Basic Scale Research Articles

Gender, Racial-Ethnic, and Cohort Effects on STEM Interests: A Fourteen-Year Comparison

Gender and racial-ethnic disparities continue to exist in participation within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Because vocational interests predict career choice and educational interventions to help promote STEM interest among underrepresented groups have increased, research is needed to assess if meaningful changes have occurred with STEM-related interests, particularly among women and people of color who have historically been underrepresented in the STEM workforce. The present study examines vocational interests in large samples of college students across two cohorts who completed the Strong Interest Inventory in 2005 ( N = 6,496) and 2019 ( N = 21,146). Results indicate that STEM-related interest levels have increased both across gender (i.e., men and women) and racial-ethnic groups, specifically for Black, Latinx, Asian, and White college students over this period. Notably, STEM-related interests declined or stayed the same across cohorts for Native American students. Additionally, the gap between women and men narrowed for the Investigative General Occupational Theme and STEM-related Basic Interest Scales. Finally, these results are discussed within the context of vocational interest development and societal STEM-related initiatives and focus on increasing STEM interests among underrepresented youth living in the United States.

An Equine-Assisted Intervention Versus Non-Manualized Psychotherapy for Youth in a Residential Childcare Facility

AbstractCharacteristics of individuals with disruptive behavior disorders often include elevated externalizing behaviors such as impulsivity, defiance of authority and antagonism of social norms. Evidence shows that adolescents diagnosed with these types of disorders are particularly challenging to treat; however, therapies incorporating horses have shown some success. We examined the impact of an equine-assisted intervention compared to a non-manualized cognitive behavioral therapy in youth between 12- and 18-years old living in a residential childcare facility. Upon admittance, youth were administered three assessments: the Youth Self-Report, Adolescent Psychopathology Scale, and Basic Empathy Scale. Youth scoring in the clinical range for at least one externalizing subscale of the Youth Self-Report were assigned to equine-assisted intervention (EQI; N = 23) or non-manualized cognitive behavioral therapy (NM-CBT; N = 20) groups. Each group received a total of 7 h of treatment per week (three 2-hr group sessions and one 1-hr individual session) for 24 weeks. After 24 weeks of treatment, the same three assessments were administered a second time. There were no significant differences between the NM-CBT and EQI groups in the amount of change between assessments. A significant time effect was found for total externalizing behaviors in the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale and Youth Self-Report such that these measures were within the normal range after 24 weeks of treatment for participants in both groups.

MỐI QUAN HỆ GIỮA HÀNH VI GÂY HẤN VÀ KĨ NĂNG TỰ CHỦ CẢM XÚC Ở HỌC SINH TRUNG HỌC CƠ SỞ

The goal of this paper was to explore the relationship between aggressive behavior and emotional self-control skills in middle school students, along with examining the current status of reactive and proactive aggression and emotional self-control skills in students. A total of 1,235 students in grades 6, 7, and 8 in Hanoi, Nghe An, and Ho Chi Minh city participated in the study by answering a set of questions including the Proactive and Reactive Aggression Questionnaire (PRQ, Raine et al., 2006); Aggression Scale (AS - Aggression Scale, Orpinas and Frankowski, 2001); The Basic Empathy Scale (BES, Jolliffe et al., 2006) and emotional self-control skills scale. Research results from this quantitative research illustrated that middle school students demonstrate aggressive behavior at an average level, mainly occasionally performing this behavior but the proportion of secondary students regularly performing aggressive behavior was quite high. There was a negative correlation between aggressive behavior and emotional self-control skills in students; emotional self-control skills and empathy were predictors of aggressive behavior. The analysis, interpretation of results, as well as limitations of the current study, were also discussed in the discussion section of this paper.

Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: further examining and validating an English language version of the work-related basic need satisfaction scale.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) maintains that the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is associated with optimal individual functioning, including in the workplace. A self-report instrument, the Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction scale (W-BNS), has previously been developed and validated in Dutch and Italian. We aimed to validate an English version of the W-BNS. We also evaluated a bifactor model to assess the extent to which the item responses could be explained by a single, underlying general latent trait. A Rasch calibration was also carried out to assess the extent to which the scores conformed to the assumptions of 'fundamental measurement' and could be converted to a common metric. We used data from 141 staff employed by a large UK-based mental health service provider. The postulated three-factor structure provided a good fit to the data. However, a bifactor model, introducing an underlying general factor, provided a superior fit. The items generally conformed to the Rasch measurement model. Evidence of convergent/divergent validity was observed via the correlations between the W-BNS scores and those for the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNFS). Regarding construct validity, both the separate needs and total W-BNS scores statistically significantly predicted an individual's reported intention to leave the current employer. Our findings foster research with the WBNS and have implications for how the W-BNS is optimally implemented in practice as a useful brief tool for assessing staff work-related need satisfaction.

Relationship between physical exercise and mental health of college students: Chain mediating role of fulfillment of basic psychological needs and peer relationships

Physical exercise plays a key role in improving college students' mental health. This study explored the relationship between physical exercise and the mental health of college students, as well as the mediating roles of fulfillment of basic psychological needs and peer relationships in this relationship. We used the Physical Exercise Scale, Fulfillment of Basic Psychological Needs Scale, Peer Relationship Scale, and Mental Health Scale to measure the physical and mental health of 1,649 college students. The results showed that physical exercise was positively correlated with mental health. Fulfillment of basic psychological needs and peer relationships had both independent mediating effects and chain mediating effects in the relationship between physical exercise and mental health. We explain the relationship between physical exercise and mental health, which has important practical significance for improving the mental health of college students.

Nursing Principles Practice Basic Competencies Scale – Turkish Adaptation Study

Objective: The main objectives of clinical education in nursing education are to develop the student’s competences in cognitive, affective and psychomotor areas. Reliable measurement tools are needed for the evaluation of these competences that begin to be gained with the first clinical practice. This methodological study investigated the cultural and Turkish validity of the Core Competence in Basic Nursing Practice Scale (CCFNPS) for undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A methodological research has been carried out on the cultural validation and adaptation of the scale. The construct’s validity was examined using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 466 students. The scale’s internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. Test-retest reliability was assessed using a dependent sample t-test and intraclass correlation with a sample of 30 students. Results: The scale’s content validity index was 0.98. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor structure similar to the original scale, the variance explained was 69.62%, but four items were removed from the scale due to low factor loading. Confirmatory factor analysis results (fit indices values) applied to the twenty – one items and five sub-dimensional structure were found to be acceptable. Scale Cronbach’s alpha values were above 0.70. Conclusion: The 21-item Turkish version of CCFNPS was found to be a valid and reliable scale for measuring the competencies acquired by students after their first clinical training.

Regulações motivacionais para a prática de exercício físico e a relação com as necessidades psicológicas básicas

To investigate and correlate the relationship between motivational regulation and the fulfilment of basic psychological needs among university students. A total of 329 university students took part in this study. The instruments used to analyze motivational regulation were the Physical Exercise Behaviour Regulation Questionnaire — 3 and the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale. The Statistic Package for Social Sciences software was used. Basic psychological needs are positively related to the more internal constructs of motivational regulation (intrinsic and integrated), as well as to the self-determination index. The results show that there is a relationship between the constructs of the self-determination theory, since the higher the levels of satisfaction of basic psychological needs, the greater the more self-determined motivational regulations, favoring positive behavior with regard to physical exercise.

Towards a concurrency platform for scalable multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation

Multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation (maRTHS) uses multiple hydraulic actuators to apply loads and deform experimental substructures, enacting both translational and rotational motion. This allows for an increased level of realism in seismic testing. However, this also demands the implementation of multiple-input, multiple-output control strategies with complex nonlinear behaviors. To realize true real-time hybrid simulation at the necessary sub-millisecond timescales, computational platforms will need to support these complexities at scale, while still providing deadline assurance. This paper presents initial work towards supporting (and is influenced by the need for) envisioned larger-scale future experiments based on the current maRTHS benchmark: it discusses aspects of hardware, operating system kernels, runtime middleware, and scheduling theory that may be leveraged or developed to meet those goals. This work aims to create new concurrency platforms capable of managing task scheduling and adaptive event handling for computationally intensive numerical simulation and control models like those for the maRTHS benchmark problem. These should support real-time behavior at millisecond timescales, even for large complex structures with thousands of degrees of freedom. Temporal guarantees should be maintained across behavioral and computational mode changes, e.g., linear to nonlinear control. Pursuant to this goal, preliminary scalability analysis is conducted towards designing future maRTHS experiments. The results demonstrate that the increased capabilities of modern hardware architectures are able to handle larger finite element models compared to prior work, while imposing the same latency constraints. However, the results also illustrate a subtle challenge: with larger numbers of CPU cores, thread coordination incurs more overhead. These results provide insight into the computational requirements to support envisioned future experiments that will take the maRTHS benchmark problem to nine stories and beyond in scale. In particular, this paper (1) re-evaluates scalability of prior work on current platform hardware, and (2) assesses the resource demands of a basic smaller scale model from which to gauge the projected scalability of the new maRTHS benchmark as ever larger and more complex models are integrated within it.

A robust time scale for space applications using the student’s t-distribution

Abstract In this article, the principles of robust estimation are applied to the standard basic time scale equation to obtain a new method of assigning weights to clocks. Specifically, the Student's t-distribution is introduced as a new statistical model for an ensemble of clocks that are experiencing phase jumps, frequency jumps or anomalies in their measurement links. The proposed robust time scale is designed to mitigate the effects of these anomalies without necessarily identifying them, but through applying a method of robust estimation for the parameters of a Student's t-distribution. The proposed time scale algorithm using the Student's t-distribution (ATST) is shown to achieve comparable robustness to phase jumps, frequency jumps, and anomalies in the measurements with respect to the AT1 oracle time scale. The AT1 oracle is a special realization of the AT1 time scale which corrects all anomalies by having prior knowledge of their occurrences. The similar performance of ATST and AT1 oracle suggests that the ATST algorithm is efficient for obtaining robustness with no prior knowledge or detection of the occurrences of anomalies.

Effects of Empathy on Loneliness Among Rural Left-Behind Children in China: The Chain-Mediated Roles of Social Anxiety and Psychological Resilience.

Loneliness is a prevalent issue among rural left-behind children in China, adversely affecting their physical and mental well-being, as well as social stability. However, the influencing factors and potential mechanisms of loneliness have not yet been fully clarified. This study aims to validate the mediating roles of social anxiety and psychological resilience by examining the association between affective/cognitive empathy and loneliness among Chinese rural left-behind children. This cross-sectional survey employed a convenience sampling approach among Chinese left-behind children. A total of 540 participants aged 6 to 11 years old (Average age = 8.54, SD = 1.682) from 3 primary schools in Hunan Province completed the Children's Loneliness Scale, Social Anxiety Scale for Children, The Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Basic Empathy Scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.0, Origin 2020, and Mplus 8.3. Pearson correlation analyses suggested strong significant correlations among affective/cognitive empathy, loneliness, social anxiety, and psychological resilience. Path analyses indicated that the chain mediation effect size of social anxiety and psychological resilience was 0.016 between affective empathy and loneliness, while the chain mediation effect size between cognitive empathy and loneliness was -0.011. Affective empathy positively correlates with loneliness among Chinese left-behind children through social anxiety and resilience, while cognitive empathy negatively correlates with loneliness. These findings suggest that left-behind children should enhance their cognitive empathy and psychological resilience to reduce their social anxiety, thereby mitigating their loneliness.

Validation of the Three-Factor Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Youth in a Chinese Adolescent Sample.

