Basic Rights Of Others Research Articles

Conduct Disorder: An Update

Conduct disorder is a serious mental disorder with a heterogeneous etiology that is frequently encountered in child and adolescent psychiatric clinics, although there are social and international differences. Conduct disorder can be defined as violating the basic rights of others, age-appropriate social norms and values, or existing rules with consistently aggressive behavioral patterns. It has been defined under various headings since DSM-II and most recently in DSM-5 under the heading "Disruptive Disorders, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders". Genetic, individual, and psychosocial factors play a role in the etiology and constitute a broad etiology. Although its onset dates to childhood, if assistance is not sought, it can lead to more serious mental disorders. Conduct disorders are associated with several mental disorders. Therefore, a differential diagnosis should be made and an effective treatment option should be established. No specific medications were available for treatment. Different disciplines can collaborate for a long time to achieve successful results. In this article, the definition of conduct disorder, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidity, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment approaches are reviewed.

집회시위 안전지수 개발을 위한 기초 연구

Security police work occupies an important axis of national police work, and conducts police activities to prevent and suppress situations such as national emergencies, emergencies, illegal acts, and disasters in order to maintain public peace and order. The representative task of these security police is the management of assemblies and demonstrations. Assemblies and demonstrations are fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution, and can be restricted by law as they may violate public peace and order and the basic rights of others. Therefore, guarantees and restrictions on assemblies and demonstrations are important duties, duties and duties of the police. However, the environment for coping with demonstrations by the police has not improved, such as the abolition of the police force, an increase in the number of assemblies, a decrease in the police force, and the number of assemblies in which the police force is mobilized does not decrease. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish big data related to rallies and demonstrations to enable the police to increase their responsiveness to rallies and efficiently manage their careers, and to propose the necessity of developing an assembly and demonstration safety index based on this. To this end, the necessity of developing a safety index for assemblies and demonstrations was suggested by analyzing the cases of the National Police Agency, the Fire and Marine Police Agency, and foreign countries that are currently operating a system that proposes a safety index and an optimal model using big data.

Neural Correlates of Antisocial Behavior: The Victim's Perspective.

Antisocial behavior involves actions that disregard the basic rights of others and may represent a threat to the social system. The neural processes associated with being subject to antisocial behavior, including social victimization, are still unknown. In this study, we used a social interaction task during functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural bases of social victimization. Brain activation and functional connectivity (FC) were estimated and correlated with the Big 5 Questionnaire, Temperament Evaluation in Memphis, Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS-M), and a Questionnaire of Daily Frustration scores. During social victimization, the right occipital and temporal cortex showed increased activation. The temporal cortex also had reduced FC with homotopic areas. Compared to the prosocial interaction, social victimization showed hyperactivation of the dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal cortex, putamen, and thalamus and increased FC of the medial-frontal-striatal-thalamic areas with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, dorsal cingulate, and postcentral gyrus. Lastly, neuroticism, irritable temperament, and frustration scores were correlated with the magnitude of neural responses to social victimization. Our findings suggest that social victimization engages a set of regions associated with salience, emotional processing, and regulation, and these responses can be modulated by temperamental and personality traits.

The Epidemiology of Various Behavioral Disorders in Children and Adolescents of the World: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The behavioral disorders in children and adolescents include a group of behaviors by which the children and adolescents suffering from them repeatedly violate the basic rights of others or violate social norms. Due to the importance of these disorders and the lack of comprehensive statistics about it throughout the world, the present study aimed to determine the uniformity of statistics of various behavioral disorders in children and adolescents in the world through a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, the collected data of the studies were systematically extracted based on the prevalence of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents throughout the world according to the PRISMA guidelines from Persian databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc and international databases of ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Medline (PubMed), Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar search engine through using the keywords of Behavioral Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Aggression, Nail-biting, Thumb sucking, Mood Disorder, Tics, Children and Prevalence, and their equivalents from MeSH browser without any time limit until 2020. To analyze the eligible studies, the random-effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of the studies was investigated with the I2 index. The data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 2). Results: Out of 9869 studies, 257 studies met the inclusion criteria. In a review of 67 studies with a sample size of 191355, the prevalence of total behavioral disorders in children and adolescents worldwide was 17.8% (95% CI: 14.4-2.8%), which regarding the subgroup analysis by different continents, the highest prevalence of total behavioral disorders was obtained from Asia 21.3% (95% CI: 17.25-3.9%). Also, regarding the subgroup analysis based on the types of behavioral disorders, the highest prevalence of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents in the world was related to the Thumb sucking index 21.2% (95% CI: 11.1-1.36.7%). The highest prevalence of Thumb sucking was 37.2% (95% CI: 11.6-72-8.8%) in America. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the prevalence of various behavioral disorders, especially Thumb sucking and Aggression, is high in children and adolescents worldwide. Therefore, it shows the importance of accurate diagnosis with extensive screening programs and appropriate planning for prevention. Funding Statement: Student Research Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR) (3010805). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethics approval was received from the ethics committee of deputy of research and technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (3010805).

