IPv6-based Mobility Research Articles

Design and implementation of integrated tactical mobility testbed

Abstract In tactical environments, mobility has a significant impact on the performance such as handover delay. In this paper, we design and implement an integrated tactical mobility testbed that consists of (1) host identify protocol module for secure initial registration, (2) Proxy Mobile IPv6-based distributed mobility management module for infrastructure-based mobility cases, and (3) delay/disruption tolerant networking module for opportunistic mobility cases. The implementation and experimental results demonstrate that the integrated testbed can be used to consider diverse tactical mobility scenarios and to evaluate the handover performance.

Neighbor Discovery ++− a Scalable and Robust Address Auto-Configuration for Future Internet of Things Networks

The growing complexity of the Internet of Things (IoT) solutions along with highly increased application needs call for more complex and robust networking solutions. Especially the importance of autonomic, self-configuration capabilities becomes particularly significant. The IPv6-based mobile ad hoc networks are envisioned to be a good candidate technology for the IoT networks. However, they lack efficient address auto-configuration mechanisms, which could extend the IPv6 to cover the requirements of such a demanding networking environment. To address this challenge, we have proposed the Neighbor Discovery ++ (ND++) solution for the enhanced stateless address auto-configuration. The ND++ incorporates a well-performing flooding control mechanism to the basic IPv6 ND design, which results in a very low protocol overhead in the order of few messages per node. The presented simulation-based evaluation, performed under diversified mobile scenarios, confirms the scalability and robustness of this approach with regard to the key identified metrics-reliability, overhead, and latency.

Distributed All-IP Mobility Management Architecture Supported by the NDN Overlay

Two of the most promising candidate solutions for realizing the next-generation all-IP mobile networks are Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), which is the host-based and global mobility supporting protocol, and Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6), which is the network-based and localized mobility supporting protocol. However, the unprecedented growth of mobile Internet traffic has resulted in the development of distributed mobility management (DMM) architecture by the Internet engineering task force DMM working group. The extension of the basic MIPv6 and PMIPv6 to support their distributed and scalable deployment in the future is one of the major goals of the DMM working group. We propose an all-IP-based mobility management architecture that leverages the concept of Named Data Networking (NDN), which is a distributed content management and addressing architecture. In the proposed solution, mobility support services are distributed among multiple anchor points at the edge of the network, thereby enabling a flat architecture that exploits name-based routing in NDN. Our approach overcomes some of the major limitations of centralized IP mobility management solutions, by extending existing routing protocol and mobility management architecture, to distribute the mobility management function of anchor points in the IP network and optimize the transmission path of mobile traffic.

Seamless Mobility Management Schemes for IPv6-based Wireless Networks

Mobility management is one major challenge for wireless network design. Advanced wireless technologies provide mobile nodes with multi-mode radio interfaces, so subscribers can benefit from disparate mobile communication systems. Meanwhile, researchers are putting efforts into standardization of IPv6-based mobility protocols. Hence, wireless networks can offer more flexible mobility support than ever before. However, as the demands for high-speed Internet access and multimedia services increase, guaranteeing host mobility with quality of service provisioning becomes more difficult. Both network connectivity and session continuity need to be carefully handled during handover. This paper proposes a new mobility protocol, called seamless mobile IPv6 (SMIPv6). Its novelty consists of pre-configuring bidirectional secure tunnels among access routers before handoff, as well as using such tunnels to guarantee handoff seamlessness. To evaluate the performance, simulations are conducted using OPNET Modeler v.12.0, of which results demonstrate that SMIPv6 delivers better performance than MIPv6 in terms of handoff latency and packet losses.

On IPv6 Experimentation in Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

With the growing interest towards the Internet of Things IPv6-based mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) become a key enabling technology offering the possibility of automated, unsupervised network configuration and operation. Such a functionality calls for an accurate and reliable testing of the newly proposed solutions, which is challenging due to the dynamic, decentralized and ad hoc nature of MANETs. In this work selected topics are presented on performing IPv6 protocols experimentation in wireless, IPv6-only mobile ad hoc networks – including both simulation – and testbed-based evaluation. Based on the authors experience with the evaluation of the extended IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol (ND++) proposed during the course of research, the selection of an opensource simulation environment is presented and a comparison between simulation and emulation experimentation methods is provided. Benefits and drawbacks of both these methodologies for testing IPv6 solutions are depicted. Moreover, the important aspects of topology and mobility considerations are considered. Finally the authors propose a testing approach that would allow for a detailed and accurate evaluation by means of open-source, easily accessible and low-cost methodologies

A Novel Mobility Management Scheme for Hierarchical MIPv6 Network

Delay and packet loss caused by the basic mobile IPv6 handover protocol can not guarantee the service quality of real-time communication. In order to improve the performance of fast handover of the mobile IPv6, we proposed a fast handover scheme based on hierarchical mobility which combines micro mobility and the link layer trigger. By shielding local mobility of the mobile node, the scheme can greatly reduce the signaling information traffic from mobile node to HA and CN. Through the link layer trigger mechanism, the scheme builds a tunnel in advance to avoid packet loss. In order to verify the performance of the proposed scheme, we did some simulation experiments in the NS-2 environment. The simulation results show that the scheme reduces handover delay and packet loss effectively.