This study focused on the validation of the Three-Factor Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Youth(RFQY) within a sample of Chinese adolescents. All the items of the RFQY were translated into Chinese language through the process of translation and back translation. A total of 532 adolescents aged between 12-20 years completed the Chinese version of RFQY, McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), Basic Empathy Scale (BES), and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Twenty items meeting psychometric standards were retained in the Chinese version of the RFQY. The indices for confirmatory factor analysis, including χ2/df (2.354), SRMR (0.053), GFI (0.930), CFI (0.921), TLI (0.910), and RMSEA (0.050), all conformed to the requirements of psychometrics. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the three factors, "uncertainty/confusion", "interest/curiosity", and "excessive certainty", were 0.820, 0.673, and 0.839, respectively, with test-retest reliability scores of 0.751, 0.643, and 0.764. A significant positive correlation was found between uncertainty/confusion and symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), particularly in adolescents with high BPD traits. Excessive certainty was positively correlated with unstable interpersonal relationships, while the interest/curiosity factor shows no significant correlation with BPD symptoms. The uncertainty/confusion factor demonstrates a complex relationship with empathy, correlating positively with affective empathy but negatively with cognitive empathy. The uncertainty/confusion factor shows a significant positive correlation with alexithymia, while the factor of excessive certainty demonstrates the opposite effect. Additionally, a significant negative correlation exists between the interest/curiosity factor and the externally oriented thinking. This study validates the Chinese version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY), demonstrating its reliability and validity in assessing reflective functioning among Chinese adolescents. This enhances the understanding of reflective functioning and its role in adolescent mental health.

Validation of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction scale in transport for urban commuters (BPNS-TUC) in Spain

The aim of this paper is to present a validity and reliability study of the translation into Spanish and adaptation to the transport planning domain of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction scale to assess autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction of urban commuters associated to the use of habitual travel modes, expanding past studies that only focused on a particular population of study and type of travel behavior. An explanatory analysis of the main relations found is also reported, including micro-mobility and shared travel options. To this end, data collected by an online survey during the summer of 2021 from 949 respondents who provided valid data is used. The average age of respondents was 42, and women were slightly underrepresented (40.4%). Factor structure is analyzed and a three-factor ESEM model supports the definition of the constructs. Internal consistency indices show adequate values for the three factors. No statistically significant differences of factor mean values are observed according to sex. The youngest respondents associate the highest values of satisfaction to travel modes when commuting, while the old adults score the lowest values. Active travel modes are associated to the highest values of satisfaction. On the other hand, urban bus is related to the lowest values of satisfaction. Private e-scooter and shared mobility are associated with a higher satisfaction than driving a private car. Future work and practical applications are identified.

Korban kekerasan dalam pacaran yang sulit meninggalkan hubungannya

Dating violence (KDP) is one of the most prevalent cases in Indonesia. Most victims of the cases choose to stay in the relationship and forgive their partners. This study aims to investigate whether emotional regulation strategies mediate the role of romantic attachment components on affective and cognitive empathy toward victims of dating violence. Participants in the study were victims of dating violence aged 18-29 years (N= 367) who live in Java Island. Research samples were collected using volunteer techniques (opt-in) panels where participants agreed to be involved through an invitation on a website page without being formally recruited. This study employs The Basic Empathy Scale to measure the dimensions of empathy, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory to measure the type of romantic attachment components, and finally Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to measure the type of emotional regulation strategies. By model 4 of Hayes's analyses, the results showed that the reappraisal strategies type mediated the role of avoidance attachment toward empathy, both affective and cognitive. As practical implications, counselors are expected to establish secure attachments, particularly with their clients who experience dating violence in order to stabilize cognitive and affective empathy so they are able to live free of violent relationships.

The Moderating Role of Psychological Needs on the Relationship between Eudaimonia and Mental Health

Cultivating an eudaimonic lifestyle benefits mental health. However, it is not known under which circumstances the benefits of eudaimonia are the most pronounced. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) as the moderators of the effects eudaimonia has on mental health (general mental health, positive and negative mental health). In total, 328 young adults took part in this study, of which 36.6% were males, whose ages ranged between 18 and 30, with a median of 19 years (SD = 1.32). Questionnaires were used to measure eudaimonia (The Eudaimonia Scale from The Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities), psychological needs (The Basic Psychological Needs Scale), and mental health (The Mental Health Inventory). To analyze the data, hierarchical regression analyses and analyses of variance have been performed. The results revealed that of all psychological needs, only the need for relatedness moderated the relationship between eudaimonia and general mental health and eudaimonia and negative mental health. Individuals with high eudaimonia and a highly satisfied need for relatedness had good general mental health and fewer mental health disturbances. The findings suggest that if one practices meaningful behaviors, the positive change in the mental health domain is greatest when those actions benefit not only this individual but others as well.