CONDUCT DISORDER IN CROWDSTROIA’S NOVEL ARKAIS

This study aimed to find out and describe the sign of conduct disorder reflected in Crowdstroia’s novel Arkais. Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated. A person diagnosed with conduct disorder can be cruel to both people and animals with the use of violence. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The descriptive research attempts to describe, explain and interpret conditions of the present or descriptive research seeks to provide an accurate description of observations of a phenomenon. The study is based on Psychological approach generally, and specifically on ‘Conduct Disorder’. The result showed the causes, the signs and and the traumatic of conduct disorder covering physical violence, aphatetic, and insecurity.

Implicit Theories and Issue Characteristics as Determinants of Moral Awareness and Intentions

Individuals’ implicit theories that people’s character is fixed (entity theorist) versus malleable (incremental theorist) are associated with their holding beliefs that morality is primarily determined by fulfilling prescribed duties (duty-based morality) versus upholding basic rights of others (rights-based morality), respectively. Three studies provide evidence that the ability to recognize that a situation can legitimately be considered from a moral point of view (moral awareness) is interactively dependent upon the nature of perceivers’ implicit theories (and their associated schemas in the moral domain) and the extent to which the issue involves a violation that emphasizes a failure to fulfill a prescribed duty (duty-based violation) versus a failure to uphold a fundamental right of others (rights-based violation). The studies experimentally manipulated the characteristics of a hypothetical business situation to involve either a duty-based violation or a rights-based violation or no behavioral violation. In addition, Study 1 experimentally manipulated subjects’ implicit theories, while Studies 2 and 3 measured subjects’ chronically held implicit theories. Collectively, the studies provide consistent evidence that entity theorists have greater moral awareness than incremental theorists when considering situations involving duty-based violations, while incremental theorists have greater moral awareness than entity theorists when considering situations involving rights-based violations, and moral awareness is not significantly different for perceivers who are neither strongly entity nor incremental theorists, when considering situations involving duty- versus rights-based violations. Study 3 also found evidence of a moderated-mediated association between violation type and moral intentions, through moral awareness as a mediator, moderated by perceivers’ implicit theories.

Management of common behaviour and mental health problems.

Behavioural problems are usually influenced by both biological and environmental factors. Disruptive behavioural problems such temper tantrums or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are displayed during the first years of childhood. Breath-holding attacks are relatively common and are an important problem. Although the attacks are not serious and the prognosis is usually good, parents often fear that their child may die during an attack. Parents therefore require explanation and reassurance from health professionals. Conduct disorders (often referred to as antisocial behaviours), such as aggression to others or theft, are more serious as they tend to be repetitive and persistent behaviours where the basic rights of others are violated. Emotional problems, such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder tend to occur in later childhood, and are often unrecognised because young children often find it difficult to express their emotions, or it may go unnoticed by the child's parents. This article briefly discusses the most common behavioural problems, including autism, that affect children of all ages.

The good, the bad, and the ugly: three agent-type challenges to The Order of Public Reason

In this issue of Philosophical Studies, Richard Arneson, Jonathan Quong and Robert Talisse contribute papers discussing The Order of Public Reason (OPR). All press what I call “agent-type challenges” to the project of OPR. In different ways they all focus on a type (or types) of moral (or sometimes not-so-moral) agent. Arneson presents a good person who is so concerned with doing the best thing she does not truly endorse social morality; Quong a bad person who rejects it and violates the basic rights of others, and Talisse a morally ugly person, a hypocrite, who criticizes others for failing to do what he does not do. All suggest that OPR does not give a satisfying account of what we are to say to, or how we should act towards, such agents. In my response I highlight some core concerns of OPR, while also seeking to show that OPR does not say quite what they think it says, and it often leaves them room for saying what they would like to say about such agents.

