Basic Variety Research Articles

The controller-first constraint beyond the Basic Variety: how do instructed learner varieties solve contexts of competition?

Abstract The Basic Variety has been described as a fully fledged system that is developed in second-language acquisition. It is guided by a small number of interacting phrasal, semantic, and pragmatic constraints. This article is devoted to the semantic controller-first constraint, which says that “the NP-referent with highest control comes first” in discourse contexts where this constraint comes into conflict. The Basic Variety, as described by Klein and Perdue, relates to migrant learners that were exposed to target languages in naturalistic contexts and situations outside the classroom. Our study also deals with learners living in the target language’s country at the time of the data collection, but our learners were benefiting from foreign language teaching at university. The goal of this study is twofold. The first part of the article discusses the origins of the key notion of ‘controller’ and introduces related theoretical underpinnings, such as argument hierarchies of transitive verbs and crucial factors determining argument realization. Our analysis shows that the controller-first constraint overlaps with two key concepts of the description of L1 functional grammars – i.e., control asymmetry and the Actor-Undergoer Hierarchy – suggesting that it does not only pertain to the Basic Variety but broadly speaking to the human language capacity. The second part of this study presents some preliminary results on the L2 grammars of Spanish-speaking learners of French in a context of ‘competition’. Our results show the pervasiveness of the controller-first constraint on L2 grammars beyond initial, non-instructed learner varieties, suggesting that this semantic principle is not totally independent of (a) the specifics of the source language and (b) the target constructions of the foreign language classroom.

Serve in tennis, its types and disadvantages in teaching methods for students

To the article the features of serve and their basic variety are driven in detail. It is noted that flat serve, slider, topspin service are mainly used. Their characteristics and features of their implementation are presented. Found out errors at their application, arising up for sportsmen in the process of training and playing tennis. The different manners of implementation of serve are examined. It is marked that a serve practically is an only moment in tennis that a player controls fully. A value over and advantage of powerful serve, that consists in psychological pressure on a rival, are brought. The cinematic process of transferring the energy of the force of an impact to parts of the body is shown. Percent correlation of influence of separate parts of body is presented on speed of bearing-out of racket at a serve. It is found out that the most advantageous method of serve will be that, at that to the ball buffeted in the highest point accessible for a player. Three basic types of serve are distinguished: flat serve, slide, topspin service, their features in application. Advice is provided for beginning players in mastering the serve. It is marked that at a serve a blow has no value to ascending flight of ball(throwing up) or descending flight of ball, a ball changes its trajectory perpendicular to the line of toss. The special attention is spared on completion of bearing-out of hand with a racket on a ball for the different type of serves. Basic errors over, that assume students at implementation of serve, are brought.

Can we repeat what we do not say in L2?

The paper analyzes the results of a sentence repetition task performed by Lithuanian L2 speakers of different language proficiency levels. This paper focuses on a set of targeted verb forms included in the task because they are less likely to occur in free production. The different forms the speakers produced are analyzed by considering their correspondence (or not) to the targeted form, by comparing the speakers among each other with respect to their learner variety and by comparing the task results to the repertoire of the same speaker in the free production data. In multiple cases of failed re-production, the analysis examines what the targeted forms were substituted with and tries to identify possible reasons for such substitution. This analysis confirms the general inability of the basic variety speakers to distinguish between morphologically different forms and the dominant trend showing that L2 learners are more meaning-focused than form-focused. The analysis also shows growing implicit knowledge, or at least gradual passive acquisition, of the less frequent forms as the speaker advances in the post-basic continuum.

Variability of Hordeum vulgare L. Cultivars in Yield, Antioxidant Potential, and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an annual plant cultivated in spring or autumn. Currently, over 70% of the cultivated barley grains are utilized for preparing fodder, while the rest is used for the production of malt and cereals in the food industry. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant potential, and cholinesterase inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts of juvenile barley leaves. It was found that the barley cultivars differed in their content of the determined phytochemicals as well as their antioxidant potential and cholinesterase-inhibitory activity. The water extracts of young barley leaves contained phenolic acids as well as quercetin, rutin, and kaempferitrin. The extracts showed a higher inhibitory effect on 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) than on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Based on the aqueous extracts analyzed, we found that winter cultivars were characterized by the highest iron-chelating activity. Furthermore, barley extracts showed a stronger inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase compared to butyrylcholinesterase. The results of the present work indicated that barley cultivars differed in their germination process. Among the tested samples, the highest cholinesterase inhibitory activity was shown by the Basic variety.

