Basic Technological Operations Research Articles

Production and economic justification of different methods of feeding roughage to calves

The purpose of the research is to study the timing of technological operations and the effect of different methods of feeding roughage to Aberdeen Angus calves on age-related changes in the body weight and the effectiveness of cultivation during the dairy period. 3 groups of newborn Aberdeen Angus calves of 10 heads each were formed: 1st (control) – calves fed roughage together with adult livestock, 2nd (control) – calves fed in a separate pen (canteen) from their mothers, 3rd (control) – calves fed in an experimental feeder with limited access for adult livestock located in a separate pen. For the entire period of research, 201 seconds or 3.35 minutes were spent on performing basic technological operations in the 3rd experimental group, which is 3847 seconds or 64.12 minutes, less than in the 1st group and 609 seconds or 10.15 minutes, less than in the 2nd group. The actual palatability from the experimental feeder (calves of the 3rd group) was higher by 132 kg (p > 0.999) than in the 1st group and by 66 kg (p > 0.99) than in the 2nd group. The smallest amount of uneaten hay residues was in the experimental feeder and amounted to 99 kg which is 54 kg less (p > 0.999), than in the 1st group and 18 kg less than in the 2nd group (p > 0.99). The minimum hay losses were 36 kg in the 3rd group, while in the 1st group this figure was 114 kg, and in the 2nd group 84 kg, which is more by 78 (p > 0.999) and 48 kg (p > 0.999), respectively. At the age of six months, the calves of the 3rd group surpassed the live weight of the herdmates of other groups by 4.2–6.1 kg (p > 0.95–0.99). Their superiority in average daily growth over the entire study period was 21–33 g (p > 0.95–0.99). It turned out to be more cost-effective (by 2.8–4.7 abs. %) to raise the calves which were fed hay from a developed feeder.

Laser Rangefinder Methods: Autonomous-Vehicle Trajectory Control in Horticultural Plantings

This article presents a developed motion control system for a robotic platform based on laser-ranging methods, a graph traversal algorithm and the search for the optimal path. The algorithm was implemented in an agricultural building and in the field. As a result, the most efficient algorithm for finding the optimal path (A*) for the robotic platform was chosen when performing various technological operations. In the Rviz visualization environment, a program code was developed for planning the movement path and setting the points of the movement trajectory in real time. To find the optimal navigation graph in an artificial garden, an application was developed using the C# programming language and Visual Studio 2019. The results of the experiments showed that field conditions can differ significantly from laboratory conditions, while the positioning accuracy is significantly lower. The statistical processing of the experimental data showed that, for the movement of a robotic platform along a given trajectory in the field, the most effective conditions are as follows: speed: 2.5 km/h; illumination: 109,600 lux; distance to the tree: 0.5 m. An analysis of the operating parameters of the LiDAR sensor showed that it provides a high degree of positioning accuracy under various lighting conditions at various speeds in the aisles of a garden 3 m wide with an inter-stem distance of 1.5 m and a tree crown width of 0.5 m. The use of sensors—rangefinders of the optical range—allows for the performance of positional movements of the robotic platform and ensures the autonomous performance of the basic technological operations of the units in intensive gardens with a deviation from the specified trajectory of no more than 8.4 cm, which meets the agrotechnical requirements.

PERSPECTIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF GROATS PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been an increase in the share of small enterprises in the grain industry, the number of which is increasing even today. At most of such enterprises, it is impossible to apply the existing longterm full grain processing technologies, there is a reduction in the number of basic technological operations, often not sufficiently substantiated, which affects the quality of the end products, which do not always meet all the basic norms of the regulations applicable to end products. Considering the modern technological solutions offered by leading manufacturers for the production of flaked products and quick-cooking products, it is possible to note the equipment of the Buhler company, which allows to monitor production control and, accordingly, achieve greater production efficiency. To date, the Buhler company offers the batch steamer MBDA for the steaming stage, which is recommended to be combined with the BCFB flaking machine. This technological equipment in combination gives high quality and reliability of the equipment itself, allows to implement energy-saving technologies at enterprises and obtain controlled production of quality products. Today, in addition to traditional grain, such crops as lentils, chickpeas, beans, wheat-spelt, spelt, naked varieties of oats and barley are processed in part or in small batches at the enterprises of the industry. Lentil is a promising leguminous crop for the grain industry. In the world, it is widely grown as a food and fodder crop. Among leguminous crops, lentils occupy an intermediate place in terms of protein content, with a protein content of 25-36%, while the share of carbohydrates is 45-55%, fat - 3-4%. The first variety of «Linza» edible lentils was registered in 2005. After that, the following varieties were registered only in 2017-2018: «Antonina» (2017), «Darinka» (2017), «YeSMaksymum» (2017), «Blondie» (2018), «Harry» (2018), «SNIM 18» (2018), Chrysolite (2018), which indicates an understanding of the potential of this culture both for the domestic market and for increasing the export potential of our country. The last to enter the register were «Serpanok» (2020) and «RED» (2021) varieties, which indicates the continued work of breeders to expand the varietal base of this crop in Ukraine.

Automation of the technological process of forming details with straight rifts

The subject matter of the article is technological line for the production of thick sheet parts with rifts, made of structural and special steels. The goal of the work is analysis and creation of methods of managing basic technological operations at all stages of the technological process of the automated production of such parts. The following tasks were solved in the article: formation of models of the main stages of forming parts with rectilinear rifts and control of dynamic properties of selected systems of their implementation. The following methods used are – methods of numerical integration and numerical methods of solving differential equations; analytical solution of differential equations based on the Dahlembert principle or by using the Lagrange equation; frequency analysis of transfer functions of individual links, presented in the form of fractional-rational functions. The following results were obtained – constructed in the first approximation the composition and sequence of the main operations of the generalized technological process of the automated production of thick-walled sheet parts with rifts; according to the results of the analysis of the process of elastic-plastic change of the shape of the region with many connections, the input and output parameters necessary for building a control model of the specified process were determined; it is determined that for its implementation it is necessary to ensure free deformation of at least 0.25 % of the rift surface area outside of contact with the forming tool, and the necessary technological methods for this are proposed; proposed variants of the technical implementation of the selected technological methods; the results of modeling schemes and modes of operation of the necessary technical equipment are presented. Conclusions: The application of the proposed structure, composition and sequence of main operations of the generalized technological process of the automated production of thick-walled sheet parts with cracks, based on its implementation by the selected methods on the proposed equipment, will allow to ensure the effective management of the quality of the production of the specified parts at each stage of the technological process.

Effect of high-speed steel screw drill geometry on cutting performance when machining austenitic stainless steel

Drilling into the solid material is one of the basic technological operations, which creates a cylindrical hole in an appropriate time with required quality. Drilling operation demands a favourable removal of chips from the cutting area because a creation of an undesirable shape of chips can impart a lower quality of the drilled hole corresponding with the generation of excess heat due to the intense contact of the chip with drill. The solution for a proper machining is a suitable modification of the drill geometry i.e., point and clearance angles as presented in current study. The tested drills are made of M35 high-speed steel characterized by a very thin core at the point of the drill. An interesting feature of the drills is the use of cutting speed higher than 30 m min−1, with the feed of 0.2 mm per revolution. The surface roughness (Ra and Rz lower than 1 µm and 6 µm respectively), cylindricity (0.045 mm), roundness (0.025 mm), perpendicularity of the hole axis (0.025 mm), diameters and position of the individual holes were achieved for a drill with point angle 138.32°and clearance angle 6.92 respectively. The increase of the drill point angle by 6° resulted in the decrease in the feed force of more than 150 N. In addition, an increase of the clearance angle by 1° resulted with a decrease in the feed force of 70 N. The results of the experiment showed that with the correct geometry of the tool the effective machining without using internal cooling can be realised.

