Basic Morphological Units Research Articles

Research on Microclimate Performance Simulation Application and Scheme Optimization in Traditional Neighborhood Renewal—A Case Study of Donghuali District, Foshan City

With global warming and rapid urbanization, the microclimate in the Lingnan region is prone to health problems, such as pyrexia and infectious diseases, and the average annual number of heatwave-related deaths is rising rapidly. The large-scale regeneration of traditional neighborhoods in Lingnan under high-quality development is underway, which has implications for the thermal comfort of microclimatic environments. This study focused on the impact of different building unit types and spatial patterns on thermal comfort in the Donghuali traditional neighborhood of Foshan City as an example. We extracted eight basic morphological units and designed a prototype block of 400 m × 400 m. In the Rhinoceros & Grasshopper parametric software 6.7, a variety of plug-ins were integrated to establish a platform with parametric modeling, microclimate simulation and evaluation, and optimal design for thermal comfort. Through experiments, the effects of new single-type and new composite building units on thermal comfort were investigated, and the correlation equations between spatial morphology and microclimate comfort in Lingnan traditional neighborhoods were established. Finally, the multi-objective genetic optimization of thermal comfort was carried out as an example of real block renewal, which provides a practical reference for the planning and design of traditional blocks.

Word or morpheme? Investigating the representation units of L1 and L2 Chinese compound words in mental lexicon using a repetition priming paradigm

ABSTRACT The present study used a repetition priming paradigm to investigate the basic morphological units stored in mental lexicon for Chinese as second language learners (L2) and Chinese native speakers (L1). Meanwhile, the modulation of Chinese morpheme property (bound or free) in lexical processing was examined. The results revealed that for intermediate-level L2 learners, Chinese words could be accessed through either whole-words or morphemes, while advanced-level learners and Chinese natives might employ a whole-word pathway. This might suggest that as language proficiency and reading experience develops, learners tend to rely more on whole-words as a processing strategy. Regarding the morpheme property effect, bound morphemes reported a greater priming effect than free morphemes in lexical decision tasks for both L1 and L2 speakers, which was interpreted with an interactive-activation framework.

РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА КНИГУ: АЛПАТОВ В.М. СЛОВО И ЧАСТИ РЕЧИ. М.: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ДОМ ЯСК, 2018. 256 С.

Vladimir M. Alpatov’s new monograph addresses typological and theoretical issues related to the basic morphological units – word and parts of speech. It elaborates on his previous work on morphological theory, typology, and historiography of linguistic traditions. The monograph consists of an introduction and three chapters. The first two chapters, “The Problem of Word” and “The Problem of Parts of Speech” address the differences in theoretical approaches, evidence from independent linguistic traditions with particular reference to the Japanese indigenous linguistics, and data from psycholinguistic research. In the third chapter, “Anthropocentric and systemocentric approaches to language”, the author claims that the morphological logocentric and non-logocentric approaches are instances of the two more general approaches to language, respectively. In spite of some criticism, the reviewer concludes that the monograph makes much progress in understanding the structure and typology of the morphological elements, and similarities and difference among national linguistic traditions and grammatical theories.

TRANSPOSITION AS A SOURCE OF REPLENISHMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY

The article outlines the development of theoretical foundations and further study of the linguistic phenomenon of transposition and its varieties in modern Ukrainian linguistics, which significantly influenced the expansion of the conceptual framework in the field of grammar, including one of its sections – morphology, its addition and new terminology. Particular attention is paid to the revision of traditional views of scientists on the composition, grammatical status and terminological expression of basic morphological units (parts of speech) and their inherent categories and grams, which led to the introduction into scientific circulation of new concepts and terms. This view in recent research is based on a theoretically sound and well-tested scientific practice functional morphological and syntactic concept of parts of speech, which is a reflection of the derivational relationship between them, i.e. is a consequence of interlanguage transposition. A new direction in the study of the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language was called functional-categorical, in accordance with the scientific circulation the new concept was introduces, denoted by the analytical term functional-categorical grammar.

Well-Hidden Grain Boundary in the Monolayer MoS2 Formed by a Two-Dimensional Core–Shell Growth Mode

Guided by the hexagonal lattice symmetry, triangles and hexagons are the most basic morphological units for two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Also, it is widely acknowledged that these units start from the single nucleation site and then grow epitaxially. Accordingly, the triangular monolayer (ML) samples are generally considered as single crystals. Here, we report a 2D core-shell growth mode in the CVD process for ML-MoS2, which leads to one kind of "pseudo" single-crystal triangles containing triangular outline grain boundaries (TO-GBs). It is difficult to be optically distinguished from the "true" single-crystal triangles. The weakening of Raman peaks and the remarkable enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) are found at the built-in TO-GBs, which could be useful for high-performance optoelectronics. In addition, the electrical measurements indicate that the TO-GBs are conductive. Furthermore, TO-GBs and the common grain boundaries (CO-GBs) can coexist in a single flake, whereas their optical visibility and optical modifications (Raman and PL) are quite different. This work is helpful in further understanding the growth mechanism of 2D TMD materials and may also play a significant role in related nanodevices.