Finding Deep Concentration Techniques for Rich Iron Ore of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly

—The research results on deep concentration of basic mineralogical variety of natural rich ore to obtain high-quality iron ore product for metallization are presented. The main methods of mineral dressing (selective crushing, magnetic separation in weak and strong fields, gravity separation and flotation) are tested in the technological experiments. It is shown that high-quality iron ore product can be obtained from natural rich ore using a simple technology. The simple technology should be applied at the first stage of processing for maximum possible extraction of high-quality product. Wet separation processes should be used at the later stage as they unavoidably result in high loss of marketable product, as well as bring difficulties connected with dewatering and drying.

Língua de Preto, the language of the African slave community in Portugal (16th–19th centuries)

AbstractLíngua de Preto‘language of the Blacks’ (LdP) is the conventional name for the basic variety of Portuguese spoken by the West African slaves deported to Portugal from the end of the 15th century onwards, who formed an important and visible minority within the Portuguese population until the end of the 19th century. The restructured Portuguese they used with the white Portuguese and among themselves is partially known to us through theatre and folk literature. Although its heyday was the 16th century, it apparently continued in use until the 18th century. The present article tries to account for its emergence and continuance and to assess its possible contribution to the formation of West African Portuguese Creoles. What LdP implies for the Portuguese attitude toward language issues is also examined.

Investigations into the Transfer Rate of Volatile Compounds in Dry Hopping Using an Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient Model

ABSTRACTDry hopping is a powerful practice for imparting a multitude of flavors into beer. In this study, the influence of ethanol content, temperature, dosage, and hop variety on the transfer of essential oil during dry hopping was examined on a laboratory scale. The dry hopping was performed with nonalcoholic beer and beer containing 5.0 and 8.1% ethanol at 1 and 20°C using the hop varieties Tettnanger, Cascade, Hallertau Blanc, and Eureka. The results showed that the basic beer, hop variety, and dry hopping regime influence the composition of hop essential oil constituents in dry-hopped beer. The increase of the basic beer ethanol content, and especially the rise in temperature, led to a significant increase in the proportion of monoterpenes such as β-myrcene among hop volatiles in dry-hopped beers. Increasing hop dosage led to higher proportions of alcoholic compounds (linalool). Furthermore, the transfer rates of particular volatile hop-derived substances correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log KOW), which is a measure of the hydrophobicity of a compound, regardless of tested factors in dry hopping. Therefore, it is proposed that the log KOW could be a useful model for the prediction of transfer rates of hop oil flavor components in dry hopping. However, the transfer rates of the alcohols linalool, geraniol, α-terpineol, and 1-octen-3-ol were higher than the expected levels from the log KOW values. These compounds are reported present in bound form in hops and released during dry hopping.

Bendratis lietuvių kaip antrojoje kalboje

Galvojant apie lietuviškai kaip antrąja kalba kalbančius užsieniečius viena pirmųjų iškylančių ypatybių yra perdėtas bendraties formos vartojimas ten, kur jos lietuviškai neturėtų būti. Remiantis bendra lietuvių kaip antrosios kalbos veiksmažodžio sistemos įsisavinimo analize buvo matyti, kad bendraties formos įsisavinimas iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodo beveik nekintantis: vos pradedantys kalbėti lietuviškai užsieniečiai bendraties formų vartoja panašų kiekį kaip ir pažengę kalbėtojai. Šiame straipsnyje išsamiai analizuojama, kaip lietuviškai kalbantys skirtingų kalbėjimo lygmenų užsieniečiai vartoja bendraties formą, kokiomis funkcijomis, kokiuose kontekstuose ir ar iš tiesų įsisavinimo raidoje nėra jokio pokyčio. Ištyrus tampa aišku, kad nepaisant kiekybinio bendraties formų vartojimo panašumo skirtingose įsisavinimo atmainose, vartojimas iš esmės pasikeičia kokybiškai. Negana to, paaiškėja, kad net ir bazinės atmainos kalbėtojai, dažnai bendraties formą vartojantys kaip pamatinę veiksmažodžio formą, taigi ir predikatui reikšti vietoje asmenuojamosios formos, niekada tokiu būdu nevartoja modalinių veiksmažodžių bendraties, o jų pasakymai, kuriuose bendraties forma vartojama pagal tikslinės lietuvių kalbos sistemą, yra kaip tik modalinių veiksmažodžių + bendraties konstrukcijos. Straipsnyje taip pat analizuojama, kokios, kada ir kaip pradedamos vartoti kitos konstrukcijos su bendratimi pobazinėje įsisavinimo atmainoje.