Man’s slate polished knives in the Old Bering Sea culture and their manufacturing technology (based on the materials of the Ekven burial ground and ethnographic data)

Ethnoarchaeological research, which gained great popularity in the second half of the 20th century, has become a new full-fledged source for a variety of socio-economic reconstructions in archaeology, including when characterizing the features of industrial complexes. Developments that combine experimental traceological analysis of tools and ethnographic data play an important role in modeling ancient technologies, especially when ethnographic artifacts are a direct continuation of archaeological traditions, both in terms of their manufacturing method and specific purpose. In this regard, the study of stone knives from the Ekven burial ground of the 1st millennium AD is of great interest, discovered in Chukotka. These products have retained their specific form from antiquity to the present day. The presence in the archaeological and ethnographic collections of these items in varying degrees of processing and use (from blanks to tools with a completely recycled or redesigned working blade) made it possible not only to describe the chain of basic technological operations of their manufacture from the primary processing of raw materials, shaping, processing of the working and edge parts, mounts in the handle, but also to install the tools involved in this production process. The data obtained were verified using experimental work, which confirmed the invariability of the technology for processing slate raw materials and manufacturing archaeological and ethnographic man’s knives from it.

Раціоналізація спільної роботи залізничних станцій у вузлі

In this work the variants of rational technology for the redistribution of the sorting and shunting work between sorting and freight stations in the formation of the gear trains, taking into account possible detailed the selection of individual groups of cars for specific cargo fronts .This gives the possibility of optimal use of screening devices and shunting locomotives as sorting and freight stations, as well as the reduction of the length of time of local cars during the execution of the basic technological operations in the railway node. The studies of the structure of volumes with the processing of coming to the sorting stations, it was found that of the total local traffic volume ranges from 7% to 12% and the accumulation time of trains gear trains – up to 8 hours or more. Given that the time for the completion of the formation of these compounds through an slide in the rail yard for much less than freight (depending on the number of groups of wagons ) and that the cost of recycling of one car on the yard and station at 5 – 6 times less than the cargo, was asked to undertake the completion of the formation to the exactions of railway freight fronts in the rail yard, especially at this time when the reduction in the total amount of work sorting slides have sufficient reserve processing capacity. The dependences for determining the number of groups of wagons with defined assignment freight station in trains transfer trains, as well as finding the average number of uncoupling , which determines the amount of shunting work on the exhaust paths.

Robotic Technologies in Horticulture: Analysis and Implementation Prospects

Abstract The article contains an analytical review and perspectives of robotic technologies in horticulture. Trends in the growth of production, implementation, and sales of robots in various regions of the world are revealed. The analysis showed a lag in the introduction of agricultural robots compared to other sectors of the economy, as well as a significant gap between the countries of the Asian region and other continents. A review of technical means of three main components of ground agricultural robots is considered: navigation systems, sensors, and platform design. Examples of constructing a tree trajectory using the A* algorithm and using the Rviz visualization tools and the Github PathFindings graphical web service are given. As a result of the conducted research, the use of Lidar sensors is recommended, which will make it possible to design the route of robotic platforms, build maps by scanning a previously unknown surrounding space and updating the resulting map at each step of the algorithm in real time. The use of existing modern sensors with an optical rangefinder with a resolution of 4.5 million pixels, a frame rate of 25 frames per second and the ability to automatically adapt to the light level in combination with stereo cameras and GPS/GLONASS navigation will improve the positioning accuracy of robotic platforms and ensure autonomous operation. To perform basic technological operations for the care of plantings with row spacing of 2.5-4 m, a tree crown height up to 3-3.5 m with intensive technologies, the following design parameters of a robotic platform are required: agro-treatment of at least 1200 mm, adjustable track width of 1840-2080 mm, weight not more than 400 kg, load capacity not less than 1000 kg, the power of the power plant is not less than 5 kW.

