Basic Health Literacy Research Articles

Impact of health literacy, social support, and socioeconomic position on the serum uric acid level in asymptomatic hyperuricaemia patients in China: a structural equation model

BackgroundHyperuricaemia (HUA) poses a significant public health challenge on a global scale. It is mostly asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AHU) with unsatisfactory recognition and control rates. The role of health literacy in influencing health outcomes is of utmost importance, and enhancing health literacy is helpful for patients in managing risk factors. Additionally, social support and socioeconomic position (SEP) have been identified as potential factors influencing health. However, the exact relationships between these factors and AHU remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the status of health literacy among patients with AHU and explore the relationships between health literacy, social support, SEP, and serum uric acid (SUA) levels.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 349 participants with AHU in Luzhou, China. The research instruments included a sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire, the Health Literacy Scale for Chronic Patients (HLSCP), and the Social Support Scale (SSRS). The construction of the SEP index was achieved through the application of principal component analysis. Univariate and hierarchical regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between SEP, social support, health literacy, and SUA levels. Furthermore, structural equation modelling (SEM) was utilized to examine these associations.Results(1) Most patients exhibited low health literacy (90.18 ± 15.11), and only 44.4% possessed basic health literacy. (2) SEP was positively correlated with SUA levels (β = 4.086, P < 0.001), and health literacy was negatively related to SUA levels (β = -0.399, P < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between social support and SUA levels (β = 0.051, t = 1.085). (3) Health literacy mediated the association between SEP and SUA levels (β = -0.490, 95% CI: -0.620 to -0.382). SEP had a direct positive effect on SUA levels (β = 0.723) and health literacy (β = 0.696), and the total effect of SEP on SUA levels was 0.233.ConclusionsThe findings indicate a low level of health literacy among patients with AHU and suggest that health literacy might play a mediating role in the relationship between SEP and SUA levels. Consequently, future initiatives are recommended to prioritize health literacy and devise appropriate intervention strategies to enhance the self-management capabilities of patients with AHU.

Is health literacy of adolescent athletes’ parents whose children belonged to sports clubs related to their children’s intention to receive medications, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks? A cross-sectional study

BackgroundAdolescent athletes’ values ​regarding health behaviors, including their attitudes toward doping, are largely derived from those of their parents. Therefore, clarifying the factors that affect parents’ intentions regarding their children’s medicine intake and nutrition can help elucidate the process of forming values ​​of healthy behaviors in young athletes.MethodsBetween March 8 and March 9, 2021, an online questionnaire survey was conducted via an Internet research company; data from 2,000 residents in Japan were collected. Participants were male and female residents aged 30–59 years with children in elementary or high school and belonging to sports clubs. The survey items included respondent’s and child’s basic information, respondent’s health literacy, and level of sports in which the respondent and child were (or are) engaged. Respondents were also asked if they would like their children to receive prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbal medicines, vaccines, supplements, or energy drinks. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between respondents’ basic information and health literacy and their intention to receive prescription and over-the-counter drugs, herbal medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks.ResultsHigher parental health literacy was associated with higher children’s willingness to receive prescription drugs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.025, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.016–1.035), over-the-counter drugs (OR = 1.012, 95% CI: 1.003–1.021), prescription herbal medicines (OR = 1.021, 95% CI: 1.021–1.030), over-the-counter herbal medicines (OR = 1.012, 95% CI: 1.003–1.021), and vaccines (OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.016–1.035). Conversely, the children’s intention to receive energy drinks (OR = 0.990, 95% CI: 0.980–1.000) decreased significantly. As the child’s athletic level increased, parents’ willingness for their children to receive oral prescription medicines decreased (OR = 0.886, 95% CI: 0.791–0.992) and that to receive supplements (OR = 1.492, 95% CI: 1.330–1.673) and energy drinks significantly increased (OR = 1.480, 95% CI: 1.307–1.676).ConclusionHealth literacy of adolescent athletes’ parents is associated with their children’s willingness to receive medicines. Healthcare providers should counsel parents of adolescent athletes to allow their children to receive necessary drug treatments and prevent doping violations caused by supplement intake.

Current status and influencing factors of health literacy among older adults in combined medical and nursing care institutions: a cross-sectional study.

Health literacy is linked to the health status of older adults and is a critical component in achieving active aging. This study to characterize the current health literacy status among older adults in combined medical and nursing care institutions, as well as the factors that influenced this status. This cross-sectional study used a convenience sampling method to select 740 older adults who were in 16 combined medical and nursing care institutions in Chengdu, China, from July 2022 to June 2023, using the Health Literacy Management Scale, the Social Support Rating Scale, and the Short Form-36 Health Survey. The results showed a health literacy score of 75.25 ± 12.33, the percentage of older adults with basic health literacy was 6.33%, a social support score of 37.37 ± 6.10, and a health-related quality of life score of 55.34 ± 15.48. Factors influencing health literacy included age, educational level, previous occupation, family size, monthly per capita household income, and health-related quality of life. Health literacy is an essential factor in improving the health status of older adults. Relevant departments should therefore improve health education and health promotion interventions for older adults in combined medical and nursing care institutions to improve health literacy.

