Basicity Of Water Research Articles

The prototype for measuring the height and monitoring of river water quality based on the Internet of Things

Abstract. Technology continues to develop from year to year which aims to simplify human work or automation of a system. The concept of measuring the water level is automatically applied to the river in front of the Tanggulangin tourism market, which aims to make it easier for residents to check the river water level in real time via the internet network. By utilizing the DS18B20 sensor to find out the temperature which has 97.85% accuracy and the HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor which has 100% accuracy at a distance of less than 20 CM to find out the water level based on changes in the distance value on the sensor as an indication of the rise and fall of river water. From the sensor, the sensor is controlled with the Arduino UNO and NodeMCU microcontroller board to make the system work automatically, as well as the use of the MIT App Inventor to create android applications and to support the internet of things system. From the results of this research, it is obtained: (1). In the HC-SR04 ultrasound sensor test, the stability of the measurement value is very good, seen from the standard deviation value. (2). In testing the DS18B20 temperature sensor with a standard thermometer ratio has a difference of 0.7 ° C accuracy with an accuracy of 97.85% so that it can be used as a measurement tool. (3). On the TDS sensor, the standard deviation can be between 130-141 ppm which indicates this tool can function properly. (4). On the LCD, it can work properly and is ready to use in a system that functions to display information carried out by the microcontroller. (5). For pH sensors, this sensor can measure the degree of acidity / basicity of water between 1-10 pH.

Cover Feature: Enhancement of Thermodynamic Gas‐Phase Acidity and Basicity of Water by Means of Secondary Interactions (ChemPhysChem 19/2018)

Cover Feature: Enhancement of Thermodynamic Gas‐Phase Acidity and Basicity of Water by Means of Secondary Interactions (ChemPhysChem 19/2018)

Enhancement of Thermodynamic Gas-Phase Acidity and Basicity of Water by Means of Secondary Interactions.

A series of A⋅water, B⋅water complexes (A=acid, B=base) are studied at the G4 level of theory to show that water acidity or basicity can be modulated by non-covalent interactions. Protic and non-protic acids interacting with water form hydrogen bonds or other kinds of non-covalent interactions, respectively, that may dramatically change the acidity of water up to almost 360 kJ ⋅ mol-1 in terms of enthalpy. Similarly, hydrogen bonds responsible for the interaction between typical small nitrogen-containing Lewis bases and water can enhance the proton affinity of water by almost 300 kJ ⋅ mol-1 . Our results reveal that these large enhancements are linearly related with the binding energy of the charged complexes, and are determined by the Lewis acid-base properties of the molecule involved in the interaction, allowing a quite precise modulation of the corresponding acid-base properties of water.

Assessing the water quality in coastal aquifer of Chennai, India - a case study

To assess the groundwater quality and seawater intrusion in Chennai, the study has been carried out in June 2011. All the physico-chemical parameters were measured. Hard rock and sedimentary rock formation has been determined using the sodium/chloride ratio. Cross plots of bicarbonate%chloride versus TDS indicate that water samples in S1 zone were saline in nature. According to the hydrochemical analysis, except water samples in S2 zone, other groundwater samples are suitable for domestic purpose. Langelier saturation index has been used to identify the nature of water, especially the acidity or basicity of water. Seawater mixing index has been calculated using the concentrations of sodium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate. From this study, we concluded that high levels of sodium in S1 and S5 indicate that seawater intrusion takes place in this zone. Based on Gibbs calculation, rock water interaction was dominant in S3 and S4 zones, and evaporation is dominant in S1, S2 and S5 zones. Seawater mixing index was found to be a maximum of 8.72% in S1 and S2 zones.

Comparison of solubility of gases and vapours in wet and dry alcohols, especially octan‐1‐ol

AbstractEquations for the solubility of gases and vapours into dry alcohols from methanol to decan‐1‐ol and into water‐saturated alcohols from butan‐1‐ol to decan‐1‐ol have been compared through the use of the Abraham solvation equation. It is shown that there are noticeable differences in solvation into the dry and wet alcohols, and that these differences become larger as the alcohols become smaller and take up more water. The two main factors that lead to the differences in solvation are the solute hydrogen‐bond basicity, B, and solute size, L. Increase in solute hydrogen‐bond basicity favours the wet alcohols and increase in solute size favours the dry alcohols. Solute hydrogen‐bond acidity plays no part, because the hydrogen‐bond basicity of water, wet alcohols and dry alcohols is almost the same. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Study on strongly polarized water in AOT reversed micelles by fluorescence probes and analytical application of AOT reversed micelles

