Basic Regulatory Functions Research Articles

METHODOLOGY OF INSTITUTIONAL REGULATION OF COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS

Modern organizational and economic methods of managing agricultural land use in Ukraine do not ensure its sustainable development, which is reflected in the increasing degradation processes. The current institutional system in Ukraine’s land relations sector is characterized by uncertainty and the lack of clearly established social norms and rules for the ecological management and use of land resources, as well as the roles and statuses of participants in land relations. The absence of a unified national system that meets state and public needs and is supported by an adequate social environment and the ecological awareness of government authorities and citizens hinders the development of effective and competitive agricultural entrepreneurship aimed at creating environmentally clean land resources and producing safe products. A land management system is proposed, where the first level of goal decomposition includes the basic regulatory functions (creation of an ecological network and a system of sustainable land use; forecasting and spatial planning for the use of land and natural resources; development of effective forms of ownership and land use; state support and economic incentives for rational forms of ownership and land use). Regulatory functions, as the main element of the institutional regulation system for the comprehensive development of land management, also serve as the basis for classifying regulatory instruments. The article presents the author’s approach to classifying the instruments of institutional regulation for the comprehensive development of land management according to the basic regulatory functions and their instruments. The institutionalization of land management will contribute to environmentally safe land management in rural areas, the formation of unified land masses, and the reduction of degradation processes. It will also improve the procedures for maintaining land cadastre and monitoring, ensure legislative regulation of access for individuals and legal entities, landowners, and land users to information about land plots and soil quality, which will be used for organizing economic activities, as well as for the economic stimulation of rational land use.

On the importance of implementing the vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents of the Russian Federation program to improve anti-infectious immunity and long-term health prognosis in children

The article presents the literature data on the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D and the results of studies in which the increased risk and frequency of various respiratory infections in children with its deficiency were noted. Vitamin D belongs to the class of secosteroids and, having a pleiotropic mechanism of action, plays an important role in maintaining basic regulatory functions in the body during all periods of ontogenesis. As numerous studies show, adequate provision of vitamin D helps to reduce morbidity, including infectious, and its low level is associated with many negative aspects in relation to a number of diseases (cancer, allergies, autoimmune, cardiac). The ability of vitamin D to act as a protective factor, providing an immunomodulatory response and, conversely, in the presence of deficiency to act as a risk factor for the development and course of respiratory viral infection makes it relevant to search for relationships and causal factors. Use of vitamin D preparations is necessary for prevention and treatment of children and adults at complex approach to therapy of infections, including SARS-CoV-2.

Alzheimer's Disease - Perspective from Political Science: Public Policy Issues.

The paper outlines the policy context and summarizes the numerous policy issues that AD raises from the more generic to the unique. It posits that strong public fears of AD and its future prevalence projections and costs, raise increasingly difficult policy dilemmas. After reviewing the costs in human lives and money and discussing the latest U.S. policy initiatives, the paper presents two policy areas as examples the demanding policy decisions we face. The first focuses on the basic regulatory function of protecting the public from those who would exploit these fears. The second centers on the well-debated issues of advance directives and euthanasia that surround AD. Although more dialogue, education and research funding are needed to best serve the interests of AD patients and families as well as society at large, this will be challenging because of the strong feelings and divisions AD engenders.

What explains regulatory failure? Analysing the architecture of health care regulation in two Indian states

Regulating health care is a pre-eminent policy challenge in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), particularly those with a strong private health sector. Yet, the regulatory approaches instituted in these countries have often been reported to be ineffective-India being exemplary. There is limited empirical research on the architecture and processes of health care regulation in LMIC that would explain these regulatory failures. We undertook a research study in two Indian states, with the aims of (1) mapping the organizations engaged with, and the written policies focused on health care regulation, (2) identifying gaps in the design and implementation of policies for health care regulation and (3) investigating underlying reasons for the identified gaps. We adopted a stepped research approach and applied a framework of basic regulatory functions for health care, to assess prevailing gaps in policy design and implementation. Qualitative research methods were employed including in-depth interviews with 32 representatives of regulatory organizations and document review. Several gaps in policy design were observed across both states, with a number of basic regulatory functions not underwritten in law, nor assigned to a regulatory organization to enact. In some instances the contents of regulatory policies had been weakened or diluted, rendering them less effective. Implementation gaps were also extensively reported in both states. Regulatory gaps were underpinned by human resource constraints, ambivalence in the roles of regulatory organizations, ineffective co-ordination between regulatory groups and extensive contestation of regulatory policies by private stakeholders. The findings are instructive that prevailing arrangements for health care regulation are ill equipped to enact several basic functions, and further that the performance of regulatory organizations is subject to pressures and distortions similar to those characterizing the wider health system. This suggests that attempts to strengthen health care regulation will be ineffectual unless underlying governance failures are addressed.