A TOTP-Based Enhanced Route Optimization Procedure for Mobile IPv6 to Reduce Handover Delay and Signalling Overhead

Due to the proliferation of handheld mobile devices, multimedia applications like Voice over IP (VoIP), video conferencing, network music, and online gaming are gaining popularity in recent years. These applications are well known to be delay sensitive and resource demanding. The mobility of mobile devices, running these applications, across different networks causes delay and service disruption. Mobile IPv6 was proposed to provide mobility support to IPv6-based mobile nodes for continuous communication when they roam across different networks. However, the Route Optimization procedure in Mobile IPv6 involves the verification of mobile node's reachability at the home address and at the care-of address (home test and care-of test) that results in higher handover delays and signalling overhead. This paper presents an enhanced procedure, time-based one-time password Route Optimization (TOTP-RO), for Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization that uses the concepts of shared secret Token, time based one-time password (TOTP) along with verification of the mobile node via direct communication and maintaining the status of correspondent node's compatibility. The TOTP-RO was implemented in network simulator (NS-2) and an analytical analysis was also made. Analysis showed that TOTP-RO has lower handover delays, packet loss, and signalling overhead with an increased level of security as compared to the standard Mobile IPv6's Return-Routability-based Route Optimization (RR-RO).

프록시 모바일 IPv6 네트워크에서 안전한 스마트 이동성에 기반한 빠른 핸드오버 기법의 성능분석

Defect-free transfer service on the Next-generation wireless network extensive roaming mobile node (MN) to provide efficient mobility management has become very important. MIPv6(Mobility IPv6) is one of mobility management scheme proposed by IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force), and IPv6-based mobility management techniques have been developed in various forms. One of each management techniques, IPv6-based mobility management techniques for PMIPv6 (MIPv6) system to improve the performance of a variety of F-PMIPv6 (Fast Handover for Proxy MIPv6) is proposed. However, the F-PMIPv6 is cannot be excellent than PMIPv6 in all scenarios. Therefor, to select a proper mobility management scheme between PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6 becomes an interesting issue, for its potenrials in enhancing the capacity and scalability of the system. In this paper, we develop an analytical model to analyze the applicability of PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6. Based on this model, we design an Secure Smart Mobility Support(SSM) scheme that selects the better alternative between PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6 for a user according to its changing mobility and service characteristics. When F-PMIPv6 is adopted, SSM chooses the best mobility anchor point and regional size to optimize the system performance. Numerical results illustrate the impact of some key parameters on the applicability of PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6. Finally, SSM has proven even better result than PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6.

Performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain scheme vs. IPv6 mobility protocols

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and services. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. IETF has standardized several protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6 to provide mobility management on the IP network. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domain and describe the main features and key strengths of Virtual Mobility Domain that are designed to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. Instead of IP addressing, the proposed Virtual Mobility Domain uses a tiered-addressing scheme to identify a mobile node with a single address regardless of its location. The tiered addressing provides a dynamic address length which brings less signaling overhead and scalable management. We also propose a collaborative network-based mobility management mechanism to provide low-latency handoffs and less processing-overhead on the mobile node compared to the IPv6-based protocols. The proposed mobility scheme unifies inter and intra-domain mobility management by introducing common anchor cloud concept which provides a distributed management and seamless mobility experience. We present comparative qualitative and quantitative performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain and aforementioned IPv6-based mobility protocols for Intra-AS roaming support. We examine handoff latency and signaling overhead performance of each protocol based on numerical results retrieved from analytical models and OPNET modeler based simulations. The results from a comparative performance study show the potential for more efficient mobility management under the proposed Internet architecture.

Mobility Support for IPv6-based Next Generation Wireless Networks

This paper presents an overview of IPv6-based mobility management protocols: mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), fast handovers for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), and fast handover for hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6). All these protocols play an important role in the next generation wireless networks, because in such networks, mobile users need to be freely change their access network or domain with on-going real-time multimedia services. The mobility management procedure for each protocol is described in details. Furthermore, handover performance is compared for host-based mobility protocols using analytical modeling. The effect of various wireless network parameters on the performance is studied carefully. Numerical analysis shows that handoff performance in wireless networks is largely dependent on various system parameters such as the user velocity, subnet radius, and session-to-mobility ratio, domain size and binding lifetime; there is a trade-off between performance metrics and such parameters.