Navigating the infodemic: strategies and policies for promoting health literacy and effective communication.

The COVID-19 pandemic, with its vast impact illustrated by 770 million confirmed cases and 6.9 million deaths as of September 21, 2023, has exposed a critical challenge: the infodemic. Effective communication and health literacy are pivotal in addressing this crisis. This article emphasizes the urgency of combating health misinformation, highlighting its tangible impact on public health and social well-being. Trustworthy sources, especially government agencies and public health officials, played a central role in shaping public behavior. Clear, accurate, and consistent messaging became vital. Health literacy, a fundamental determinant of pandemic response, empowered individuals to understand and act upon health information. Approximately 36% of adults exhibited basic or below-basic health literacy skills, emphasizing its crucial role. Improving health literacy emerged as a strategic imperative, enabling informed choices and proactive health protection. The pandemic underscores the vital role of effective communication and health literacy in combating health misinformation, fostering informed decision-making, and safeguarding public health.

The Establishment and Quality Improvement Effect of Physical Education Teaching Evaluation System in higher education institution

Abstract The assessment findings are given too much weight in the current system of evaluation for physical education instruction at higher education institutions. In contrast, the method of teaching and students’ basic health literacy are given insufficient weight. To address this phenomenon, this paper utilizes educational evaluation theory, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory, and multiple evaluation theory as the basis for setting up the higher education institution’s physical education teaching assessment system. Three first-level indexes comprise the entire index system, namely, “condition quality,” “process quality,” and “result quality.” Through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, hierarchical analysis, and genetic algorithm, it is determined that the “process quality” is the most important factor. The “process quality” has the highest weight coefficient of 0.4419, which enhances the importance of the physical education teaching process in higher education institutions. After determining the evaluation index system, the average physical education scores of X physical education classes in University H were calculated by conventional teaching evaluation means and the evaluation means established in this paper, respectively, and compared and analyzed. The difference between the two final average scores was 2.9, which was attributed to the fact that the multivariate evaluation means paying more attention to the core literacy of students’ health. The standard deviation of the statistical results is 2.3, and the skewness, kurtosis, and S-W test values meet the statistical requirements and satisfy the normal distribution, which is thorough and scientific and can encourage academic institutions to pay more focus on how they teach and students’ fundamental physical literacy. These institutions can enhance their instruction by implementing the evaluation system established in this paper, which will improve the quality of instruction and learning in higher education sports.

Pedagogical Integration of Core Literacy in College Physical Education and Health Courses Based on Data Mining Techniques

Abstract At universities and colleges today, physical education is overly regimented and ignores students’ basic health literacy. This study aims to investigate this phenomenon by examining the state of physical education instruction in colleges and universities nowadays using data mining techniques. In order to retrieve information on the essential literacies of health and physical education courses at colleges and universities, the study first builds a data mining framework using data clustering analysis, association rule extraction, and decision tree algorithms. The teaching-coordination-level model of the core literacies of physical education and health courses is established utilizing the entropy power approach, and the development history of physical education is examined. To determine the best teaching technique for integrating the core literacies of physical education and health courses, an experiment was conducted using College A as an example. The findings indicate that following the trial, students in the experimental class had substantial improvements in their physical and health literacy scores, with the exception of physical fitness (P&gt;0.05). In the previous 10 years, the mean value of the coupling coordination was between 0.6683. The integration of the essential literacies of physical education and health courses accounted for more than 90% of the total credit hours earned in the best colleges and universities. In addition to enhancing physical education abilities, the integration of health and physical education curricula with core literacy in colleges and universities supports the general development of students’ health literacy.

Health literacy interventions in adult speech and language therapy: A scoping review.