Differences in social support, emotion invalidation, psychological needs, cognitive emotion regulation in maritally adjusted and maladjusted women in Pakistan: A matched pairs design.

The present study aimed to find out differences of social support, perceived emotion invalidation, psychological needs, and use of adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in maritally adjusted and maladjusted after controlling for age, education, employment status, and depressive symptomatology. The cross-sectional study uses a matched pairs design. The sample was divided into two groups; maritally adjusted and maladjusted women (n = 40 pairs) on basis of scores obtained on revised-dyadic adjustment scale. Forty maritally adjusted women were matched with 40 maritally maladjusted women according to age, education, and employment status. Social support questionnaire, perceived invalidation of emotion scale, basic psychological need satisfaction frustration scale, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and center for epidemiologic studies depression scale were administered. One-way ANCOVA revealed that maritally maladjusted women had lower level of social support [mean difference; -5.65(-9.97, -1.33), p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.08] and more emotional invalidation [mean difference; 15.36(13.08, 17.65), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.71] compared to maritally adjusted women after controlling for the effect of depressive symptomatology. Maritally maladjusted women had more need frustration [mean difference; 10.75(7.59, 13.92), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.38] compared to maritally adjusted women. However, maritally adjusted women had more need satisfaction [mean difference; 13.36(9.67, 17.05), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.41] compared to maritally maladjusted women. Maritally adjusted women used more adaptive CER strategies (acceptance, refocus on planning and putting into perspective) [mean difference; 4.66(2.36, 6.95), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.18] compared to maritally maladjusted women whereas, maritally maladjusted women used more maladaptive strategies (self-blame, catastrophizing and blaming others) [mean difference; 4.66(2.77, 6.54), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.25] compared to maritally adjusted women. Maladjusted women had less social support and more emotional invalidation of emotions and psychological needs frustration. They used more maladaptive strategies to manage their negative emotions in comparison to maritally adjusted women. Identification of these cognitive emotion regulation strategies will help clinicians and counselors to devise psychological intervention targeting the use of adaptive strategies to minimize the negative mental health consequences.

Development of basic nursing competence among third- and fourth-year students

Introduction: in an environment where scientific evidence and best clinical practices are constantly developing, it is crucial that nurses are trained and evaluated on their skills and competencies to face the latest advances and findings in the field of health. Objective: to evaluate the development of basic nursing competencies in third- and fourth-year students. Method: a descriptive and cross-sectional observational study was carried out; the universe was 218 third- and fourth-year students of a nursing training program, the sample of 140 students was calculated under a confidence level of 95 % and margin of error of 5 % and was selected in a simple randomized way; the Basic Competence Scale in Fundamental Nursing Practice was used, structured by 25 items classified in 5 domains. SPSS software for Windows, version 26.0, was used for data analysis and descriptive statistics were calculated, including means and standard deviations, frequency and percentage. Results: most of the students were women in the third year of training, whose age ranged from 21 to 24 years. The lowest-performing skills were the ability to understand the reasons for prescribing specific medications for patients, the ability to make prompt corrections to patient care plans based on assessments, and the ability to comprehensively consolidate the information gathered into a written report. The most developed skill was the ability to use communication skills to communicate with caregivers. Conclusions: the domain evaluated as having the lowest performance were skills in basic biomedical sciences, in relation to communication skills where higher performance is evidenced

Multiscale interaction underlying 2022 concurrent extreme precipitation in Pakistan and heatwave in Yangtze River Valley