Manipulating the expression of a cell wall invertase gene increases grain yield in maize

Cell wall invertases play an important role in plant growth and development, especially in the grain filling of crop plants. However, their potential in high yield crop breeding has not been investigated. In this study, the main hybrid maize cultivar Zheng Dan 958 (ZD958) was used as a basic variety to assess whether ZmGIF1, a cell wall invertase from maize, can be used to breed new cultivars with higher grain yields. ZmGIF1 expression, cell wall invertase activity, and sugar content in different parental inbred cultivars were compared with those in Zheng 58 and Chang 7-2, the parental inbred cultivars of ZD958. Parental cultivars which showed higher ZmGIF1 expression and invertase activity were selected and intercrossed to improve the expression of ZmGIF1. Compared with the basic cultivar ZD958, higher ZmGIF1 expression and cell wall invertase activity were observed in most hybrid F1 lines, leading to increased grain yield in them. All these results suggest that the expression of ZmGIF1 can be manipulated using different parental cultivars to increase the grain yield of their hybrid F1 progenies.

Analysis of basic terminology and negative consequences from cyber attaks on information-telecommunication systems of objects state’s critical infrastructure

The article analyzes the basic terminology and variety of negative consequences to which cyber attack can lead to information and telecommunication systems of critical infrastructure objects in various countries of the world, including. and in Ukraine, for example, in case of leakage of information with limited access or state information resources that are processed in these systems. It has been shown that it is necessary to take into account other severe consequences for national interests from disclosure of information that constitutes state secrets as a result of the possible implementation of cyber attacks in the formation of a list of information and telecommunications systems for critical infrastructure of the state. Proposals to the for-mation of a single classifier of the negative consequences of cyber attacks on information and telecommunications systems of critical infrastructure facilities of the state, taking into account the processing in these systems and other types of information with limited access as confidential (including personal data) and service information.

HIA Industrial Hemp Conference: Science, Industry, and Policy

HIA Industrial Hemp Conference: Science, Industry, and Policy

La réalisation phonique des mots en début d’apprentissage de langues secondes

Cette contribution a pour objectif de décrire la composante phonologique d’apprenants L2 et de la mettre en relation avec le développement de la morphologie et de la syntaxe. Pour cela on s’appuie sur des réalisations phoniques variables de mots en polonais par des apprenants L1 italien du projet VILLA produits après quatorze heures d’exposition à un input contrôlé. Alors que la stabilisation progressive des réalisations phoniques est liée à une structure pré-phonologique dans le lecte d’apprenant, la réduction de l’instabilité syllabique préfigure la stabilisation d’une structure pré-morphologique attestée dans les lectes postbasiques. L’analyse de la composante phonétique permet de mieux définir le lecte des apprenants VILLA du polonais L2 par rapport au lecte de base.

Constitutionalism and Pluralism: A Conflicted Relationship?

The briefest conceptual inquiry suggests why the relationship between constitutionalism and pluralism is a conflicted one. Constitutionalism speaks to the broad conviction that an institutional and normative framework for our common forms of political life can be supplied through a legal code. Pluralism offers a concept with an even wider referential scope. Yet what all variants of pluralism have in common is an emphasis upon the existence of a multiplicity and diversity of sources of whatever is central to the particular plural domain in question, and upon the need to accommodate that multiplicity and diversity in terms that are not reducible to a set ranking or any other general ordering formula. These features are present whether we are concerned with a pluralism of social and political constituencies – the type of pluralism (‘political pluralism’ for short) with which constitutionalism is most directly engaged - or with a pluralism of moral values, or world-views, or institutional forms, or even of overall normative systems. It follows that the scope for constitutionalism and pluralism both to repel and to embrace one another is apparent. The formal promise of constitutionalism typically sounds in singular terms. Constitutionalism is predicated on the idea of one overarching register of authority for the political domain as a whole, paradigmatically in the shape of the modern state. Yet the notions of unity, closure and hierarchical organisation of the duly constituted polity achievement are at odds with those of diversity, unsettlement and heterarchical accommodation we associate with the condition of political pluralism and its management. That is to say, the material circumstances and terms of engagement of constitutionalism are highly pluralistic. The sustaining of political society is today more than ever concerned with the negotiation and reconciliation of the differences in self-understanding and world-view between these individuals and groups who live together in physical or other forms of practical proximity. The success of any constitutional project in fashioning and sustaining such a polity depends on how acutely it comprehends and how effectively it addresses that basic plurality and variety, notwithstanding constitutionalism’s own formal singularity and unity. By exploring the disjunction, and associated tensions, between the formal unity and material pluralism of constitutionalism, we can capture much of the distinctive promise, limitations and challenges of the constitutional method today. In the paper, I conduct that exploration by looking at the two broad ways in which constitutionalism in practice seeks to entertain political pluralism. It does so most immediately as a matter of internal reference, operating within the confines of the constitutional order itself through what we may call ‘plural constitutionalism’. It also does so more remotely as a matter of external reference, addressing the relationship of overlap and interplay between constitutional orders through what we may call ‘constitutional pluralism’. In making these inquiries, we also address the key question of just how much continuity there is or can be between these two approaches – between plural constitutionalism and constitutional pluralism. To what extent, if at all, does it make sense to see these quite different formal architectures as the product of one and the same ‘constitutional ethic’?

