assays. The heritability estimate on an entry basis was 0.87. Two QTLs (qPR‐15‐1 and qPR‐10‐2) were detected in the same flanking marker region, Satt598–Satt651 on chromosome (Chr) 15 with molecular linkage group (MLG) E and Satt420–Sat_274 on Chr 10 with MLG O, respectively, by both composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping (MIM) of Windows QTL Cartographer (version 2.5). One QTL (qPR‐6‐3) on Chr 6 with MLG C2, which was only identified under MIM, was closely linked to marker Satt520, and was positioned 0.01 cM away from Satt520. The newly identified QTLs would be beneficial for marker assistant selection aimed at improving the resistance to P. sojae and reducing disease‐related mortality in soybean.

Efficacy of Esomeprazole for Treatment of Poorly Controlled Asthma

Gastroesophageal reflux is common among patients with asthma but often causes mild or no symptoms. It is not known whether treatment of gastroesophageal reflux with proton-pump inhibitors in patients who have poorly controlled asthma without symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux can substantially improve asthma control. In a parallel-group, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 412 participants with inadequately controlled asthma, despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, and with minimal or no symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux to receive either 40 mg of esomeprazole twice a day or matching placebo. Participants were followed for 24 weeks with the use of daily asthma diaries, spirometry performed once every 4 weeks, and questionnaires that asked about asthma symptoms. We used ambulatory pH monitoring to ascertain the presence or absence of gastroesophageal reflux in the participants. The primary outcome was the rate of episodes of poor asthma control, as assessed on the basis of entries in asthma diaries. Episodes of poor asthma control occurred with similar frequency in the placebo and esomeprazole groups (2.3 and 2.5 events per person-year, respectively; P=0.66). There was no treatment effect with respect to individual components of the episodes of poor asthma control or with respect to secondary outcomes, including pulmonary function, airway reactivity, asthma control, symptom scores, nocturnal awakening, or quality of life. The presence of gastroesophageal reflux, which was documented by pH monitoring in 40% of participants with minimal or no symptoms, did not identify a subgroup of patients that benefited from treatment with proton-pump inhibitors. There were fewer serious adverse events among patients receiving esomeprazole than among those receiving placebo (11 vs. 17). Despite a high prevalence of asymptomatic gastroesophageal reflux among patients with poorly controlled asthma, treatment with proton-pump inhibitors does not improve asthma control. Asymptomatic gastroesophageal reflux is not a likely cause of poorly controlled asthma. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00069823.)

Correction: Molecular Time-Course and the Metabolic Basis of Entry into Dauer in Caenorhabditis elegans

Figure S4 is a duplicate of Figure S5. Please view the correct Figure S4 here: Click here for additional data file.(611K, tif)

The Chernobyl Tissue Bank, an international collaboration to investigate the relationship between the exposure to radiation in childhood and thyroid cancer

The only unequivocal radiological effect of the Chernobyl accident on human health is the increase in thyroid cancer in those exposed in childhood. In response to the scientific interest in studying the molecular biology of thyroid cancer post-Chernobyl, the Chernobyl Tissue Bank (CTB: www.chernobyltissuebank.com) was established. The project is supported by the governments of Ukraine and Russia, and financially supported (US$3 M) by the European Commission, the National Cancer Institute of the USA, the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation of Japan and the World Health Organization. Full informed consent is obtained from donors; each case is subject to pathological review by an international panel. Aliquots of extracted nucleic acid (RNA and DNA from tissue, DNA from blood) serum are made available to researchers worldwide. Quality control is carried out on each extracted tissue and blood sample; the presence of tumour is confirmed by frozen section prior to extraction. 1605 cases have been pathologically reviewed so far; frozen samples are available on 1254. The majority of the cases are papillary carcinomas (924). Paired tumour-normal samples are available; extracted nucleic acid is available on 337 cases. Samples of blood are available from 711 of the 1605 reviewed cases. Material from the project is currently being used for a variety of scientific projects in Europe, the US and Japan, using techniques from cDNA array and comparative genomic hybridization to immunocytochemistry. More than 2000 aliquots of nucleic acid and 5000 paraffin sections have been released. Researchers using the resource agree to provide their results back to the project on a case-by-case basis for entry into the project database in Swansea.

The Office of the Trinity in the Crowland Psalter (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce 296)

The main part of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce 296, consists of a psalter (9r–105v), together with the usual accompaniments of calendar (1r–6v), tables (7r–8r), canticles (105v–116v), litany (117r–119v) and prayers (119v–127v). The main part of the manuscript, written by a single scribe, ends halfway down 127v, in the centre of a gathering of six folios. The lower part of 127v and the remaining three folios are taken up by an Office of the Trinity, written by a different scribe. The manuscript is attributed to Crowland on the basis of entries in the calendar and litany. Guthlac's name is entered in capitals in the litany, as are those of SS Mary and Peter; more importantly, Guthlac, like Peter, is invoked twice, a distinction accorded to no other saint in the Douce manuscript. The entries in the calendar include the translation of St Guthlac on 30 August, and a feast of his sister, St Pega, on 8 January, in addition to the usual feast of St Guthlac on 11 April; Pega also occurs, uniquely, in the litany of the Douce manuscript. The Psalter had probably left Crowland by 1091 when most of the monastery, including its library and service books, was destroyed by fire. By the early twelfth century it was in the possession of the Cluniac priory of St Paneras, Lewes, when theobitsof Lanzo, prior of St Pancras (ob. 1 April 1107), Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury (ob. 21 April 1109) and Hugh, abbot of Cluny (ob. 29 April 1109) were entered on 2v. It is possible that the book was in female hands between leaving Crowland and arriving at Lewes, since the prayers at Lauds in the Office of the Trinity contain feminine forms.