IP기반의 차세대 모바일 네트워크에서 이동성관리 기법의 비용분석

Cost-effective mobility management for the roaming mobile users is very important in the seamless services on next-generation wireless network (NGWN). MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) is one of the mobility management schemes proposed by the IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force) and various IPv6-based mobility management schemes have been developed. They are directly involved with data transfer from MN (Mobile Node). In this paper, two kinds of schemes in analyzing of mobility management schemes are proposed. The signaling transfer and packet delivery procedures for each mobility management schemes are analyzed, respectively. The signaling cost for mobility management schemes are calculated, and the cost of each protocol are analyzed numerically. In other word, applying the sum of signaling cost and packet delivery cost to each mobility management scheme, their costs are analyzed. Finally, our performance evaluation results that the network-based mobility management scheme shows better performance in terms of overall cost.

A Literature Survey on Handoff for Mobile IPv6

With the development of network technology, IPv6 will be widely used in the next generation Internet, IPv6 will be used in the next generation Internet, IPv6 could combine mobile networks and fixed wireless networks closely, which brings great convenience to people’s live. The handoff delay of Mobile IPv6 seriously affected the real-time communication service quality, therefore various improvement methods based on the basic Mobile IPv6 protocol are proposed. The working principle of Mobile IPv6 is described, the current main switch methods are summarized and the typical methods are detailed and compared in this paper. And at last the future research hot-spots are proposed.

Design and implementation of a hybrid MIPv6/PMIPv6-based mobility management architecture

As two of the most promising candidate solutions for realizing the next-generation all-IP mobile Internet, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a host-based protocol supporting global mobility, while Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based protocol supporting localized mobility. In order to take full advantage of both and enhance the mobility performance, a hybrid MIPv6/PMIPv6-based mobility management architecture is proposed in this paper. First, the optimized coexistence architecture of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 is presented. Based on this architecture, the Hybrid scheme is proposed, in which localized mobility and global mobility are handled by PMIPv6 and MIPv6 respectively to improve the efficiency. Then we propose the Hybrid+ scheme based on the Hybrid scheme. The Hybrid+ scheme incorporates a protocol selection algorithm, which takes into account the mobility characteristics of mobile nodes (MN) and network conditions. This allows it to select the most suitable mobility supporting protocol between the basic MIPv6 and the Hybrid scheme. Performance analysis using a two-layer hierarchical network model reveals that the Hybrid scheme reduces the signaling costs by more than 20% compared to the basic MIPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6). In addition, we have implemented the proposed mobility management architecture in a test-bed. The experimental results show that our Hybrid scheme can improve the handover performance of UDP and TCP sessions over the other mobility management protocols. Moreover, when the protocol selection algorithm is adopted as in the Hybrid+ scheme, the performance can be further improved by more than 50% under various scenarios.

Novel results on SCTP multihoming performance in native IPv6 UMTS-WLAN environments

Multihoming is one of the most attractive features of stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) aiming to make this prosperous transport scheme competitive in mobile environments when the mobile hosts are equipped with multiple interfaces. The complementary characteristic of the 3G universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) and wireless local area network (WLAN) architectures motivates operators to integrate these two successful technologies. Recently spreading wireless devices are increasingly provided with multiple networking interfaces such enabling end-users to access internet services using e.g., the WLAN's higher bandwidth wherever available, and connecting to the UMTS network in other cases. This paper investigates the performance of multihomed SCTP hosts through extensive experimental studies in such an integrated heterogeneous environment. In order to do this, we designed and implemented a real native IPv6 UMTS-WLAN testbed equipped with novel IPv6-based mobile technologies, such providing ideal conditions for SCTP multihoming performance analysis. In this testbed architecture we analysed numerous settings to measure the handover behaviour of the protocol in terms of handover effectiveness, link changeover characteristics, throughput and transmission delay. As our results show, accurate SCTP parameter setup can significantly decrease the handover delay and eliminate the data transmission interrupts.

A seamless handover scheme in IPv6-based mobile networks

With the rapid development of wireless technologies, the need to support moving hosts of IPv6-based mobile networks in ubiquitous is growing. Various well-known approaches to optimising the handover latency have been proposed in the literature: MIPv6, FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and F-HMIPv6. However, these approaches are inefficient in packet loss, out-of order problem, dependency of exact predictive information and a sudden disruption of the link. In this paper, we propose a seamless handover scheme with temporal reuse of Care of Addresses (CoAs) and Packet Buffering Point (PBP) in IPv6-Based mobile networks.