Разработка системы управления движением роботизированной платформы на основе методов лазерной дальнометрии (LiDAR)

The motion control system of the robotic platform should design a route and build a map of the platform’s real-time movement. The authors have developed a system for controlling the movement of a robotic platform in rows of garden plantings based on the technology of measuring distances by emitting light with an optical range rangefi nder LiDAR sensor. They have obtained a program code for planning the path of travel and setting the points of the travel trajectory in the Python programming language in the Ubuntu operating system (the Rviz visualization environment). To fi nd the optimal trajectory, they have applied an algorithm for traversing the graph and fi nding the optimal path. As a result, they have designed a robotic platform equipped with a LiDAR Velodyne Puck sensor (VLP-16) and a Benewake TFmini Plus rangefi nder measuring in real time the distance between the robotic platform and the apple tree model via a serial port (COM port). The accuracy of the robotic platform travel was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experiment was conducted with the use of Super Lamp Holder SLH3 45W 220v 5500K RoHS fl uorescent discharge lamps, the illumination level varied from 10000 to 110000 lux and was controlled with the help of an Uprtek MF250N pulse spectrometer. The factorial experiment revealed the most effi cient travel mode of the robotic platform along the given trajectory: travel speed - 2.5 km/h; illuminance - 109600 lux; distance to the tree - 0.5 m. Positioning of the robotic platform relative to each tree in the rows of plantations and autonomous performance of basic technological operations with a deviation from the specifi ed trajectory of not more than 1.5 to 2 cm meet the agrotechnical requirements for monitoring of orchard plantations, application of plant protection agents, harvesting of fruit crops, and contour pruning of tree crowns.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES AS A FACTOR OF INFLUENCE ON THE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC COMPONENT OF AGRICULTURE

The development of ecologically safe rural production is currently one of the most promising areas of the agricultural sector. This necessitates the study of areas of greening of agricultural development, which aims to reduce the negative impact on the environment, improve the quality of agricultural products, compliance with environmental requirements in the process of its production. The article outlines the author’s concept of greening of agricultural production. It is substantiated that in order to ensure and develop the greening of agricultural production in Ukraine, there is an objective need to introduce digital technologies. This primarily applies to the transition of domestic farmers to precision of farming technology. The article is devoted to revealing the potential of precision farming technologies in crop production as a leading branch of agricultural production, the most important source of human food resources. The strategy of using precision farming technologies is aimed at maximally attracting and using various information to develop timely and effective agro-technological solutions, their optimization in relation to specific soil-climatic and economic conditions of agricultural enterprises, differentiated implementation of basic technological operations within the field to achieve maximum quantitative and qualitative indicators. The paper identifies the prerequisites that determine the choice of precision farming technologies, which are grouped into three groups: socio-economic, technical-technological, environmental. On the basis of the conducted analysis the estimation of application of digital technologies at the agricultural enterprises in the modern period is made. It is explained the need to increase the level of digitalization, which will provide an opportunity to use the latest advances in information technology. The examples of introduction of digital technologies in large domestic agricultural holdings are given. Economic calculations of the introduction of certain digital technologies into the production activities of the Uladovo-Lyulinetskaya Research and Selection Station have been carried out, which makes it possible to objectively assess the prospects for the practical use of precision farming technologies. The economic and ecological advantages of digital agriculture in the context of ensuring the greening of agricultural production are established. The factors that slow down the introduction of digital farming technologies in the activities of agricultural enterprises have been identified. Keywords: agriculture, agricultural production, crop production, digital technologies, digital agriculture, greening

Interaction of vibroimpact lattice and screen sieve in anti-phase oscillation mode