Unprecedentedly extreme precipitation occurred in Pakistan (PAK), and mega heat waves persisted along the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) from July to August 2022. Using the advanced multiscale window transform-based canonical transfer attribution framework, we quantitatively delineated intra-scale and inter-scale interactions leading to record-breaking spatially concurrent extremes in 2022 and comprehensively revealed differences in dynamic processes affecting extreme events in July and August. The basic flow scale window lost the available potential energy (APE), and through APE canonical transfers to the intraseasonal-scale and synoptic-scale windows, the inter-scale dynamic processes and barotropic instability of the basic flow scale preserved the concurrent extreme in July. In August, the eruptive synoptic-scale kinetic energy convergence provided dynamic conditions for the sinking motion of the YRV and its advection to PAK from the Indian Ocean. Consequently, the interaction between high- and low-frequency processes drove atmospheric circulation in summer, but the high-frequency process in August played a vital role in extreme events. Additionally, the heat source in the tropical western-central Pacific is considered one of the key drivers for localized repetitive bursts of energy. This study emphasizes both the interactions between multiple scales of atmospheric dynamics and reveals the driving mechanisms behind the impacts of warming on extreme events, linking the external forcing issue with the free problem of atmospheric internal instability.

Investigation of Nutritional Status and Nutritional Knowledge Levels of Staff Working in A Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the aim is to examine the nutritional status, nutritional habits and nutritional knowledge levels of the personnel working in a physical therapy and rehabilitation hospital. The Eating Attitude Test was used to determine the presence of an eating disorder in the participants, and the Basic Nutrition Knowledge Scale was used to determine the nutritional knowledge level of the participants. Ninety-four female (62.67%) and 56 male (37.33%) individuals participated in the study. The mean age of women was 33.67±9.32, and the mean age of men was 38.73±13.58. It was determined that the participants skipped 1 main meal and 2 snacks on average. Eating attitude disorder was found in 29 (19.33%) participants. No statistically significant relationship was found between having an eating behavior disorder and variables such as age, occupation and education level (p&gt;0.05). No statistically significant relationship was found between eating behavior disorder and nutritional knowledge level (p=0.160). In conclusion, contrary to what was expected, it was determined that the nutritional status of the personnel was not very good, and their nutritional habits and nutritional knowledge levels were insufficient.

Leveraging independence and mental fitness - keys to reducing in-hospital mortality among geriatric COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit: A cross-sectional study in Poland.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quickly reached the pandemic status, with 765.22 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 6.92 million COVID-19 deaths reported worldwide by May 2023. Due to its sudden and global nature, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the emotional and mental health of many people. A group of COVID-19 patients who frequently require intensive care are geriatric patients. The cognitive performance of these patients and their independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) may be crucial to their prognosis and risk of in-hospital death. The present study aimed to assess the level of independence in activities of daily living (ADL), mental fitness, the level of fear of COVID-19, and cognitive functions to determine their impact on in-hospital mortality in geriatric COVID-19 patients. A total of 300 intensive care unit (ICU) patients with COVID-19 were included in the cross-sectional study, using the following questionnaires: the Lawton IADL scale, the Katz ADL index of independence, the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), the abbreviated mental test score (AMTS), and the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS15). Patients aged 64 or below reported significantly greater independence on the IADL scale and the basic ADL scale, and showed a significantly higher level of mental fitness (Mann-Whitney U test; p = 0.001). Patient survival and in-hospital mortality were influenced by independence in basic and complex ADL. The level of independence is an important prognostic indicator for in-hospital mortality in geriatric COVID-19 patients. The higher the level of mental fitness, the higher the level of independence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Patients aged ≥65 years are less independent in basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Moreover, they show a significantly lower level of cognitive functions.

Structural Relationship Model of Basic Psychological Needs With Intimate Partner Violence: The Mediating Role of Gender Discrimination and Self-Esteem.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) encompasses a range of abusive behaviors within intimate relationships. This study examines the structural relationships between basic psychological needs and IPV victimization among Iranian women, shedding light on the complex factors contributing to IPV and potential avenues for intervention. Data were gathered from a sample of 306 Iranian women who had experienced IPV, utilizing the Domestic Violence Questionnaire, the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The findings supported the appropriate fit of the proposed model and revealed that basic psychological needs exerted significant direct and indirect effects on IPV victimization, mediated through self-esteem and ambivalent sexism. These results provide valuable new insights into the complex dynamics of IPV victimization and hold promise for the development of targeted interventions aimed at preventing IPV and supporting the well-being of affected individuals. Furthermore, the interpretation of the findings has been revised to avoid any implication of victim-blaming, aligning with the aim of understanding and addressing the structural factors contributing to IPV victimization.