Effects of nitrogen and vapour pressure deficit on phytomer growth and development in a C4 grass.

Phytomers are basic morphological units of plants. Knowledge of phytomer development is essential for understanding morphological plasticity, functional-structural modelling of plant growth and the usage of leaf characteristics to indicate growth conditions at the time of production (e.g. stable isotope signals). Yet, systematic analysis on the process of phytomer development is unavailable for wild or perennial C4 grasses. Also, effects of environmental factors, such as nitrogen nutrition or vapour pressure deficit (VPD), on coordination events of developmental processes of C4 grasses have not been studied. This study investigates phytomer growth and development in Cleistogenes squarrosa, a predominant C4 grass in the Eurasian steppe, grown at low (0.63 kPa) or high (1.58 kPa) VPD with low or high nitrogen supply in controlled environments. Elongation of phytomers on marked tillers was measured daily for 13 days. Then lengths of immature and mature phytomer components (blade, sheath and internode) of all phytomers were measured following dissection. Nitrogen nutrition and VPD had no effects on coordination of growth within and between phytomers: phytomer tips emerged when phytomers reached 26 % of their final length, coincident with the acceleration phase of its elongation; blade elongation stopped when phytomers reached ∼75 % of their final length and elongation of the preceding phytomer was confined to the internode. The relationship between fraction of final phytomer length and days after tip emergence for all treatments was well described by a sigmoidal function: y = 1/{1 + exp[(1.82 - x)/1.81]}. C. squarrosa exhibited little morphological plasticity at phytomer-level in response to nitrogen supply and VPD, but a clear increase in tillering under high N supply. Also, the invariant coordination of elongation within and between phytomers was a stable developmental feature, thus the quantitative coordination rules are applicable for predicting morphological development of C. squarrosa under contrasting levels of nitrogen nutrition or VPD.

The estimation of cell density in isotropic microcellular polymeric foams using the critical bubble lattice

In this study, models for estimating the cell density of isotropic polymeric foams using the surface cell density were developed. The basic morphological unit cell for these models is a gas-filled pentagonal dodecahedral cell cavity. The critical bubble lattice model was introduced to associate the packing structure of the pentagonal dodecahedral cells with a face-centered cubic (FCC) packing structure, and the cell density was estimated. This model was then used to investigate the effect of nonperfect cell cross-sections as found in the micrographs of cell densities of foams. Two cases were examined: first, the ideal case of a perfect cross-section, and second, the actual case of a nonperfect cross-section. The plots of cell density versus surface cell density from recently published data show the effect of a nonperfect cross-section on the estimation of cell density within an FCC lattice with perfect and nonperfect cell cross-sections. The percentage average absolute deviation (AAD) showed that the nonperfect cell cross-sectional model reliably predicts the cell density of isotropic low-density foam with an AAD of 39.2%. The perfect cell cross-sectional model reliably predicts the cell density of isotropic high-density foam with an AAD of 57.2%. These new models are more reliable than the conventional model, which give AADs 59.4% for low-density foams and 62.4% for high-density foams. Furthermore, the isotropic foam index was introduced as a parameter to indicate the isotropic foam behavior.

Introducing the interpretation of medieval Hindī texts into the Hindī curriculum: An alternative approach

Oriental Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesThe author has been trying, for several years now, to apply and further expand the method of detailed morphological analysis of Old Hindī texts first developed by the Czech Indologist Vladimir Miltner in his Old Hindī Reader and to test it in the courses given at the Institute of Indology at Charles University, Prague. This paper demonstrates the possibilities this still little used descriptive approach offers to students who have basic knowledge of Modern Standard Hindī and wish to gain an insight into the grammatical structure of Old Hindī literary dialects. Careful use of this method helps highlight, among other things, the high degree of homonymy of grammatical morphemes and the consequent frequent ambiguity of meaning. A continuous text segmented into basic morphological units can be processed by a concordancing software and further analysed with the help of methods developed in the field of corpus linguistics. An appendix to the paper shows the method as applied to the analysis of one short pad (poem) of a medieval Hindī poet, Sant Kabīr.The use of this method in classes helps the students read and interpret a greater quantity of texts in a relatively short time. This can serve as an incentive on the one hand to work with the literary material in the source language and on the other to pay closer attention to distinctive features of written and oral traditions in their wider social contexts.