Introduction. One of basic technological operations in construction technology is a process of classification of fine grained mineral materials, for example, natural sand. The related actual problem is connected with increasing performance and effectiveness of screening of sand medium, in particular reducing the contamination of screening surface of vibrating screens from seal particles and sticking in sieve holes wedge-shaped grains. The solution of this problem concludes in performing by the use of vibroimpact screens of various operating principle. One of innovative vibroimpact screen constructions is a screen with vibroimpact lattice, mounted under sieve with a gap on spring elements, which provides an impulse impact on all sieve surface area. Such construction provides increasing the effectiveness of sieve cleaning due to the transfer to sieve impact impulse in each screen oscillation period and reducing its excessive damage and abrasion by increasing the area of vibroimpact lattice and sieve interaction. The purpose of the work is to determinate functional relationships of dynamical interaction between elements of three-mass vibroimpact ‘screen body – vibroimpact lattice – sieve’ system for providing the necessary value of impact impulse transferred to sieve in relation to screen body oscillation frequency and amount of gap between lattice and sieve.Materials and methods. The research is based on a method of mathematical modelling. On the first stage the research is being conducted with using two-mass ‘screen body – vibroimpact lattice’ model without consideration the impact between lattice and sieve for determination the oscillation frequency range of in-phase oscillation regime and gap values providing an impact between lattice and sieve. For the calculation of displacement of screen elements and for research the relationships of its parameters in selected range the three-mass model of vibroimpact model of screen with one impact pair is used on a second stage of research.Results. As a result of calculation obtained the functional relationships of correlation of the gap between vibroimpact lattice and screen sieve and oscillation frequency on the impact impulse transferred to sieve and sieve double amplitude were obtained. The developed recommendations for practical using of obtained relationships for adjustment operating regimes of vibroimpact screen which allow to establish the screen operating oscillation frequency and value of gap between lattice and sieve for providing high effectiveness of sieve holes cleaning from contaminating particles.Discussion and Conclusions. Performed mathematical modelling allowed to obtain dependencies of influence of gap between sieve and vibroimpact lattice and screen elements oscillation frequency on impulse transferred on screen sieve and sieve double amplitude. Developed practical recommendations of obtained dependencies allow to perform an effective adjustment of vibroimpact screen operating regimes and reduce the labor intensity of works being performed during its starting-up and maintenance.

In the transmission of the 1.4 drawbar category mobile power vehicle on the performance indicators of machine and tractor units

The aim of the work is to scientifically substantiate a way to improve the technical, economic and agrotechnological performance indicators of machine-tractor units, compiled on the basis of traction power equipment of category 1.4, the main technological operations in the cultivation of various crops by reducing the level of dynamic processes in their connections. It is established that the elastic damping mechanism with nonlinear characteristics and optimal parameters installed in front of the drive shaft of the power transmission of a traction power tool of category 1.4 provides favorable conditions for the functioning of all links of machine-tractor units for agricultural purposes, with them the main technological operations are performed, which contributes to the improvement of its technical, economic and agrotechnological indicators. The installation of an elastic-damping mechanism with nonlinear characteristics and optimal parameters in front of the drive shaft of the tractor traction category 1.4 provides an increase in productivity by more than 8% while reducing specific fuel consumption by 9% or more, as well as improving the quality performance of machine-tractor units when they perform basic technological operations.

Повышение работоспособности рабочих органов и трибосистем технологического оборудования харвестеров

Ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises of the forest complex is largely due to the level of reliable and high-performance equipment use, since this achieves a significant increase in the efficiency of timber harvesting and processing. At the same time, the required level of reliability of logging machines is largely determined by the performance of their functional units that carry out the basic technological operations. Accordingly, the development and implementation of ways and methods to improve the performance of functional units of machines is important when creating promising models of the specified equipment. This requires an analysis of the prospects and technical possibilities for improving the main mechanisms and units of logging machines and the factors limiting their performance. In order to improve the performance of machine functional units, it is essential to ensure the coordinated provision of favorable levels of a significant number of design and technological parameters. In particular, it is advisable to optimize the nature of the relative movement of the friction-contacting surfaces of the parts and reduce the loads acting on them. This is due to the fact that these factors determine the wear resistance and friction resistance, as well as the thermal mode of the machine operation, the stress state of the functional surface layers and the strength of the fixed joints. At the same time, the influence of operating conditions, the wear intensity and service life of the objects under study should be taken into account. This approach is due to the fact that tribotechnical units of logging machines perform their functions under the action of high shock, cyclic and vibration loads, in a wide range of harsh natural and climatic conditions characterized by low temperatures, high humidity, and the action of chemical and abrasive media. All this should be considered when justifying effective ways to improve the performance of functional units, including manipulators of logging machines, and achieved through regulated directional control of the properties of surface layers in the design and manufacture of friction-contacting parts. The paper substantiates the need to create scientific and engineering foundations for improving the performance of functional units and working bodies of machines, as well as achieving the required performance, durability and reliability. For this purpose, the tasks of further research aimed at obtaining information, the absence of which makes it impossible to create domestic import-substituting equipment, are clarified. For citation: Pamfilov E.A., Kapustin V.V., Pilyushina G.A., Sheveleva E.V. Improving the Performance of Working Bodies and Tribosystems of Harvester Technological Equipment. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 135–149. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-135-149

Detailing and perfection of calculation of productivity of drawing lines for rebars of A500C and B500C class production based on analysis of procurement contracts

When foreign companies supply equipment for production of class A500 and B500 cold rebars to the Russian market, the manufacturer as a rule estimate its production indices by generally accepted parameters: machine utilization index (MUI), drawing speed and bars diameter (sometimes with specific differentiation). Usually, MUI and drawing speed are presented as the highest reached parameters without accounting particular conditions of operation at a customer, and sometimes – without configuration of the equipment. With a high price of equipment, a customer often gets low efficiency coefficient of correspondence between the high production parameters announced by the manufacturer and those being realized in practice. It was shown that drawing lines for production rebars of the class mentioned above, are typical by equipment content, for example unreeling and power segments. The difference can be only in coiling equipment segment. Such an equipment refers to equipment of cycling products discharge, which is done only at a coil change (a full coil for an empty one). Accumulation of tonnage is provided by a number of coils, which as a result (of a shift, day, month and a year) makes a production program of such drawing lines. If the change of coils at any coiler configuration (automatic, semi-automatic or manual) requires halt of the drawing line, then such halts must be accounted in the time balance of line operation and down times. Accounting of them can considerably change the announced production indices. Per se the production program of such drawing lines should be made taking into consideration actual MUI, but not the advertising one. Results of monitoring of contractual data of some foreign companies presented, to evaluate actuality of the announced by them indices of the equipment production program, supplied at the Russian market. The calculations of down times accounting change time and coils tonnage, as a relative index of drawing lines productivity and their analysis showed that the advertising data presented in the analyzed contracts, cannot be considered as representing and reference ones for making commercial production program of a customer. A method of calculation proposed and recommendations presented, which any customer can use when making inquiry for purchasing drawing equipment from any manufacturer. Also, the method can be used for internal monitoring of in-house production under conditions of particular state of engineer infrastructure and level of automation and mechanization of basic technological operations.

Traditional methods of processing precious metals of Sakha people

The article examines a little-studied topic about ancient manual technology for processing precious metals of the people of the Republic (Sakha) of Yakutia. Over the course of its long history, the basic technological operations of processing precious metals haven’t lost their essence, in the process of their development they improved, modernized, but retained their unique archaism. The main content of the study is an analysis of traditional methods of processing precious metals of the Sakha people and methods of their use in modern conditions.

