Basic Psychological Needs In Exercise Scale Research Articles

Capturing Exercise Psychological Need Satisfaction Among Older Adults: The BPNES

ABSTRACT Regular exercise participation which is a component of promoting health and healthy aging among older adults necessitates the creation of environments that fulfill participants’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thus, providing opportunities to promote authentic interest in the activities and meaningful social engagement. Appropriate tools to capture satisfaction of these needs may prove invaluable to gain an understanding of the effectiveness of exercise programs from participants’ perspective. The aim of the study was to examine psychometric aspects of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) scores based on responses of 675 older adult Greek exercise participants, men and women, aged 65 to 80 years, attending indoor group-based exercise programs. The data supported the factorial validity, internal reliability, nomological validity, and equivalent item interpretation of BPNES scores between groups differing in demographic characteristics. Older adults with exercise experience greater than three years reported higher exercise needs satisfaction for all three needs compared to those exercising less than three years. The favorable psychometric characteristics of the BPNES in this population make it a valuable tool for the assessment of the extent to which older adults’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fulfilled in group-based exercise settings.

Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Among Adult Exercisers

This study aimed to examine the basic psychological needs in exercise among adult exercisers regarding gender, type of exercise, age groups, and years of exercise. The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale was administered to 234 adult exercisers (Mage=25.11, SD = 8.89 years). The participants were classified into two age groups (18-29 and 30-45 years) and three groups based on years participating in exercise programs (6 months to less than one year, 1-3 years, and more than three years) and three types of exercise groups (individual, group, and both). We found statistically significant gender and age group differences on the relatedness subscale (p

Basic Psychological Needs Predicting Physical Activity Participation among Young Adults

It is alarming that despite the numerous accrued benefits of physical activity participation, many young adults in tertiary institutions engage in inactive and sedentary lifestyles, which can be linked to many cases of morbidity and mortality. However, according to the self-determination theory (SDT), individuals have three basic psychological needs (BPNs) that are essential for healthy growth, development and well-being. The necessity to fulfill these BPN’s can stimulate and encourage young adults to engage in regular physical activity and enhance their well-being. Therefore, this study examined the role of BPN’s in predicting physical activity participation among young adults in Nigerian private university. A total of 735 students, comprising 408 males (55.5%) and 327 females (44.5%), with ages ranging from 16 to 35 years (mean = 22.8; SD = 5.42), were randomly selected from a private university in the South-west, of Nigeria. The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study showed that the BPN’s of autonomy (r =0.233, p<0.05); competence (r =0.188, p < 0.05), and relatedness (r = 0.477, p<0.05) positively correlated with physical activity participation. Additionally, the results found that 25% had low, 57.1% had moderate and 17.8% had high levels of physical activity participation among the participants. There was a significant gender difference between males and females’ in their levels of participation in physical activity (t =2.866, p < 0.05), with males reporting higher mean scores than their female counterpart. Regression analysis showed that BPN’s predicted physical activity participation among young adults (F (3,731) = 73.968, p < 0.05) with 23% of its variance accounted for by the independent variables. Furthermore, autonomy (ß = 0.071, t = 1.970, p < 0.05) and relatedness (ß = 0.478, t =12.589, p < 0.05) were predictors of physical activity participation with relatedness being reported as the most potent predictor. These findings provide an insight into focus the importance of satisfying the relatedness and autonomy aspects of BPN’s in young adults. Developing interventions that target these identified indices can promote continuous and regular participation in physical activity. Keywords: basic psychological needs, relatedness, autonomy, physical activity, young adults ‬

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and construct validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale.

59 patients were included (61% with COPD and 39% with ILD). BPNES factor scores were not significantly different between raters' assessments (p > 0.05). The internal consistency was 0.70 for autonomy, 0.76 for competence, and 0.80 for relatedness. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were good to very good for autonomy (ICC = 0.78, 95%CI 0.62-0.87; ICC = 0.75, 95%CI 0.57-0.86, respectively), competence (ICC = 0.81, 95%CI 0.68-0.89; ICC = 0.65, 95%CI 0.43-0.80, respectively), and relatedness (ICC = 0.79, 95%CI 0.65-0.88; ICC = 0.70, 95%CI 0.50-0.83, respectively). Significant correlations were observed between BPNES factors and quality of life, anxiety, depression, and functional status. In conclusion, this study confirmed the reliability and construct validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the BPNES in patients with COPD and ILD.

Psychological Effects of Motivational Aquatic Resistance Interval Training and Nutritional Education in Older Women.