Classical and dynamic morphology: toward a synthesis through the space of forms

In plant morphology, most structures of vascular plants can easily be assigned to pre-established organ categories. However, there are also intermediate structures that do not fit those categories associated with a classical approach to morphology. To integrate the diversity of forms in the same general framework, we constructed a theoretical morphospace based on a variety of modalities where it is possible to calculate the morphological distance between plant organs. This paper gives emphasis on shoot, leaf, leaflet and trichomes while ignoring the root. This will allow us to test the hypothesis that classical morphology (typology) and dynamic morphology occupy the same theoretical morphospace and the relationship between the two approaches remains a question of weighting of criteria. Our approach considers the shoot (i.e. leafy stem) as the basic morphological structural unit. A theoretical data table consisting of as many lines as there are possible combinations between different modalities of characters of a typical shoot was generated. By applying a principal components analysis (PCA) to these data it is possible to define a theoretical morphospace of shoots. Typical morphological elements (shoots, leaves, trichomes) and atypical structures (phylloclades, cladodes) including particular cases representing 'exotic' structures such as the epiphyllous appendages of Begonia and 'water shoot' and 'leaf' of aquatic Utricularia were placed in the morphospace. The more an organ differs from a typical shoot, the further away it will be from the barycentre of shoots. By giving a higher weight to variables used in classical typology, the different organ categories appear to be separate, as expected. If we do not make any particular arbitrary choice in terms of character weighting, as it is the case in the context of dynamic morphology, the clear separation between organs is replaced by a continuum. Contrary to typical structures, "intermediate" structures are only compatible with a dynamic morphology approach whether they are placed in the morphospace based on a ponderation compatible with typology or dynamic morphology. The difference in points of view between typology and continuum leads to a particular mode of weighting. By using an equal weighting of characters, contradictions due to the ponderation of characters are avoided, and the morphological concepts of continuum' and 'typology' appear as sub-classes of 'process' or 'dynamic morphology'.

Arabic morphology: diminutive verbs and diminutive nouns in San’ani Arabic

Word formation in Arabic has traditionally been assumed to involve interdigitation of a consonantal root with a vocalic pattern. This view is adopted by a large number of modern generative morphologists. More recently, however, several morphologists have argued that words in Semitic are formed from fully vocalised stems. In this paper, I argue that in San'ani (the dialect of San'a), and in some other Arabic dialects, there is a class of verbs that have as part of either their denotations or connotations a diminutive sense. I then consider diminutive nouns in the dialect. On the basis of semantic and phonological relationships between diminutive verbs and their non-diminutive counterparts, as well as native speakers' explanations of certain diminutive verbs, and the relationship between diminutive nouns and their non-diminutive counterparts, I argue that while some derivational processes take the root as the basic morphological unit, phonological and semantic similarities between certain stems can only be accounted for by derivation from a fully vocalised stem. I therefore conclude that both root-based and stem-based types of word formation occur.

An Image Analysis Method for Cell-Size and Cell-Size Distribution Measurement in Rigid Foams

The basic morphological unit of a closed cell rigid foam is the gas-filled cavity surrounded by cell walls and struts. Typically, these cavities (cells) are pentagonal dodecahedral or tetrakaidecahedral. Their average dimensions and dispersity are known to influence foam physical properties and foam performance. We have devised a reliable method for the measurement of cell-size and cell-size distribution which exploits both geometry and statistics, and which has allowed the realization of useful correlations and trends in our development of rigid foam formulations and additives. A thin slice of foam (100-300 microns) is subjected to optical microscopy and image analysis. Measurements of the areas of cell windows and of the average ferets of these windows are made independently. Windows are usually pentagonal, hexagonal or square and are variously distorted. Cells are assumed to be dodecahedral and cell diameter ( d) is calculated by the formulae: d = 2.1354 (area)1/2 d = 1.7013 (feret) Thereby, two independent determinations of cell diameter are obtained from each window viewed. Values are typically within 2% of each other. Cell-size distribution is quantified by measuring a large number (~ 500-1000) of windows and calculating the simple and weighted averages. This paper will present the mathematical basis for the method, illustrate the excellent agreement between the window area and the feret cell-size determinations and demonstrate the utility of cell-size and cell-size distribution data in physical property correlations, for example for k-factor.

