Basic Mechanical Elements Research Articles

Mechanical Design and Tactical Placement Technique of Robust and Reliable Battery Pack for Electric Vehicle- A Review

The great sensitivity of lithium-ion battery packs to external factors such pressure, temperature, and dynamic mechanical stresses might result in a potential failure during thermal runaway in an electric car caused by shaking or collision with a car. Enormous electrification of the commercial and public transit industries is hampered, among other things, by concerns about battery pack safety and reliability. In order to solve these problems, this study covers mechanical design elements. Through examples, the paper shows how basic mechanical elements able to incorporated into the design of battery packing to reduce the likelihood of failure and lessen the previously listed safety issues. In addition, the essential elements of a durable The battery pack has been thoroughly examined, and the resources needed to create these elements and satisfy their operational specifications have been determined. A LEAF battery package design example is used to illustrate the strategic battery pack placement technique. Lastly, the fundamental technical design specifications for a durable and dependable battery packing methods are made public by contrasting the disclosed design choices presented in this article with battery pack design.

Development of a computational system to design a helical spring

AbstractSprings are the most basic mechanical elements used in transmission mechanisms. The rapid development of the computer and cellular industry has encouraged spring manufacturers to develop the industry to produce very small springs. Most computer-aided design programs for mechanical parts provide the possibility of designing these parts, as these programs include different types of decisions. All these decisions require coordinates for geometric data as well as metadata. The paper aims to develop software programs to design and analyze springs as one of the most significant mechanical elements used. This paper aims to develop a design software of a helical spring system, where this software is built using a computer program in the language of Visual Basic Version 5. When the user enters data into the system, the system will perform a series of complex calculations in the system, then provide a detailed report on all the engineering dimensions of the spring, and test its efficiency. The output of the software shows the required spring wire parameters. The software was tested with test data from the open literature, and the required wire spring parameters were obtained.

Magnetically modulated tetrahedral structure for low frequency vibration isolation with adjustable load capacity

Quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) is beneficial to achieving wider vibration isolation band. However, existing QZS isolators are usually configured with negative stiffness and linear spring, and can only achieve QZS under a specific load, which greatly limits their application in many scenarios. Here, we proposed a magnetically modulated tetrahedral structure (MMTS) that can achieve QZS under different loads. The MMTS is mainly composed of two parts: the tetrahedral structure and a pair of repulsive magnets. Static analysis shows that although the tetrahedral structure consists of simple basic mechanical elements (rods, sliders, and linear springs), it can provide flexible and adjustable negative stiffness. And this negative stiffness can be modulated by the hardening stiffness of the repulsive magnets to realize QZS. The method of realizing QZS by modulating negative stiffness with hardening stiffness is essentially different from the traditional method (connecting linear spring and negative stiffness mechanism). More importantly, no matter how the negative stiffness is adjusted, effective modulation can be achieved by setting appropriate magnet spacing. As a result, QZS can be obtained under different loads. A dynamic model is developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the system, and the displacement transmissibility is derived using the harmonic balance method (HBM). Comprehensive parameter analysis is conducted to explore its vibration isolation performance. An experimental prototype is manufactured and tested to verify the theoretical model and analysis. Experimental results illustrated that the MMTS can effectively suppress the frequency components above 4 Hz under different external excitations. This novel MMTS provides a new idea to realize QZS under different loads and has great potential for engineering practice.

Ultralow Expansion Glass as Material for Advanced Micromechanical Systems

Ultralow expansion (ULE) glasses are of special interest for temperature stabilized systems for example in precision metrology. Nowadays, ULE materials are mainly used in macroscopic and less in micromechanical systems. Reasons for this are a lack of technologies for parallel fabricating high‐quality released microstructures with a high accuracy. As a result, there is a high demand in transferring these materials into miniaturized application examples, realistic system modeling, and the investigation of microscopic material properties. Herein, a technological base for fabricating released micromechanical structures and systems with a structure height above 100 μm in ULE 7972 glass is established. Herein, the main fabrication parameters that are important for the system design and contribute thus to the introduction of titanium silicate as material for glass‐based micromechanical systems are discussed. To study the mechanical properties in combination with respective simulation models, microcantilevers are used as basic mechanical elements to evaluate technological parameters and other impact factors. The implemented models allow to predict the micromechanical system properties with a deviation of only ±5% and can thus effectively support the micromechanical system design in an early stage of development.