The basicity of water in AOT (sodium bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)sulfosuccinate) reversed micelles has been investigated by tetracycline-Eu 3+ complex and tetracycline as fluorescence probes. The results obtained show that the variation in luminescence intensity and absorption spectra of the compounds together with a decrease in water content of the reversed micelles coincides with an increase in the pH value of the bulk water. It indicates that with a gradual decrease in the R([H 2O]/[AOT]) value water molecules become more polarized, like the hydroxide ion. The apparent pH in reversed micelles at R = 1.5–2.0 is ca. 9. The properties of the water pool in reversed micelles can be utilized for sensitive detection of tetracycline and analogues without addition of alkaline solutions. The detection limit is in the subnanogram range.

Basicity of water in organic solvents (nitromethane, propane-1,2-diyl carbonate and acetone) using the 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecanenickel(II) cation as a probe of electron-pair acceptance

The basicity of water in nitromethane (NM), propane-1,2-diyl carbonate (PDC) and acetone (AC) has been examined using spectral data for (1R,4S,8R,11S)-1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane-nickel(II){[Ni(TMC)]2+}. In these solvents water monomers are in equilibrium with their dimers: the water monomers are only weakly coordinated to the chelate in these solvents, whereas the dimers are more strongly coordinated. The equilibrium constant KNi,w=[Ni(TMC){(H2O)2}2+]/[Ni(TMC)2+][(H2O)2] where (H2O)2 is the water dimer, is 1.0 in NM, 1.8 in PDC and 5.0 in AC, showing that KNi,w increases with increasing electron-pair donicity of the bulk solvent molecules in the order NM < PDC < AC. These results emphasize that the basicity of water is strengthened by the polarization of O—H bonds due to dimerization or charge transfer through hydrogen bonding. The basicity of the dimer in each solvent has been evaluated using the relationship between the 1H chemical shift of water and the donor number of the aprotic solvent.

Basicity of water in dipolar aprotic solvents using the 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane nickel(II) cation as a probe of electron-pair acceptance

The basicity of water in 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), nitrobenzene (NB), nitromethane (NM), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), and 1,2-DCE–DMA mixtures has been examined using spectral data of 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane nickel(II){[Ni(TMC)]2+}. The water molecules in 1,2-DCE, NB and NM, in which the monomeric water dominates, are barely coordinated to the cation, but in 1,2-DCE–DMA mixtures, in which the water molecules hydrogen bond with DMA molecules, they are easily coordinated. The equilibrium constant KNiw=[Ni(TMC)H2O2+]/[Ni(TMC)2+][H2O] was 1.9 in pure water, and 6.7 in a mixed solvent of 1.0 DMA fraction, 11.9 in 0.75, 23.2 in 0.50, 56.0 in 0.25 and 0 in 0. The results emphasize that hydrogen bonding of the water molecules with DMA increases the basicity of water molecules by polarization of O—H bonds and leads to water coordination. The monomeric water is not coordinated to the square-planar nickel(II) cation. I.r. spectra are presented to support these findings.

Dependence of the acidity and basicity of water on the extent of its hydrogen-bonded structure

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDependence of the acidity and basicity of water on the extent of its hydrogen-bonded structureJohn E. GordonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 2, 650–651Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1972https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00757a064RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (248 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

The hydrogen fluoride solvent system-V: The thermodynamic solubility product constant of CaF2 and the basicity of water in liquid HF

Activity coefficients for CaF2 in liquid HF were determined by solubility measurements on CaF2 in the presence of varying concentrations of NaF ranging from 0·1175 to 0·7295 moles per 1000 g of HF. The thermodynamic solubility product constant of CaF2 in liquid HF was determined to be 1·525 × 10−3 at 0°C. From the effect of small amounts of water on the solubility of CaF2 in liquid HF, a minimum ionization constant of 0·55 for water as a base in HF was determined at the same temperature.

Demonstration of the Basicity of Water in Alcoholic Solutions

Demonstration of the Basicity of Water in Alcoholic Solutions