Electron microscopy of molluscan crossed-lamellar microstructure

The morphology of the molluscan shell microstructure cross-lamellar structure (XLM) was studied by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of a variety of species ( Patella vulgata, Littorina littorea, L. nigrolineata, L. obtusata, L. saxatilis, Oliva sayana, Conus litteratus, C. magus, Pomatias elegans, Acanthopleura brevispinosa , and Arca tetragona ). Two of the gastropod species ( O. sayana and L. littorea ) were also examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the crystallographic relationships between the microstructural units. SEM studies reveal that although the basic structure of XLM is broadly similar in all species, there is quite a degree of variation present in size of unit and regularity in form, even within a single specimen. Transitions from other aragonitic microstructures to XLM are gradational in nature, whereas the boundary between XLM and a calcitic microstructure is always sharp. The basic morphological units in Oliva sayana are third order lamellae that are bounded by (001) and (110) faces. They are profusely twinned on (110) and have very minor (110) twinning. The crystallographic relationship between first order lamellae in O. sayana maintains an approximate parallelism between the (110) twinning planes in adjacent crossed bands, and the third order lamellae in the bands are rotated by approximately 45° with respect to each other about the [001] direction. The basic morphological units in Littorina littorea are third order lamellae with (001) and (100) faces, again with ubiquitous (110) twinning. The crystallographic relationship between first order lamellae is an approximately 50° rotation about [100], making the [001] direction in the (100) face on a third order lamella of one band almost parallel to the [011] direction in the (100) face of a lamella of an adjacent band. The organic interlamellar sheets are thought to control the inexact epitaxial relationships observed in both species, and our results indicate the likelihood of a unique matrix composition for each.

Lattice images from ultrathin sections of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall of Valonia macrophysa K�tz.

The crystalline ultrastructure and orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall of Valonia macrophysa were investigated by means of high-resolution electron microscopy of ultrathin (approx. 28 nm) sections. With careful selection of imaging conditions, ultrastructural aspects of the cell wall that had remained unresolved in previous studies were worked out by direct imaging of crystal lattice of cellulose microfibrils. It was confirmed that each microfibril is a single crystal having a lateral dimension of 20·20 nm(2), because lattice images of 0.39 nm resolution were clearly recorded with no major disruption in the whole area of the cross section of the microfibril. There was no evidence for the existence of 3.5-nm elementary fibrils which have been considered to be basic crystallographic and morphological units of cellulose in general. It was also confirmed that the axial directions (crystallographic fiber direction) of adjacent microfibrils in each single lamella of the cell wall are opposite to each other.

Cell clusters in the nucleus accumbens of the rat, and the mosaic relationship of opiate receptors, acetylcholinesterase and subcortical afferent terminations

The nucleus accumbens is located ventromedially in the mammalian neostriatum. Nissl- and myelin-stained material from the rat shows that the internal organization of the accumbens features clusters of cells occupying myelin-poor regions. These cell clusters served as basic morphological units against which several other histological features were examined. Markers for opiate receptors, acetylcholinesterase and subcortical afferent termination patterns reveal a mosaic heterogeneity in register with the cell clusters. Specifically, [ 3H]naloxone binds densely, acetylcholinesterase stains weakly and [ 3H]amino acids, anterogradely transported from the thalamic paraventricular, paratenial and central medial nuclei and from the ventral tegmental area, label termination-poor zones—all in patterns which correspond to the cell clusters. Details of this fit were provided by Golgi analysis of the spread of cell cluster dendrites. The restriction of dendrites to cell cluster territory, together with the sharply defined edges of opiate receptor and thalamic tract termination patterns, suggests that some connections are excluded from the clusters, and others terminate almost exclusively within their domain. Dopamine fluorescence is weak in the cell cluster areas, supporting the idea that projections from dopaminergic cells in the ventral tegmental area avoid cell clusters. Though certain extrinsic afferent projections are excluded from the cell clusters, it is argued that inputs from nearby striatal enkephalinergic neurons are preferentially received. Taken together, these findings suggest that the cell clusters are way-stations devoted to intrinsic information processing. It is speculated that these concepts can be extended to chemically similar arrangements in the caudate-putamen, which lacks a cytoarchitectural unit as distinct as the cell cluster.

Directionality of the fibre c-axis of cellulose crystallites in microfibrils of Valonia ventricosa

The directionality of the c-axis (fibre axis) of the cellulose crystallites in the cell wall of Valonia ventricosa has been elucidated using tilt experiments, electron diffraction in selected areas and micro-diffraction on ultrathin sections. It is shown that each lamella of the cell wall contains the two directions ‘up and down’ for the c-axis, while for one single microfibril, this c-axis is unidirectional, as for a single crystal. A direct consequence of this last result is that the 3.5 nm elementary microfibrils, which are generally thought to be the basic morphological units of plant cell walls, can be considered to occur as separate entities within a microfibril of Valonia ventricosa only if they have the same sense and the defects at the boundaries are small.