Attitude towards Academic Works in Children with Conduct Disorders and Efficacy of Life Skill Training

Psychological disorders found in childhood can be seen shaping up to a more stronger and deeper form in adulthood. Out of various kinds of disorders the present study focuses on 'Conduct Disorder1. Conduct disorder (CD) is a childhood behaviour disorder characterized by aggressive and destructive activities that cause disruptions in the child's natural environment such as house, school, religious places etc. CD as defined in the DSM-TR-IV is a and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others or major age concerning societal norms and rules are violated (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).There are mainly two types of CD's which are Childhood onset and the other is Adulthood onset. The former takes place prior to 10 years of age and the later takes place above 10 years of age.The essential feature of CD is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others or major ageappropriate societal norms or rules are violated (APA, 1994). These behaviours fall into four main groupings: aggressive conduct that causes physical harm to other people or animals; non-aggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage; deceitfiilness or theft; and serious violations of rules. Youth meeting diagnostic criteria for CD may bully, threaten, or intimidate others, initiate frequent physical fights, use a weapon that can cause serious physical harm, be physically cruel to people or animals, steal, force someone into sexual activity, destroy others' property, lie or break promises, break curfew, run away from home overnight, and skip school (Greene, 2010). It is seen more prominent in males than females as males usually get better exposure than females outside their home premises.Some of the causes for the development of Conduct disorder usually seen are children living in conditions where the number of people living around him/her is high in number; housing that is in poor conditions and neighbourhoods with people involved in crime and involved with criminal activities. A common scenario seen nowadays is that aggressive children tend to become close with one another in school settings, but it does not have to mean that all aggressive children will have cooperation from more aggressively dominant children. Children coming from places of riot may have chance to have conduct disorder characteristics. Conduct disorder children may cover their activities in their adolescence unlike childhood phase. Divorced parents, quarrelling parents and situations where there are chances of hostility behaviour to arise conduct disorder behaviour may occur. The investigator from his research on rejection sensitivity in children opine that there are usually chances where children rejected by parents/caretakers who fail to give them consistent discipline and supervision are likely to become truants, lying most of the time and leave their house without the family knowing. From the investigator's experience it is seen that there are chances where conduct disordered children later become adult criminal if the behaviour does not cease in their younger ages.Disorders of conduct and related disruptive or externalizing behaviours are cited as the most common reason for preschoolers to be referred for mental health services (Luby & Morgan, 1997). Although conduct and disruptive behaviours will become problematic for some young children, mental health professionals should note that such behaviours should not be diagnosed clinically when they reflect normative development and when they do not impair the functioning of young children (Campbell, 1995, cited by Renk, 2008). It is only when such behaviours become particularly problematic that a clinical diagnosis should be considered. For example, when noncompliance reflects angry defiance, difficulties in the parentchild relationship, and/or coping difficulties with the developments of young childhood, then these behaviours should be considered out of the ordinary (Campbell, 1990, cited by Renk, 2008). …

Segunda revisión de la escala de conducta disocial: el factor del grafiti

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo: realizar una segunda revisión de la escala de conducta disocial de 27 ítems (ECODI27-R; Moral & Pacheco, en prensa), generando y seleccionando nuevos indicadores para el factor de grafiti que mostró problemas de consistencia interna. Se definió conducta disocial como un patrón de comportamiento disruptivo en niños y adolescentes quienes de manera persistente transgreden los derechos básicos de los demás a través de agresiones, destrucción de la propiedad, fraudulencia, robo y violaciones graves de normas. La escala se aplicó a una muestra incidental de 245 estudiantes bajacalifornianos de bachiller (114 hombres y 131 mujeres). Se logró conservar 27 ítems perdiendo cuatro (dos de Robo, uno de Travesuras y uno de Pleitos) e incorporando otros cuatro nuevos para el factor de grafiti que alcanzó consistencia interna alta. La escala también conservó sus seis factores correlacionados con un ajuste adecuado a los datos, todos ellos con valores de consistencia interna altos y distribuciones asimétricas negativas, salvo Travesuras que presentó distribución normal. Los hombres reportaron significativamente más rasgos disociales. Los rasgos disociales correlacionaron con mayor número de hermanos y menor ingreso familiar. Así se trata de una escala confiable y válida con mejoras con respecto a las dos versiones anteriores. Se sugiere probar la misma en el ámbito educativo de media superior para establecer sus baremos por medio de percentiles, empleando una muestra probabilística de estudiantes.