Методика создания математической модели виртуального машинно-тракторного агрегата

The issue of developing a type of mobile energy means (MES), as well as a unified methodology for its formation, as an organizational basis for tractor policy is considered.The basic basis for completing the optimal options for units is the traction parameters of tractors, which are included in the system of their classification. To date, not only the final version of the type of mobile energy means is lacking, but also a unified methodology for its formation.Based on the results of scientific works of scientists who developed the classification of tractors, we propose our own version of modeling the functionality of traction-energy and traction concepts, the classification of which is based on GOST 27021-86, respectively. This technique reveals the essence of creating a mathematical model of a virtual MTA for traction tractors.For the development of the methodology, the initial data were formed on the basis of completing the units for performing nine basic technological operations in the conventional farm. For each of the units at all operations, the following calculations were performed: productivity per hour of the main time, fuel consumption per unit of work, the actual utilization factor of the tractor weight and specific traction resistance of the unit working bodies.After the performed calculations for all technological operations, a functional relationship was established between the productivity of the MTA per hour of the main time, the utilization factor of the tractor weight and the operating weight of the tractor. And also a functional relationship was established between fuel consumption per unit of work, the utilization factor of the tractor weight and the operating weight of the tractor.Functional connections were obtained using the Lab fit program by constructing 3d surfaces. After constructing all 3d surfaces, analytical dependences were obtained with the formation of coefficients a and b for all technological operations.The obtained analytical dependencies for productivity and fuel consumption are the final mathematical model of a virtual MTA, which takes into account the weight of the tractor as the main parameter of tractors of the traction concept, and its relationship with the productivity and fuel consumption (through the use of appropriate coefficients) when performing a specific technological operation.

MAIN TRENDS OF MARKETING INNOVATIONS DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOUR OPERATING

The article examines the role of the tourism industry in the world economy, reveals the specifics of the innovation process in tourism. The classification of innovations in tourism according to the object of their application is given. The main directions of using innovative marketing technologies in the field of tourism services are considered: release of new types of tourism product, change in the organization of production and consumption, identification and use of new markets, as well as the use of new equipment and technology. Factors that accelerate the introduction of marketing innovations are studied. Based on the analysis of world experience, several models of regulation of innovative tour operating activities in the EU have been identified. The first direction of formation of the model of the innovations development in tourism is the activity of stimulating innovations in the public and private sectors of tourism with the aim of their transition to a qualitatively new model of touring (similar model is used in Greece, Italy and Portugal). The second direction is defined as the internationalization and opening of new markets (a similar model of stimulating innovative development is typical of Spain, Romania and partly Norway). The third one includes support for entrepreneurship in the field of tourism, stimulation of entrepreneurial initiatives, opening a new tourism business (A similar model of stimulating innovation in tourism is typical of many countries in Europe, Australia, New Zealand). The fourth direction is the promotion of the country, its tourism product, including educational and cultural ones (A similar model is typical of Bulgaria, Croatia, Spain, Turkey, Thailand). The role of introduction and active development of e-business and marketing technologies is defined, especially in modern conditions. The necessity of development of the newest directions of the Internet marketing in the field of tourism, including mobile, Internet branding and geomarketing, is proved. The role of innovative marketing technologies as one of the central elements of modern development of activity of tourist firms, the necessity of application of computer technologies and non-standard ways of giving of the information during carrying out modern technical maintenance, are justified. The first group of such technological solutions consists of management technologies, including property management system (PMS), aimed at optimization of basic technological operations. The modern hotels and chains are trying to present themselves not only in global distribution system (GDS), which has become a powerful advertising tool, but also in alternative distribution system (ADS), which is primarily needed by hotels focused on the business segment. Global distribution system (GDS) is also closely integrated into well-known booking systems such as Booking.com, HRS, Agoda, Travelocity, Expedia etc. The next group is for food and beverages inventory management technology (F&B). The group of marketing technologies includes search engine optimization measures (SEO and PPC), which allow to raise the hotel site in search engine rankings, E-mail Marketing as a means of maintaining constant communication with the client, marketing activities in social media (Social Media Optimization), creation of virtual hotels or illusions of visiting a hotel (Second Life and Virtual Hotels Conclusion), branding, etc. The last group of technologies are service ones, i.e. technologies for improving hotel products and services. Innovative technologies are developing in the direction of ensuring sustainable development (greening of hotel services and activities), inclusion in traditional technological operations of innovative components: electronic concierge terminals, access to hotel services via mobile devices, maximizing Internet access, etc. Based on the analysis of the activities of large tour operators, regional differences have been identified in Turkey, Greece, Croatia, Spain, Austria, Norway and France. It is proved that marketing innovations in tourism have a qualitative novelty, which affects the promising areas of tourism development, improvement of existing tourism products, improving the image and competitiveness of the tourism industry. Based on the study, it is generalized that the role of marketing innovations in international tourism has been growing every year, and it has become especially relevant in the conditions of the COVID-19 crisis. For travel companies, the effect of marketing innovation can be expressed in the qualitatively new changes in the tourism industry, improving the efficiency of tourism infrastructure, management of sustainable operation and development of tourism in the country and the formation, positioning and consumption of tourism services, improving the image and competitiveness of travel companies.