Lamellar morphology and inner structure of crystalline carbyne fragemnts

By means of transmission scanning electron microscopy and electron diffraction the morphology and the inner structure of crystalline carbyne fragments has been studied. The crystalline specimens of carbyne have been obtained by free vaporization in the arc of spectroscopically pure carbon and the subsequent condensation in vacuo on a freshly sliced rock salt crystal. The basic morphological unit has been shown to appear as a thin transparent platelet (lamel) of ~ 100 Å of thickness.

Reactive polymers : XXV. Morphology of polymeric sorbents based on glycidyl methacrylate copolymers

Scanning electron microscopy was used to obtain basic data on the surface and internal morphology of macroporous copolymers based on glycidyl esters of methacrylic acid which are useful as chromatographic sorbents. The basic morphological units in beads consist of spherical microparticles (globules and nodules), hundredths to tenths of a micrometre in size. On the bead surface the globules are compactly arranged in the shell, owing to the surface tension in suspension copolymerization. The pores in the shell are an order of magnitude smaller than the macropores between the aggregates of globules inside the beads. With increasing content of the crosslinking agent in copolymers, the microparticles become finer and more individualized, which explains the increase in the specific surface area of the sorbents. In gas chromatography, the morphology of the sorbent preferentially determines the retention of non-polar compounds, while that of polar compounds is affected by the chemical composition of copolymers, that is, by the content of glycidyl epoxy groups in this instance.

SOME METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL DATA

This paper deals with research of patterns and structures in a sequence of data with a finite number of states. After preliminary estimates, two optimization criteria are presented, which based on a schema of referential probabilities enable the construction of a vocabulary of patterns, or basic morphological units. The determination of structures, which may link these patterns is subsequently discussed, first from a morphological viewpoint, then from a generative viewpoint. Morphological structures may be constructed from classical schema of Markov chains or from graph theory; the identification of generative structures is based on the definition of a set of normed transformations on the vocabulary, which leads to various numerical estimates.

Molecular morphology of cellulose

AbstractNative celluloses of various biological origins, as well as regenerated celluloses were examined by electron microscopy after suitable dispersion. In all cases the specimens were found to be composed of a common filamentary unit which is rectangular in cross section and has the approximate dimensions 35 × 20 Å. It is suggested that these are the basic morphological units of cellulose; they are therefore called protofibrils. For protofibrils of regenerated cellulose it is shown that: (1) the molecular contour length greatly exceeds the protofibril length, (2) the mass of the protofibril corresponds to that of a single molecule, and (3) the protofibril length increases with molecular weight. Additionally, high resolution electron micrographs of native and regenerated protofibrils show an apparent axial texture with a periodicity of about 40 Å. From these observations and the knowledge that the molecular chain axis is aligned parallel to the protofibril axis, a model of the protofibril is deduced. The model consists of a ribbon which is pleated on itself so as to form a planar zigzag structure of rectangular cross section. This supersedes a previously proposed model of circular cross section. The structure is composed of a single folded, chain, arranged so that the short extended segments between the folds are parallel to the protofibril axis. The protofibril is thus regarded as the morphological expression of the cellulose molecule. Microfibrils and protofibrils often exhibit kinks, the angle between the kinked portions being 120°. This phenomenon is satisfactorily explained by the protofibril model and in fact provides good support for it. Finally, various properties of cellulose are considered in relation to the model. By contrast with the earlier crystalline–amorphous concepts of cellulose fine structure, it is suggested that protofibrils are completely crystalline structures, and that the properties of cellulose may be understood by considering processes that occur at the level of the protofibril as a unit.

Morphology and mechanical behavior of block polymers

AbstractThe morphology of solution cast films of butadiene and styrene block polymers in both stretched and unstretched state has been studied by electron microscopy, and has been related to the mechanical behavior of these materials. These micrographs confirm the indications from dynamic properties that this material consists of a two‐phase system in which the relationship between the phases is sensitive to the solvent system used in casting. Although the basic morphological unit is a polystyrene sphere of 100 Å diameter dispersed in a matrix of polybutadiene, the interaction between spheres is complex. These spheres are more deformable than would be predicted from their glass transition temperature. The dynamic mechanical properties, stress‐strain properties, and stress relaxation properties of block polymers of styrene and dienes can be explained in terms of the morphology and changes of morphology on stretching in the electron microscope.