A Cross-Layer Approach for Improving TCP Performance in Mobile Environments

Network-layer mobility protocols have been developed to keep continuous connectivity for mobile hosts while transparent to the higher layers. However, Due to its distinct characteristics of different from traditional TCP/IP environment, mobility poses substantial impacts on TCP performance in mobile environments. This paper proposes a new cross-layer approach, by introducing a mobility detection element in the network layer which interacts with the transport layer to optimize TCP operations. As changes are only made to the endpoints, this approach preserves the end-to-end semantics of TCP. Different from most exiting works, which utilize either transport or network layer alone without much cross-layer cooperation, our approach allows the use of mobility information in TCP. We analytically compare this approach against existing approaches and show that our approach outperforms prior approaches in terms of effective data resumption time. Through performance simulations, our approach demonstrates that it can effectively improve TCP performance in Mobile IPv6-based mobile environments.

An Analytical Framework for Performance Evaluation of IPv6-Based mobility Management Protocols

Mobility management with provision of seamless handover is crucial for an efficient support of global roaming of mobile nodes (MNs) in next-generation wireless networks (NGWN). Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and its extensions were proposed by IETF for IP layer mobility management. However, performance of IPv6-based mobility management schemes is highly dependent on traffic characteristics and user mobility models. Consequently, it is important to assess this performance in-depth through those two factors. The performance of IPv6-based mobility management schemes is usually evaluated through simulations. This paper proposes an analytical framework to evaluate the performance of IPv6-based mobility management protocols. This proposal does not aim to advocate which is better but rather to study the effects of various network parameters on the performance of these protocols to enlighten decision-making. The effect of system parameters, such as subnet residence time, packet arrival rate and wireless link delay, is investigated for performance evaluation with respect to various metrics like signaling overhead cost, handoff latency and packet loss. Numerical results show that there is a trade-off between performance metrics and network parameters.

Enhanced fast handoff scheme for heterogeneous wireless networks

Mobility management, integration and interworking of existing wireless systems are important factors to obtain seamless roaming and services continuity in next generation or 4G wireless networks (NGWN/4G). Although, several IPv6-based mobility protocols as well as interworking architectures have been proposed in the literature, they cannot guarantee seamless roaming, especially for real-time applications. Moreover, mobility management protocols are designed for specific needs, for example, the purpose of IPv6-based mobility schemes consists of managing users roaming while ignoring access network discovery. This paper proposes an efficient handoff protocol, called enhanced Handoff Protocol for Integrated Networks (eHPIN), which carries out localized mobility management, fast handoff, and access network discovery. It alleviates services disruption during roaming in heterogeneous IP-based wireless environments. Performance evaluation results show that eHPIN provides significant gain with respect to signaling traffic overhead cost, handoff latency, packet delivery cost, handoff failure and packet loss compared with existing IPv6-based mobility schemes.

DMAP: integrated mobility and service management in mobile IPv6 systems

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a work in progress IETF standard for enabling mobility in IPv6 networks and is expected to have wide deployment. We investigate an integrated mobility and service management scheme based on MIPv6 with the goal to minimize the overall network signaling cost in MIPv6 systems for serving mobility and service management related operations. Our design extends IETF work-in-progress Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) with the notion of dynamic mobility anchor points (DMAPs) for each mobile node (MN) instead of static ones for all MNs. These DMAPs are access routers chosen by individual MNs to act as a regional router to reduce the signaling overhead for intra-regional movements. The DMAP domain size, i.e., the number of subnets covered by a DMAP, is based on the MN’s mobility and service characteristics. Under our DMAP protocol, a MN interacts with its home agent and application servers as in the MIPv6 protocol, but optimally determines when and where to launch a DMAP to minimize the network cost in serving the user’s mobility and service management operations. We demonstrate that our DMAP protocol for integrated mobility and service management yields significantly improved performance over basic MIPv6 and HMIPv6.

Reactive Handover Optimization in IPv6-Based Mobile Networks

In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the need to support moving hosts and moving networks in IPv6-based mobile networks. As the number of such hosts and networks grows, so will the demand for delay sensitive real-time applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), that require seamless handover. Two well-known approaches to reduce the handover latency have been proposed in the literature: proactive and reactive approaches. While proactive handover is known to generally outperform reactive handover, its reliability and practicality are still questionable since it basically depends on predictive information which may be unreliable in some cases. In this paper, based on the standard specification for IPv6 mobility support, we analyze the existing movement detection and address configuration procedures which are the main components of reactive handover approach. We also propose a novel reactive handover procedure which employs our optimized movement detection and address configuration schemes. The proposal is simple and robust because it does not need any predictive information and it requires a minimum number of signaling messages. The performance evaluation shows that the proposal substantially reduces the signaling load on wireless/wired networks and its handover latency is reduced enough to support seamless services