Reduced health literacy can negatively impact care seeking, satisfaction with careand overall health outcomes. These issues are particularly common among people living with communication difficulties who are seeking care from speech and language therapists (SLTs). As such, the SLT must be aware of and sensitive to health literacy needs within their clinical practice, proactively adapting materials and resources to the health literacy needs of their patients. Despite this required core competency, little is known about the health literacy interventions used by SLTs when working with adult patients, and as such, there is limited and unclear guidance for the practicing clinician, leading to potentially suboptimal care delivery. To explore the characteristics of health literacy interventions discussed in the literature for use by SLTs with adult patients. PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Scienceand The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched. Conference proceedings of the annual scientific meetings of the European Society for Swallowing Disorders and the Dysphagia Research Society were also searched. Grey literature was searched via the Open Grey database and, hand-searches of reference lists from included studies were conducted by both authors. Published and unpublished research investigating health literacy interventions provided by qualified SLTs providing care to adult patients in any setting for any speech and language related concerns. No language, geographic, study designor publication date limitations applied. Eligible participants in these studies were classified as: (1) patientsand (2) professionals. Data werecharted in accordance with guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute and the PRISMA ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) independently by both authors. A total of 1112 potentially eligible studies were identified in the initial search, with 15 studies ultimately included in the synthesis. Study design and quality varied significantly. Most explored basic functional health literacy or narratively described core components of health literacy, which an SLT should understand, without employing an investigative research design. Limited research has been conducted onthe use of health literacy interventions within adult speech and language therapy practices. This finding is significant as SLTs regularly work with people living with communication problems, and therefore, addressing health literacy should be a core tenet of service delivery. There is a need for valid, reliableand rigorous investigations of health literacy interventions within speech and language therapy to ultimately improve future patient access to and benefit from the care provided. Patient public involvement in review studies is an emerging area. Due to resource issues, it was not possible to include this element in this study.

Disparities in public understanding, attitudes, and intentions during the Covid-19 pandemic: The role of health literacy

The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to address health literacy as a critical priority for public health. Health literacy is crucial during a pandemic for understanding and following health advice and for navigating vast amounts of information and misinformation. However, public health communication globally has inadequately met the needs of low literacy and culturally and linguistically diverse groups. This review examines the role of health literacy and how it is related to Covid-19 related outcomes, as well as how public health communication has routinely failed to follow basic health literacy principles. Lessons from the pandemic about health communication and recommendations for how health literacy needs can be addressed in the future are discussed. Improving public health communication requires an immediate short-term response and longer-term investment to build the health literacy responsiveness of public health units, health organisations, and government departments to meet health literacy population needs.

Understanding workplace violence against medical staff in China: a retrospective review of publicly available reports

BackgroundWorkplace violence against medical staff in China is a widespread problem that has negative impacts on medical service delivery. The study aimed to contribute to the prevention of workplace violence against medical staff in China by identifying patterns of workplace violence, key risk factors, and the interplay of risk factors that result in workplace violence.MethodsNinety-seven publicly reported Chinese healthcare violent incidents from late 2013 to 2017 were retrospectively collected from the internet and analysed using content analysis. A modified socio-ecological model guided analysis of the violent incidents focusing on risk.ResultsPhysical violence, yinao, or a combination of physical and verbal violence were the typical forms of violence reported. The findings identified risk at all levels. Individual level risk factors included service users’ unreasonable expectations, limited health literacy, mistrust towards medical staff, and inadequacy of medical staff’s communication during the medical encounter. Organisational level risk factors under the purview of hospital management included problems with job design and service provision system, inadequacies with environmental design, security measures, and violence response mechanisms within hospitals. Societal level risk factors included lack of established medical dispute-handling mechanisms, problems in legislation, lack of trust and basic health literacy among service users. Situational level risks were contingent on risk factors on the other levels: individual, organisational, and societal.ConclusionsInterventions at individual, situational, organisational, and societal levels are needed to systematically address workplace violence against medical staff in China. Specifically, improving health literacy can empower patients, increase trust in medical staff and lead to more positive user experiences. Organizational-level interventions include improving human resource management and service delivery systems, as well as providing training on de-escalation and violence response for medical staff. Addressing risks at the societal level through legislative changes and health reforms is also necessary to ensure medical staff safety and improve medical care in China.

Impact of Health Literacy on Medication Adherence Among Black Medicaid Beneficiaries with Hypertension in Delaware: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by limited health literacy. Therefore, this study assessed census block health literacy level and medication adherence in Delaware among Black individuals with hypertension (HTN) receiving health care through Medicaid. This was a cross-sectional study of Black Delaware Medicaid beneficiaries (18-64 years old) from the 3 counties in Delaware (Kent, New Castle, and Sussex) from 2016 to 2019. The primary outcome was medication adherence (full adherence = 80%-100%, partial adherence = 50%-79%, and nonadherence = 0-49%) as a function of health literacy. Health literacy scores were categorized as below basic (0-184), basic (184-225), intermediate (226-309), and proficient (310-500). The results of the study showed that 18,958 participants (29%) had ≥1 HTN diagnosis during the study period. Mean area health literacy score for participants without HTN was significantly higher than participants with HTN (234.9 vs. 233.7, P < 0.0001). Men had lower odds of adherence compared with women (odds ratio [OR]: 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.92, P < 0.001). Increased time enrolled in Medicaid decreased full adherence. Participants 21-30 and 31-50 years of age are significantly less likely to have full adherence in comparison with participants 51-64 years of age (P < 0.0001). Participants living in an area with basic level of health literacy reported lower medication adherence than those living in an area with an intermediate level of health literacy (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.64-0.81, P < 0.001). In conclusion, men, younger adults, increased time enrolled in Medicaid for the study period, and basic health literacy were significantly associated with low adherence to medication among 3 census blocks in Delaware.