Several studies have demonstrated the positive effects of physical exercise programs on physical and mental health throughout life. It is necessary to know the factors that contribute to the well-being of older adults in order to achieve healthy aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between well-being perception and the use of autonomy supportive coaching behaviours across a motivational aquatic resistance interval training program. Thirty-four women over 65 years of age from the province of Alicante, Spain, participated, and were randomly assigned to: motivational aquatic resistance interval training group (MART; age: 69.6 ± 5.01 years, height: 1.62 ± 7.88 m, weight: 75.3 ± 12.8 kg) and control group (CG; age: 67.7 ± 3.60 years, height: 1.54 ± 5.47 m, weight: 66.9 ± 10.2 kg). The MART program was conducted for 14 weeks, with three training sessions/week. The CG did not perform any physical activity during the study. Perception of autonomy support was assessed through the Autonomy-Supportive Coaching Questionnaire (ASCQ), Psychological needs by the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES), Intrinsic motivation to exercise was assessed through Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) and Perception of Physical Activity by the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). In MART, compared to CG, significant differences were observed in BPNS, IMI and IPAQ questionnaires used, except in the ASCQ. The differences were significant in all three cases in BPNS (p < 0.05 in autonomy and competence and p = 0.001 in relationship with others), obtaining better scores after intervention than previously. As for the IMI scale, significant differences were also obtained in both subscales. The level of physical activity also improved significantly, with higher scores on the IPAQ after the intervention than before (p < 0.001). In conclusion, when practitioners perceive greater well-being, satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, greater self-selection, volition, and autonomy instead of pressure, demand and control, the result is better behaviour with greater psychological well-being, adherence and consequent health benefits.

Re-Applying the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale to Various Portuguese Exercise Groups: An Analysis of Bifactor Models and Contextual Invariance.

This research explored the nature of basic psychological needs in physical activity settings by applying relatively advanced methodological procedures for psychometric assessment. We first re-examined the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) by reviewing its applicability for physical activity domains among Portuguese respondents. We demonstrated the use of Bifactor Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and discussed the practical implications of these models. Next, we tested contextual measurement invariance in order to examine needs universality. Our participants were gym exercisers (n = 1935), physical education students (n = 1449), and athletes (n = 1631), all of whom completed the adapted and validated version of the scale in their respective practice physical activity domains. All models under analysis displayed acceptable to excellent fit; the bifactor ESEM model displayed the best fit. We conducted ancillary bifactor measures to assess scale dimensionality and found that the BPNES is best interpreted as a multidimensional instrument. Through testing for multigroup analysis, the bifactor ESEM did not show contextual invariance. In conclusion, the BPNES should be predominantly used as a multidimensional instrument when assessing basic needs in separate physical activity domains. Basic psychological needs are perceived differently between seemingly similar physical activity contexts. Researchers should measure basic needs as a global factor and use context validated sub-scales.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Adapted Index of Self-efficacy (PRAISE) scale for Brazilian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) present a progressive chronic airflow obstruction. Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) promotes the reversal of the extrapulmonary effects of the disease and improves the quality of life. Despite the physiological benefits, the major challenge of PR is to promote change in lifestyle. In this sense, it has been emphasized the study of psychological variables such as self-efficacy. Aim: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the PRAISE scale for Brazilian COPD patients. Methods: The PRAISE scale was applied on the first day by two raters and 15-20 days later by one rater. Patients were assessed for self-efficacy with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS) and the COPD Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES); functional limitation for activities of daily living with the London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) scale; anxiety and depression symptoms with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); quality of life with Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ); resilience with the Resilience Scale; and basic psychological needs with the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES). The tests used were: Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon’s test (PRAISE score comparison); intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), interrater reliability and test-retest and Cronbach’s alpha; and Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlation coefficient to assess validity. Results: The scale was pre-tested in 10 patients to evaluate translation accuracy and cross-cultural adaptation. Thirty-four patients with COPD took part (22 men; FEV1=42.2±15.7%pred). The interrater and test-retest ICCs were excellent (0.82 and 0.86, respectively), with no significant differences in test-retest reliability (p>0.05). Cronbach’s alpha interrater and testretest were 0.90 and 0.92, respectively (p<0.001). There were no floor and ceiling effects. The scale showed weak to moderate correlations with GSS, CSES, LCADL, HADS, SGRQ, Resilience Scale, and BPNES. Conclusions: The PRAISE scale proved to be valid and reliable for Brazilian patients with COPD.

Complementing the Self-Determination Theory With the Need for Novelty: Motivation and Intention to Be Physically Active in Physical Education Students.

The theoretical framework of the self-determination theory establishes that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and more self-determined motivational forms are related to positive behavioral consequences and, therefore, may increase the intention to be physically active in Physical Education students. In this sense, the need for novelty has been proposed as a psychological need by recent scientific evidence, so it is necessary to prove its possible contribution to the prediction of young people’s behavior. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to test a model that analyzed the power of prediction of the satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness, and novelty as well as the motivation experienced in Physical Education on the intention to be physically active. A questionnaire was administered to 1665 Physical Education students with an average age of 12.43 years (SD = 1.87), of which 835 were boys and 830 were girls. An adaptation of the Spanish educational context of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) that includes the need for novelty, the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC), and the Intention to be Physically Active Scale (IPAS) was used. Path analysis results showed that the satisfaction of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness, and novelty predicted autonomous motivation. On the other hand, the need for autonomy positively predicted controlled motivation, while the satisfaction of relatedness did so negatively. The need for competence and autonomous motivation positively predicted the intention to be physically active in Physical Education students, obtaining an explained variance of 33%. However, controlled motivation was not related in a statistically significant way to the intention to be physically active. In conclusion, the results of the hypothesized model highlight the importance of satisfying all the basic psychological needs (including novelty) and give special emphasis to the need for competence, since it predicts autonomous motivation and the intention to be physically active outside of the educational context.