Religious Education and Prejudice among Students Taking the Course Studies of Religion

This article examines a study of a sample of Australian final year students who completed the New South Wales1 (NSW) Higher School Certificate (HSC) course Studies of Religion. It compares the attitudes of these students towards religion and religions with a similar sample of students who completed other final year religion courses. All the students in the sample were attending religiously affiliated schools for their senior years of study. This study was developed from an initial pilot study and the students completed an initial survey in the first term of their Year 11 and a second survey at the end of their third term in Year 12. The data were analysed using both SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and the qualitative data analysis solutions for research professionals, NUDIST2 (Non‐numerical Unstructured Data: Indexing, Searching and Theorizing). The article discusses the effect of formal study of religion on the attitude of students towards religion and other religions. 1 In Australia the education system is the responsibility of each State or Territory. In New South Wales (at the time of the study) the syllabus for all years of schooling was the responsibility of the Board of Studies. The final years of High School, Years 11‐12, are the post‐compulsory years but more than 75% of students complete these years. In New South Wales there is an external examination for all Board units of study at the end of Year 12 and the results of their best ten units are scaled and give the students a tertiary entrance score (TER). Students must complete a set number of units, each of which is worth 50%. Most subjects are offered as two‐unit courses although there are some in Maths and the Sciences which are at three or four‐unit level and some, including Studies of Religion, which are at one‐unit. The TER is used by universities and other tertiary providers as the basis of entry into various courses. Schools may also offer units that are locally developed but approved or endorsed by the Board; these Other Endorsed Studies are included on the students’ certificates but do not contribute towards their TER. 2 A computer package designed to aid users to manage, explore and search the text of documents; it allows the user to develop sets of categories and to cross‐index text items and then to explore and develop reports for cross referencing and for linkage of ideas.

Evaluation and Heritability of Resistance to Sugarcane Red Rot

Heritability of resistance to red rot, caused by Colletotrichum falcatum, was studied with progeny from 40 crosses among 24 parental clones of sugarcane. Resistance was assessed by comparing disease development in detached, inoculated stalks. Disease severity was assessed as the number of nodes beyond which fungal infection symptoms were observed, the number of nodes rotted, the extent of internode rotting, and a rot index (RI) combining the number of nodes passed and internode rot severity. Significant differences in susceptibility were detected, although high levels of resistance were rare in the breeding and selection populations of the Louisiana sugarcane cultivar development program. Narrowsense heritability estimates determined by mid-parent-offspring regression for the different disease traits ranged from 0.19 ± 0.04 to 0.31 ± 0.05. Potential genetic gain by selection for resistance, using a 10% selection intensity, ranged from 14 to 37% of the mean. The RI provided the highest heritability estimate and the most potential genetic gain from selection. We estimated low broad-sense heritabilities among years for the disease traits in the parent population. The range was from 0 to 0.42 ± 1.07 on an entry basis. The results indicated that the population level of red rot resistance can be increased by careful choice of parent clones and crossbased selection. Genotype by year interaction, however, greatly affects evaluation, hence single-year evaluations for red rot resistance are not reliable. The scarcity of resistance in the current breeding population indicates a need to identify new sources of resistance.

Medical Student Education in Dermatology

Over 95% of American medical students intend to seek certification in some specialty, and probably fewer than 1% enter practice without some residency training. The four years of medical school, commonly calledundergraduate medical education, are no longer a self-sufficient course of study. This period is now looked on principally as a basis for entry into graduate medical education. It is thus timely to reexamine the goals of undergraduate medical education, as many organizations and medical schools are doing. One objective of such reviews is to attempt to specify the basic educational goals of general medical education. It is against this background that the questionnaire survey on undergraduate dermatologic medical education reported by Ramsay and Mayer in this issue of theArchivesshould be examined. In brief, what is the role of dermatology and its related basic science in general medical education? Is the goal to teach the specific diagnoses

Preferences for salivary odor cues by female hamsters

There is a growing body of data which indicates that saliva may function as a chemosignal in mammals. The salience of this cue in hamsters is investigated. Twelve females were tested in a four-choice olfactorium to determine whether the subjects could differentiate and demonstrate a preference for salivary cues as a function of the dominance status of the stimulus donors and the subjects estrous state. Clear differences in responding were found for estrous as opposed to diestrous females. Estrous females detected and exhibited a preference for male stimuli on the basis of entry and approach measures. Subjects were also found to exhibit sniffing preferences for male odors and possible an avoidance of female odors relative to the saline control. Estrous females appeared to be unable to distinguish between dominant and subordinate males.