ADHD Impulsivity, Discipline Referrals, Sexual Harassment, and Criminal Sexual Deviancy

© 2011 The Guilford Press The ADHD Report • 1 Children and adolescents with impulsive tendencies have a difficult time due to the fact that they usually receive negative attention or consequences for their inability to control their behavior. Behaviors such as grabbing for a toy, not waiting one’s turn, or being unable to follow directions are characteristics of impulsive children. These behaviors usually earn the child a stern look or a negative consequence by the supervising adult. As a child comes of age and moves into middle school years, impulsivity can lead to harsher consequences due to the different interpretations adults attach to impulsive behaviors. For instance, impulsive children’s not keeping their hands to themselves can be interpreted as bullying. A child’s inability to wait for his or her turn can elicit peer rejection. Failure or refusal to follow directions is labeled defiance, and inappropriate touching becomes sexual harassment. When children enter school and begin their formal education, the behavioral issues around impulsivity surface. Barkley (2006) describes impulsivity, or impaired impulse control, as the inability to stop and think before acting. The challenges start when children must interact in a group setting away from their families and must take directions from new adults in charge at each grade level. Each grade level transition presents new behavioral challenges. During the middle school years, peer influences are strongest, sexual identities begin to form, and for most children, puberty starts (Arnett, 2004). Puberty, with its hormonal and biological changes, is challenging for the preadolescent struggling with impulse control. Maughan, Rowe, Messer, Goodman, and Meltzer (2004) documented that behavior disorder risk rates peak around the middle school years, underscoring the importance of this particular transition time. The connection between childhood behavior problems and adult behavior problems has been well documented. For example, the risk of becoming an adult offender has been associated by some researchers with childhood conduct disorders—a persistent behavior pattern of violating basic rights of others and ignoring age-appropriate social standards (Satterfield & Schell, ADHD Impulsivity, Discipline Referrals, Sexual Harassment, and Criminal Sexual Deviancy

Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders

<p>Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) constitute the most prevalent cluster of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more severe and more frequent than in youth in similar circumstances at a comparable developmental level. There are three subtypes: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive, and combined. ODD is a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months. CD is a repetitive and persistent pattern of violating the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms. In each of the disorders, symptoms are present in more than one setting and cause significant functional impairment — although there may be relative differences in the nature and severity of presentation across settings.</p> <h4>ABOUT THE AUTHORS</h4> <p>Jeffrey H. Newcorn, MD, is Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, and Director, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York. Iliyan Ivanov, MD, is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine.</p> <p>Address correspondence to: Jeffrey H. Newcorn, MD, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029. </p> <p>Dr. Newcorn has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships: Cortex, Eli Lilly, Lupin, McNeil Pediatrics, Novartis, Pfizer, and Shire: Advisor/consultant; McNeil, Novartis, and Shire: Member of Speaker’s Bureau; and Eli Lilly, McNeil, Novartis, and Shire: Research Grant Recipient. Dr. Ivanov disclosed no relevant financial relationships.</p>

Global Economy, Justice and Sustainability

Although this paper attends to some extent to the question whether the global economy promotes or impedes either justice or sustainability, its main focus is on the relationship between justice and sustainability. Whilst sustainability itself as a normative goal is about sustaining inter alia justice, justice itself requires intergenerationally the sustaining of the conditions of a good life for all. At the heart of this is a conception of justice as realising the basic rights of all–in contrast to a more demanding distributive principle or a less demanding principle of not violating the liberty rights or other basic rights of others. Although Pogge’s analysis that the global economy causes harm by failing to realise basic rights is seen as a useful challenge to common libertarian assumptions, the acceptance of other positive correlative duties, following Shue, is advocated. Insofar as the global economy fails to realise basic justice, the question is ‘how far can it realistically be changed?’ and this is a function partly of the moral attitudes of individuals at large.