Validity and Reliability Evidence of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPN-ES) in a European Sample of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Validity and Reliability Evidence of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPN-ES) in a European Sample of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

VALIDATION OF THE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS IN EXERCISE SCALE (BPNES)

ABSTRACT The study aimed to validate for Portuguese language (Brazilian population) the questionnaire Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) in Physical Education. Attended three translators involved in the translation process, three doctors in Sport Psychology and 403 students. The instrument was the BPNES with 12 items that assessed the basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relationship). For analysis, we used the content validity coefficients, kappa, Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation and confirmatory factor analysis. The Results showed that the version for the Portuguese language contains appropriate questions for clarity of language and practical relevance (CVC>.81) and presents internal consistency (α=0.83), and satisfactory test-retest reliability (R = 0.87) . Confirmatory factor analysis presented adjustment coefficients (X2/gl=2.10; GFI=0.95; CFI=0.96; TLI=0.95; RMS=0.05). We conclude that the version into Portuguese of BPNES proved to be valid to assessed the constructs of motivation (autonomy, competence and relationships) in the Brazilian educational context.

Relación entre las metas de logro 3x2 y la competencia percibida en los estudiantes de Educación Física

La adhesión de los jóvenes a la actividad física y su implicación activa en el deporte a lo largo de la vida, son dos de los grandes objetivos que persigue la Educación Física. En esta investigación se examina la relación entre las metas de logro y la competencia percibida en Educación Física desde el reciente marco teórico de metas de logro 3x2. Participaron 205 estudiantes (113 varones y 92 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17 años (M = 14.02; SD = 1.70), pertenecientes a dos institutos de Educación Secundaria del Norte de España. Los estudiantes cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de Metas de logro 3x2 en Educación Física (CML 3x2-EF) y la subescala competencia percibida de la Escala de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el Ejercicio (BPNES) también adaptada a la Educación Física. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos (M y DT), alfas de Cronbach y un análisis de regresión lineal por pasos. Los resultados señalaron una correlación positiva entre las seis metas de logro y la competencia percibida, destacando el elevado valor de las metas de aproximación-tarea y aproximación-yo. Las tres metas de aproximación (aproximación-tarea, aproximación-yo, aproximación-otro) predijeron significativamente la competencia percibida (ß=.43; .18; .20, respectivamente). Los resultados dan apoyo al marco teórico de metas de logro 3x2.

Self Determination Theory and Triathletes: Application of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) contends that sustained physical activity (PA) is contingent upon fulfillment of the needs for autonomy (A), competence (C) and relatedness (R) (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2000). The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) has proven valid as a measure of A,C, and R in non athlete populations (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006). PURPOSE: To examine BPNES applicability to an athlete population by measuring A,C, and R among triathletes. METHODS: Sixty-eight male and 56 female Olympic or half-Ironman distance triathletes (n =124, range 13-72yrs.) completed questionnaires to provide demographic and prior race experience data. Less experienced triathletes (LT) (n = 64) were defined as completing seven or fewer races while more experienced triathletes (MT) (n = 60) had completed at least eight races (range 8-201 races). PA was assessed using the Godin Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire with A,C and R measured by the BPNES. RESULTS: Mean values for A,C and R for triathletes were 51%, 46% and 58% higher than respective mean values from the reference population (private gym members) for initial BPNES validation. Females (6.13 + .77) had greater levels than males (5.76 + .88) for A t(116) = 2.3, p < .05 and were more likely than men to train with others as opposed to solitary training t(118) = 2.28, p < .05. Compared to LT's (48.15 + 21.72), MT's reported more average min./wk. of strenuous leisure time PA (64.22 + 22), t(117) = 2.570, p < .01; average mos./yr. spent training (MT = 10.28 + 1.75, LT = 8.04 + 3.65) t(119) = 4.271, p < .001; and C (MT = 5.74 + .75, LT = 5.39 + 5.39) t(118) = 2.30, p < .05. MT's (6.07 + .84) were almost significantly higher than LT's (5.79 + .85) for A t(118) = 1.82, p = .07. In multiple regression analyses to predict A, it was found that gender, years of training, average training months per year and weekly training hours accounted for 27% of the variance. Weekly training hours and average months of training per year accounted for 9% and 13% of the respective variance for C and R. CONCLUSION: Prior training length and volume were significant predictors of A, C, and R. Greater training experience resulted in higher C. We conclude that the BPNES is a valid instrument for measuring SDT need constructs among an athlete population.

Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

The development process and initial validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) are presented in this study. The BPNES is a domain-specific self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of the extent to which the innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are satisfied in exercise. Two separate samples of 508 and 504 participants were employed from private fitness centers for scale calibration and validation purposes, respectively. The results demonstrated an adequate factor structure, internal consistency, generalizability of the factor dimensionality across the calibration and the validation samples, discriminant validity and predictive validity; acceptable stability of the BPNES scores over 4 weeks also was found. In addition, the scale scores were found to be largely unaffected by socially desirable responding and specifically the tendency for impression management.