Exploring cell and tissue mechanics with optical tweezers.

Cellular and tissue biosystems emerge from the assembly of their constituent molecules and obtain a set of specific material properties. To measure these properties and understand how they influence cellular function is a central goal of mechanobiology. From a bottoms-up, physics or engineering point-of-view, such systems are a composition of basic mechanical elements. However, the sheer number and dynamic complexity of them, including active molecular machines and their emergent properties, makes it currently intractable to calculate how biosystems respond to forces. Because many diseases result from an aberrant mechanotransduction, it is thus essential to measure this response. Recent advances in the technology of optical tweezers have broadened their scope from single-molecule applications to measurements inside complex cellular environments, even within tissues and animals. Here, we summarize the basic optical trapping principles, implementations and calibration procedures that enable force measurements using optical tweezers directly inside cells of living animals, in combination with complementary techniques. We review their versatility to manipulate subcellular organelles and measure cellular frequency-dependent mechanics in the piconewton force range from microseconds to hours. As an outlook, we address future challenges to fully unlock the potential of optical tweezers for mechanobiology.

Mechanisms for acoustic emissions generation during granular shearing

Shear deformation of granular media leads to continual restructuring of particle contact network and mechanical interactions. These changes to the mechanical state include jamming of grains, collisions, and frictional slip of particles—all of which present abrupt perturbations of internal forces and release of strain energy. Such energy release events typically result in the generation of elastic waves in the kHz frequency range, termed acoustic emissions (AE). The close association between grain-scale mechanics and AE generation motivated the use of AE as surrogate observations to assess the mechanical state of complex materials and granular flows. The study characterizes AE generation mechanisms stemming from grain-scale mechanical interactions. Basic mechanisms are considered, including frictional slip between particles, and mechanical excitation of particle configurations during force network restructuring events. The intrinsic frequencies and energy content of generated AEs bear the signature of source mechanisms and of structural features of the grain network. Acoustic measurements in simple shear experiments of glass beads reveal distinct characteristics of AE associated with different source mechanisms. These findings offer new capabilities for non-invasive interrogation of micromechancial interactions and linkage to a stochastic model of shear zone mechanics. Certain statistical features of restructuring events and associated energy release during shearing were predicted with a conceptual fiber-bundle model (FBM). In the FBM the collective behavior of a large number of basic mechanical elements (representing e.g. grain contacts), termed fibers, reproduces the reaction of disordered materials to progressive loading. The failure of fibers at an individual threshold force corresponds to slipping of a particle contact or a single rearrangement event of the granular network. The energy release from model fiber breakage is the equivalent to elastic energy from abrupt grain rearrangement events and provides an estimate of the energy available for elastic wave generation. The coupled FBM–AE model was in reasonable agreement with direct shear experiments that were performed on large granular assemblies. The results underline the potential of using AE as a diagnostic tool to study micro-mechanical interactions, shear failure and mobilization in granular material.

String Pendulum Dynamics. Control in the Single-Axis Azimuth-Free Gyro Mode

An implementation of a generalized Foucault pendulum, where the basic mechanical elements are a massive solid ball and two weightless strings, is considered. A two-dimensional electromechanical model of the gyro is constructed. Channels for inertial data acquisition and for vibration control are formed. The stability of the reference manifold for the chosen operation mode is shown.

Формирование системы мониторинга продовольственной безопасности (на примере Калининградской области)

The author substantiates that among basic elements of mechanism of food security provision one should consider monitoring and forecasting of factors defining threats for food security in the exclave region.