Functional Diversification of B MADS-Box Homeotic Regulators of Flower Development: Adaptive Evolution in Protein–Protein Interaction Domains after Major Gene Duplication Events

B-class MADS-box genes have been shown to be the key regulators of petal and stamen specification in several eudicot model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Antirrhinum majus, and Petunia hybrida. Orthologs of these genes have been found across angiosperms and gymnosperms, and it is thought that the basic regulatory function of B proteins is conserved in seed plant lineages. The evolution of B genes is characterized by numerous duplications that might represent key elements fostering the functional diversification of duplicates with a deep impact on their role in the evolution of the floral developmental program. To evaluate this, we performed a rigorous statistical analysis with B gene sequences. Using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, we estimated molecular substitution rates and determined the selective regimes operating at each residue of B proteins. We implemented tests that rely on phylogenetic hypotheses and codon substitution models to detect significant differences in substitution rates (DSRs) and sites under positive adaptive selection (PS) in specific lineages before and after duplication events. With these methods, we identified several protein residues fixed by PS shortly after the origin of PISTILLATA-like and APETALA3-like lineages in angiosperms and shortly after the origin of the euAP3-like lineage in core eudicots, the 2 main B gene duplications. The residues inferred to have been fixed by positive selection lie mostly within the K domain of the protein, which is key to promote heterodimerization. Additionally, we used a likelihood method that accommodates DSRs among lineages to estimate duplication dates for AP3-PI and euAP3-TM6, calibrating with data from the fossil record. The dates obtained are consistent with angiosperm origins and diversification of core eudicots. Our results strongly suggest that novel multimer formation with other MADS proteins could have been crucial for the functional divergence of B MADS-box genes. We thus propose a mechanism of functional diversification and persistence of gene duplicates by the appearance of novel multimerization capabilities after duplications. Multimer formation in different combinations of regulatory proteins can be a mechanistic basis for the origin of novel regulatory functions and a gene regulatory mechanism for the appearance of morphological innovations.

Investor protection through administrative enforcement of disclosure requirements in prospectuses: Bangladeshi laws compared with their equivalents in India and Malaysia

Compares the approach to disclosure‐based regulation of securities markets in Bangladesh with that of India and Malaysia. Describes the present administration of the disclosure regime in Bangladesh, which is split between the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies (RJSC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); this mirrors the two sets of laws involved, company law and securities law respectively. Outlines the basic regulatory functions of securities law enforcement: the ability of investors to seek remedies against the infringements of disclosure requirements and the efficiency of the SEC in dispensing justice, and finds that both are weak in Bangladesh. Suggests that more effective regulation in Bangladesh is necessary and that the SEC should be free from government and other interference. Argues that preventive measures should for this reason be the preferred policy; these include investor education and regulatory verification before prospectus issue.

Dimerization, ubiquitylation and endocytosis go together in growth hormone receptor function

Internalization of membrane proteins has been studied for more than three decades without solving all the underlying mechanisms. Our knowledge of the clathrin-coated endocytosis is sufficient to understand the basic principles. However, more detailed insight is required to recognize why different proteins enter clathrin-coated pits with different rates and affinities. In addition to clathrin coat components, several adapter systems and even more accessory proteins have been described to preselect membrane proteins before they can enter cells. Recent experimental data have identified the ubiquitin–proteasome system as a regulatory system both in endocytic and lysosomal membrane traffic. This system is well-known for its basic regulatory function in protein degradation, and controls a magnitude of key events. In this review, we will discuss the complexity and implications of this mechanism for membrane trafficking with emphasis on the growth hormone receptor.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system and endocytosis.

Internalization of membrane proteins has been studied for more than three decades without solving all the underlying mechanisms. Our knowledge of clathrin-mediated endocytosis is certainly sufficient to understand the basic principles. However, more detailed insight is required to recognize why different proteins enter clathrin-coated pits with different rates and affinities. In addition to clathrin coat components, at least two adaptor systems and even more accessory proteins have been described to preselect membrane proteins before they can enter cells. Recent experimental data have identified the ubiquitin-proteasome system as a regulatory system for endocytosis. This system is well-known for its basic regulatory function in protein degradation, and controls a magnitude of key events. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is now identified as a regulator of the endocytosis of selected membrane proteins. In this review, we will discuss the complexity and implications of this mechanism for receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Neuroimmunomodulation of aging. A program in the pineal gland.