Examination of Basic Variety Characteristics of Sweet Corn in Conditions of the Southern Slovakia

Abstract The production of sweet corn has been increased recently. It is a very delicious vegetable species with wide variety assortment. Nowadays, new varieties which come to markets are characterized by improved properties, higher sugar content and their stability in storage. Thus, it is necessary to know basic variety parameters for better orientation in wide corn assortment. According to earliness, sweet corn varieties were classified to following groups: very early or early (RISING SUN F1; 874 F1; SF 1073 F1; SF 583 F1); middle-late (SF 681 F1; 1027 F1; ASTRONAUT F1); late (GALAXY F1; SPACE SHIP F1) and very late (MATADOR F1). The day number from tassel anthesis to harvest is an important parameter of sweet corn for potential grower and its lowest value was found at variety RISING SUN F1. On the basis of gained results, we classified all evaluated varieties to the group of super-sweet corn (sh-2) with slow decline of sugar content and storage possibility in cold conditions from 4 to 7 days after harvest. The sugar content of sweet corn is a parameter having important role for purchase by consumers. The variety had statistically significant impact to the sugar content and its highest value was determined at variety 874 F1.

Underlying principles of organizational competence

We argue that a cognitive perspective provides an understanding of the principles underlying the communication of L2 learners. Specifically we propose that learners’ knowledge of organizational competence, the ordering of information in sentences to construct texts, is principled and underlain by language and communicative universals. We assume that knowledge of language is modular; there are two basic principles that all learners have access to. There is a universal pragmatic principle based on Relevance Theory and universal principles of ordering based on the Basic Variety. We show how these assumptions provide insight into the non-target-like structures in texts composed by low-level L2 learners

Naturalistic second language acquisition: a case of adoption in Italy

The functional approach to the interlanguage of spontaneous learners of L2 helps identify that from the very beginning without yet possessing many resources of the target language the speaker makes a systemic use of them. When acquiring a language in a natural environment the effectiveness of communication is of vital importance to the speaker because he or she must start interacting without yet having acquired many of the elements of the structure of the target language. A second language learner makes use of the cognitive resources already in possession and therefore when beginning to use the new language invokes the universal pragmatic principles for utterance organization such as word order. A very important step in L2 acquisition is the appearance of the predicate in the interlanguage of the learner because then the utterances of the speaker are constructed following also the semantic-syntactic principles. This variety of the learnerʼs interlanguage, called the basic variety, is in principle sufficient for elementary communication and the development of interlanguage in the morphological perspective for some learners fossilizes in this variety. In due time and given favourable conditions, the interlanguage of the learner can move on to the so-called post-basic variety that sees the formation of a system approaching that of the target language and the principles of utterance organization previously used are gradually replaced by syntactic principles characteristic of the specific target language. The situation of international adoption presents favourable conditions for the language acquisition of younger and also older children. The article offers examples and analysis of the linguistic behaviour of an over 11-year-old Lithuanian girl adopted to Italy. Her linguistic behaviour has been meticulously observed and recorded for a year after the adoption starting from the very first contact with the new language. The analysis shows that the structure of the target language is acquired according to the universal model proceeding from simple to more complex forms. However the situation in which the acquisition takes place determines the rapidity of L2 acquisition and a very advanced level after a year in the new country. The observed girl reaches the basic variety after having spent only a month surrounded by the new language and one month later her interlanguage demonstrates clear signs of morphological sensitivity and the interlanguage system heading towards that of the target language. After a year in the country the entire Italian verb system is in place, including the most complex parts of it. Moreover, the girl makes use of those system elements that are optional, in a way that native speakers are able to do.