A Web‐based agile system for rolling bearing design

Rolling bearings are basic mechanical elements for supporting rotational and reciprocating motion in engineering products. Many approaches have been proposed by researchers in order to facilitate the procedure of bearing design, but mainly concentrating on the development of PC‐based systems or relative software packages.The authors present a novel approach to implementing a design support system for rolling bearings based on the World Wide Web so as to achieve agility in rolling bearing design. The system was developed based on the philosophy of agile manufacturing by integrating various information resources, artificial intelligence, and Web technology with expertise. This Web‐based distributed system will be globally accessible by the user on the Internet and can be automatically sized according to the demand of application requirements. The system implementation issues are discussed in detail in this paper.

The mechanisms of finite brittle strain

The mechanical processes that lead from first fracture in an undeformed rock mass to the fault gouge observed in a highly sheared fault zone are outlined. Tensile fracture, dilation, rotation, the collapse of beams and filling of voids are the basic mechanical elements. Repeated many times, over a wide range of scales, they accommodate finite strain and create the complex fabrics observed in highly deformed rocks. Defects that nucleate tensile cracks in the earth are both spatially clustered and occur on a wide range of scales. This inhomogeneity is responsible for features that distinguish deformation of rocks from deformation of laboratory samples. As deformation proceeds, failure at one scale leads to failure at another scale in a process of evolving damage. Abrupt catastrophic failure never extends indefinitely throughout the earth as it does in rock samples. The mechanics of the interactions between scales are investigated. Approximate expressions are modified from engineering damage mechanics for this purpose and their validity is demonstrated by detailed numerical modeling of critical examples.

Use of Four-Pole Parameters in Vibration Calculations

Linear elastic systems which have a single input point and a single output point can be characterized by a pair of simple linear equations, namely, Finput=α11Foutput+α12Voutput,Vinput=α21Foutput+α22Voutput, where the F's are forces, the V's are velocities, and the α's are the four-pole parameters for the system. The use of four-pole parameters permits combinations of mechanical elements to be handled as a single entity, and, as the parameters belong only to the elastic system for which they are defined, they do not depend upon what precedes that particular system or follows it in a mechanical network. This permits the statement of results in a rather general form. These parameters have been used for many years in the analysis of electrical circuits, and it is the purpose of this paper to show their utility in the field of mechanical vibrations. In particular, the four-pole parameters for the basic mechanical elements of mass, spring, and resistance, will be obtained. Also, a description of mechanical sources will be given. The rules for the connection of four poles and a method of experimentally measuring four-pole parameters will be presented. A few specific problems illustrating the use of four poles will be set forth, namely: a generalized vibration isolation problem, the response of an elastically mounted mass on an electrodynamic shake table, shock excitation analysis, and some distributed parameter systems (i.e., helical springs and rubber in shear).

Use of Four-Pole Parameters in Vibration Calculations

Linear elastic systems which have a single input point and a single output point can be characterized by a pair of simple linear equations, namely Finput=α11Foutput + α12Voutput,Vinput=α21Foutput + α22Voutput, where the F's are forces, the V's are velocities, and the α's are the four-pole parameters for the system. The use of four-pole parameters permits combinations of mechanical elements to be handled as a single entity, and, as the parameters belong only to the elastic system for which they are defined, they do not depend upon what precedes that particular system or follows it in a mechanical network. This permits the statement of results in a rather general form. These parameters have been used for many years in the analysis of electrical circuits, and it is the purpose of this paper to show their utility in the field of mechanical vibrations. In particular, the four-pole parameters for the basic mechanical elements mass, spring, and resistance will be obtained. Also, a description of mechanical sources will be given. The rules for the connection of four poles and a method of experimentally measuring four-pole parameters will be presented. A few specific problems illustrating the use of four poles will be set forth, namely: a generalized vibration isolation problem, the response of an elastically mounted mass on an electrodynamic shake table, shock excitation analysis, and some distributed parameter systems (i.e., helical springs and rubber in shear).