We have investigated for 35 years the relationship between the neuroendocrine and the thymo-lymphatic, immune system. In the last decade we have shown that the pineal gland is a main adapter and fine synchronizer of environmental variables and endogenous messages into physiological modifications of basic functions. In particular the pineal gland itself seems to regulate, via circadian, night secretion of melatonin, all basic hormonal functions and also immunity. We have shown with several in vivo models that this fundamental role of the pineal gland decays during aging. Aging itself seems to be a strictly pineal-programmed event similar to growth and puberty. The continuation of our interventions with melatonin against the typical degenerative diseases of aging must be based on an accurate evaluation of its mechanisms of action. Melatonin being a ubiquitous molecule in nature, we suggest that it has acquired during evolution of the species numerous levels of activities. In fact, melatonin can be found in a large variety of cells and tissues, and bindings sites and "receptors" have been identified in many tissues and cells of the neuroendocrine and immune system. Therefore, the progressive understanding of the aging-programming role of the pineal gland also depends on studies of melatonin and its basic regulatory function. Our present studies will be described.

L’État au tournant

Turning Points for State. There should be no illusions as to the new image of an efficient and inexpensive State. If State must be better managed, it cannot be reduced to a management problem (even if it shows itself to be seriously handicapped in this area in relation to other organizations). Behind the word ‘state’, we should differentiate between four different constructs in the state-society relation : the regalian state, the State as social institutor, the welfare state, and the state as economic regulator. Certain notions, such as the proprietary state, the ‘super-manager’ state and the omniscient state, are being phased out in the East and West. It should be noted that the basic regulatory functions will survive these upheavals. Thus state as economic manager will disappear, making way for the traditional political state.

Neuropeptides and psychiatry - basic and clinical aspects

The paper gives a brief overview of some basic and clinical aspects of the role of neuropeptides in psychiatric research. Peptides have been found in all animal species including unicellular organisms suggesting their involvement in several basic regulatory functions. The number of tentative peptide neurotransmitters/neuromodulators is rapidly increasing and several of these peptides have been found to be co-localized and co-released with ←classical→ neurotransmitters like serotonin and noradrenaline in both central and peripheral neurons. These findings have profoundly changed our concepts about neurotransmission in general and will probably have a great impact on our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of various psychiatric illnesses.Recent observations of altered neuropeptide concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and postmortem brain tissue from patients with schizophrenia, depression, dementia or Huntington's chorea are briefly discussed. Data from various studies are sometimes conflicting...

Helper cell function of primed T cells. II. T‐T cell Synergism between Ig+ and Ig− subpopulations of primed thymocytes: a mechanism for amplification of helper cell function

AbstractThymocytes collected from spleens of lethally irradiated and thymocyte‐reconstituted mice, 6 h after “education” with SRBC, exert a markedly augmented helper cell function, especially for the 7 S response. Pretreatment of primed thymocytes with a rabbit anti‐mouse Ig serum and complement abolished the augmented helper cell function, although it had no effect on unprimed cells. Treatment of 6 h primed T cells with an anti‐Θ serum and complement also abolished the augmented helper cell function. However, in striking contrast with unprimed T cells where such treatment entirely abolished the helper cell function, the anti‐Θ treated 6 h T cells are still able to provide a significant helper cell function of the same magnitude as untreated nonprimed cells. This result suggests that a T cell subpopulation 6 h after priming becomes resistant to lysis by anti‐Θ serum and supports a substantial helper cell function. Since the sum of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) given by anti‐Ig and anti‐Θ‐treated 6 h primed cells was far smaller than the PFC given by untreated cells, a T‐T synergism is implicated as a mechanism for the augmented helper cell function of 6 h primed thymocytes.The amplification was also eliminated following treatment with a mouse anti SRBC serum indicating that some primed cells carry antigen on their surface. The data from various recombinations of primed cells treated with one of these three antisera, as well as primed cells treated sequentially with various combinations of two of the three antisera, suggested that the Ig+ and antigen‐carrying cells belong to the same subpopulation which is resistant to lysis by anti‐Θ serum. These cells are distinct from the rest which remain Ig− and still sensitive to lysis by anti‐Θ serum (Θ+).The Ig and antigen most likely represent a cytophilic complex present on the surface of a subpopulation of T cells. Thymocytes collected 5 days after education show little or no synergistic effect.The T‐T cell synergism described here may represent a basic regulatory function of T cells.

Evidence for an early regulatory function in Phage P22.

A temperature sensitive mutant of P22 phage (ts X) was isolated and studied. This mutant seems to have a basic regulatory function: it is defective in an early function like the typical DNA- mutant ts 12.1; it is unable to direct the phage DNA synthesis and does not lyse infected or induced cells. Unlike ts 12.1, the mutation ts X seems to involve a gene product necessary for the expression of any vegetative function, since no phage protein synthesis, no alteration of host DNA synthesis, and no cell killing can be observed under non-permissive conditions. The possible functional similarity between the N-cistron of the λ phage and the present X-cistron in P22 is discussed.