The Ethics of Confidentiality: Professional Duties and the Uncooperative HIV-Infected Client

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ethics of confidentiality in the professions. Each profession has its own policy regarding confidential communications outlined in its ethical code. Such rules are in place to guide the actions of the members of a given profession. Most professions currently adhere to a general rule of confidentiality but allow exceptions in certain circumstances. For example, the American Psychiatric Association's code of conduct includes a rule that allows a psychiatrist to breach her client's confidence whenever that client poses a significant threat of harm to himself or an innocent third party. One encounters similar exceptions to confidentiality in other professional codes of ethics. These exceptions seem to suggest that a client's 'right to privacy' sometimes conflicts with the basic rights of others, such as the rights to life and bodily integrity. However, I shall argue that this conflict does not seem to provide a sufficient reason to break a client's confidence. I will begin by outlining one dilemma faced by professionals in regards to confidentiality, namely, that of choosing between maintaining a client's confidence or violating it in order to protect a third party at risk of harm. Of particular interest to me is the professional confronted by an uncooperative HIV-infected client someone who presents a significant threat of harm to a third party, yet refuses to warn that person of the danger. The harm mentioned in this particular case, of course, is the transmission of HIV from the infected client to an unsuspecting third party. I will lay out this dilemma in concrete form in the second section. Next, I will establish a justification for the importance of confidentiality in the professional setting. Although the duty of confidentiality is considered by most to be a crucial fixture in

Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of conduct disorder

Lavin Michael R. and Arthur Rifkin: Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Conduct Disorders. Prog. Neuro- Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1993, 17(6): 875–885. 1. 1. There are few double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the drug treatment of conduct disorders in children and adolescents. 2. 2. The diagnosis of conduct disorders involves a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others and standards of society are violated. 3. 3. There is frequent comorbidity associated with conduct disorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorders and substance abuse. 4. 4. Childhood Conduct disorder is associated with a significant risk for adult psychopathology. 5. 5. A variety of treatment approaches may be employed to combat conduct disorders. 6. 6. The use of neuroleptics, lithium carbonate, stimulants and other agents is reviewed.

Conduct Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Conduct disorder is the most prevalent psychopathologic condition of childhood. It is characterized by a persistent and repetitive pattern of aggressive, noncompliant, intrusive, and poorly self-controlled behaviors that violate either the rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms.1 These behaviors have a significant impact on the daily functioning of the child or adolescent and on the ability of parents and other adults to manage them. The specific behavioral criteria for the diagnosis of conduct disorder can be conceptualized as either aggressive or nonaggressive in type (Table 1). Examples of aggressive behaviors are physical fighting and bullying, assault, vandalism, purse snatching, physical cruelty to persons or animals, breaking and entering, and arson. More serious aggressive behaviors are armed robbery, rape, and extortion. Nonaggressive behaviors of conduct disorder include substance abuse, persistent truancy, running away from home overnight, frequent lying in a variety of social settings, theft not involving a confrontation with a victim, and chronic violation of rules or the basic rights of others. Three subtypes of conduct disorder are identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised 3rd edition.1 These are descriptions of the functional contexts in which the particular behavior problems occur. The group type involves problematic behaviors that occur as part of an activity with peers.

Conduct Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Conduct disorder is the most prevalent psychopathologic condition of childhood. It is characterized by a persistent and repetitive pattern of aggressive, noncompliant, intrusive, and poorly self-controlled behaviors that violate either the rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms.1 These behaviors have a significant impact on the daily functioning of the child or adolescent and on the ability of parents and other adults to manage them. The specific behavioral criteria for the diagnosis of conduct disorder can be conceptualized as either aggressive or nonaggressive in type (Table 1). Examples of aggressive behaviors are physical fighting and bullying, assault, vandalism, purse snatching, physical cruelty to persons or animals, breaking and entering, and arson. More serious aggressive behaviors are armed robbery, rape, and extortion. Nonaggressive behaviors of conduct disorder include substance abuse, persistent truancy, running away from home overnight, frequent lying in a variety of social settings, theft not involving a confrontation with a victim, and chronic violation of rules or the basic rights of others. Three subtypes of conduct disorder are identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised 3rd edition.1 These are descriptions of the functional contexts in which the particular behavior problems occur. The group type involves problematic behaviors that occur as part of an activity with peers.