Assessment of professional risks in the operation of mud pumps

Assessment of professional risks in the performance of basic technological operations in drilling oil and gas wells is today an important scientific and practical task in the field of labor protection. The article discusses the main negative production factors that lead to damage to the health of workers during the operation of the mud pump. To exclude injuries, employees should have information about the main occupational risks in carrying out technological operations and have the competence in labor protection and production safety. The conclusion is drawn on the need for further scientific research in the field of analysis and assessment of professional risks in the drilling of oil and gas wells.

Переработка жиросодержащих отходов разного состава с использованием технологии гибкого типа

Present issue proposes a solution to the problem of the waste oils with different composition recycling into esters of fatty acids and low-molecular alcohols by using flexible type technology. Waste oils differ in the composition of hydrocarbon radicals of the vegetable oils triglycerides and in the content of the free fatty acids impurities. For waste oils processing it is advisable to use technology options that differ in combinations of basic technological operations. An algorithm is proposed for selecting the main technological operations and their combinations for inclusion in the technology process, taking into account the composition of the recycling raw materials and the type of product obtained. The flexibility of the technology is provided by using different combinations of reactor blocks, each of which is designed to perform one of the provided technological operations. The developed flexible type technology was tested in the recycling of experimental batch of the low-eruption rapeseed oil waste.

Principles of creation of specialized sugar cookies for baby food conditions of cavitation effects

In order to obtain cookies for baby food of a given composition, including under conditions of cavitation effects, the principles of stabilization of the stages of preliminary preparation of raw materials and basic technological operations have been developed. To obtain two-phase systems during preliminary preparation of raw materials, a set of technological methods has been developed: disaggregating flour under aeration conditions with a decrease in viscosity by 47% and a density of up to 340 kg/m3, transfer of solid fat components to a plasticized state with a decrease in density by 20%, swelling of egg powder with restoration to a state of melange, obtaining a 50% solution of malt extract with a decrease in viscosity. The creation of a set of technological methods allowed to increase the stabilization of the preparation of the suspension, separated into a separate technological stage, and emulsions, which provide a decrease in density and viscosity, an increase in dispersion and uniform distribution of components in them. The proposed method of feeding granulated sugar into a suspension of 40-60% and the remaining amount in the emulsion under the conditions of application of cavitation influences reduces the average particle size of the solid phase from 25 to 6 microns and increase their number by 65 times while maintaining weight. This increase in the concentration of particles of the solid phase creates conditions for the formation of adsorption layers of moisture around the particles of the solid phase and the osmotic binding of moisture to control the degree of swelling of the flour. The recipes for the children's assortment of sugar cookies have been developed with specified quality indicators obtained under cavitation conditions, with a total sugar content of not more than 22% and fat not more than 18%, which corresponds to a yellow color indication, and with a salt content of 0.3 g/100g – corresponds green indication.