HOME USERS SECURITY AND THE WEB BROWSER INBUILT SETTINGS, FRAMEWORK TO SETUP IT AUTOMATICALLY

We are living in the electronic age where electronic transactions such as e-mail, e-banking, e-commerce and e-learning becoming more and more prominent. To access online for this services, the web browser is today’s almost unique software used. These days’ hackers know that browsers are installed into all computers and can be used to compromise a machine by distributing malware via malicious or hacked websites. Also these sites use JavaScript to manipulate browsers and can drive user system to failures. Each browser have inbuilt features setting that define his behavior, unfortunately most of end users are unwilling to enable or disable this features securely, because many of them still do not understand even basic security concepts nor variety of security technologies present in a browser. This study will deeply discuss specific modern browser inbuilt features settings and associated security risks and we present a framework developed to enhance user surfing safety by configuring automatically all installed browsers features settings securely, we call it Automatic Safe Browser Launcher, to solidify the claim, we check each browser before and after with free tool (browser_tests-1.03) which is a collection of test cases to test browser vulnerability. The more configured security features your browser has, the better protected you are from online threats.

Visual object processing as a function of stimulus energy, retinal eccentricity and Gestalt configuration: A high-density electrical mapping study

To reveal the fundamental processes underlying the different stages of visual object perception, most studies have manipulated relatively complex images, such as photographs, line drawings of natural objects, or perceptual illusions. Here, rather than starting from complex images and working backward to infer simpler processes, we investigated how the visual system parses and integrates information contained in stimuli of the most basic variety. Simple scatterings of a few points of light were manipulated in terms of their numerosity, spatial extent, and organization, and high-density electrophysiological recordings were made from healthy adults engaged in an unrelated task. We reasoned that this approach permitted an uncontaminated view of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the related neural processes. We were guided in our predictions by the “frame-and-fill” model for object perception, whereby fast inputs to the dorsal stream of the visual “where” system first frame the spatial extent of visual objects, which are subsequently “filled-in” by the slower activation of the ventral stream of the visual “what” system. Our findings were consistent with this view, showing a rapidly-onsetting effect of spatial extent in dorsal stream sources, and later-onsetting effects due to dot number and symmetry, which were deemed to be more closely tied to the details of object identity, from ventral stream sources. This collection of observations provides an important baseline from which to understand the spatio-temporal properties of basic visual object perception, and from which to test dysfunction of this system in clinical populations.

Pidgin-creoles as a scattered sprachbund

That creole languages resemble each other beyond the diversity of their lexifiers and formative environments is a fact. Similarity should not be overstated, however, as creole languages also differ from each other in important ways. Hence the fundamental issues of creole studies: why are Creoles similar and what makes them different? What kind of a language group do they constitute? A genetic family they certainly are not, nor are they a typological group: creole languages do not constitute a type of their own. Assuming universal grammar viewed as a language bioprogram (LB) to be the principle of creole similarity strongly overstates this similarity. Moreover there are reasons to doubt the reality of the LB. Actually the kind of partial similarities exhibited by creole languages looks rather like what languages in a sprachbund or linguistic area have in common. How can languages scattered all over the world constitute an area, though? An answer is proposed in this study, which rests on two assumptions. First, creole languages constitute a virtual (non-spatial) area by virtue of their very similar origins, namely strong punctuations (catastrophes in a technical sense) involving Basic Variety (pidgin) episodes. Secondly, the (by no means necessary) aftermath of the catastrophe was an exceptional and limited repairing recourse to default grammar, whereby is meant a non-innate (at least not genetically coded), usage-based organization of the sound-meaning interface ensuring semantic transparency, that is the most direct mapping possible given (a) the organization of language sound; (b) the nature of meaning; (c) human preferred ways of associating forms and notions, also relevant for drawing, tool making, and so forth. Beyond that, creole languages are free to differ according to their lexifiers, substrates, adstrates, and so forth.

A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR SUGARCANE VARIETY SELECTION IN SOUTH AFRICA BASED ON GENOTYPE-BY-ENVIRONMENT ANALYSES

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to develop a basic variety selection decision support system (DSS) based on industry legalities, varietal characteristics and structured genotype-by-environment (G × E) analyses. Trial data extracted from a variety trial database at the South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI) were categorized into different regions, harvest ages (12, 18, 24 months) and harvest seasons (early, mid, late season harvests). Restricted maximum likelihood analyses were conducted regionally to determine varietal adaptability to different harvest ages and seasons. Highly significant variety × harvest age and variety × season interactions allowed for the appropriate categorization of varieties. Varietal adaptability to different yield potential conditions was determined using the sites regression technique, and varietal adaptability was interpreted from the slope of the regression curves. The analysed data were used to create simplistic ‘yes/no’ spreadsheets, which were housed within a relational database. A web interface linked to the database allows users to specify characteristics of their production environment. The system then selects appropriate varieties that conform to specified criteria and eliminates non-compliers in a stepwise approach. The system was subsequently validated against expert extension specialist opinion and acceptable performance was observed.