職場のソーシャル・キャピタルが看護職の予防的保健行動と病気対処行動に及ぼす影響

Objective: To determine the effects of workplace social capital (WSC) on preventive health behaviors and illness coping behaviors of nurses.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was completed by nurses working in a hospital. Descriptive statistics were conducted on basic characteristics, health literacy, and WSC. The effects of WSC on preventive health behavior and illness coping behavior were examined using logistic regression analysis.Results: The data of 600 nursing professionals were analyzed. Health literacy showed a difference in WSC mean values. The WSC of the subjects tended to maintain good lifestyle habits in eating breakfast, nutritional balance, and salt intake in preventive health behaviors. The illness coping behaviors of the subjects with high WSC tended to consult with medical staff or friends when feeling unwell, and to make time to visit a hospital. When the exclusionary workplace culture increased, there was a tendency to not seek medical examination.Conclusion: The WSC of nurses with a health literate human environment may have a positive influence on preventive health behaviors and illness coping behaviors, such as lifestyle, counseling, and medical consultation. On the other hand, exclusionary workplace culture may hinder the maintenance of health because of the tendency of not receiving medical examinations.

Recognising Basic Health Literacy Capabilities: An Explorative Study on the Relevance of Health-Related Information in the Support of People with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities.

Background: People with profound intellectual disabilities represent a vulnerable and heterogeneous population whose health-related needs and questions often remain unheard. One reason for this is that they are usually unable to participate in verbal communication. However, there is also a lack of suitable approaches to communicate health-related information to them according to their capabilities. The research presented in this paper addresses this gap. Methods: Following grounded theory methodology, we used a multimethod approach. Based on a theoretical analysis, a Delphi study (n = 14) was conducted as a starting point to map the research field. In a second step, these findings were incorporated into an online survey targeting disability care professionals (n = 111). Three field studies supplemented the data, encompassing a variety of ethnographic methods. Results: People with PIMD have basic health-related capabilities that can improve their health literacy. Nevertheless, their support environments have to take over many health literacy-related requirements by proxy or substitution. One of the most important tasks is to engage health information in an individualised way. Conclusions: The findings underline the importance of focusing on more basic capabilities and intersubjective approaches in health literacy research and practice, especially regarding new perspectives on the inclusion of previously marginalised populations (such as people with PIMD).

Trust in the attending rheumatologist, health-related hope and medication adherence among Japanese systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Poor medication adherence among patients with SLE is a critical problem associated with adverse outcomes. This study examined the relationship between trust in one's physician and goal-oriented thinking, hope and medication adherence among Japanese patients with SLE who were ethnically matched to their physicians. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the rheumatology outpatient clinics at five academic centres. Patients with SLE who were prescribed oral medications were included. The main exposures were trust in one's physician measured via the 5-item Japanese version of the Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale and the 18-item Health-related Hope Scale, with each score ranging from 0 to 100 points. Medication adherence was measured using the 12-item Medication Adherence Scale with scores ranging from 5 to 60 points. A general linear model was created after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, disease activity, disease duration, basic health literacy, depression, medication variables, experiencing adverse effects and concerns regarding lupus medications. Altogether, 373 patients with SLE were included. The mean age of the patients was 46.4 years; among them, 329 (88.2%) were women. Both trust in one's physician (per 10-point increase: 0.86, 95% CI 0.49, 1.22) and the Health-related Hope score (per 10-point increase: 0.66, 95% CI 0.35, 0.97) were associated with better medication adherence. This study demonstrated that patients' health-related hope and trust in their rheumatologist were both associated with better medication adherence in SLE.

Addressing and evaluating health literacy in mHealth: a scoping review.

Recent surveys have revealed many adults have basic or below basic health literacy, which is linked to medical errors, increased illness, and compromised public health. Health literacy as a concept is multi-faceted extending beyond the individual to include social structures and the context in which health information is being accessed. Delivering health information via mobile devices (mHealth) expands the amount of information available while presenting challenges to ensuring these materials are suitable for a variety of literacy needs. The aims of this study are to discover how health literacy is addressed and evaluated in mHealth app development. A scoping review of 5 peer-reviewed databases was conducted. Eligible articles were written in English, addressed general literacy or mHealth/digital/eHealth literacy, and collected literacy information in order to incorporate literacy into the design and/or modification of an app or collected literacy information to describe the population being studied. The "Health Literacy Online" (HLO) United States (U.S.) government guide was used as a framework. Thirty-two articles were reviewed. Articles included health literacy recommendations for all HLO categories and some recommendations not aligned with these categories. Most articles addressed health literacy using specific HLO categories though none incorporated every HLO category. The most common categories addressed engagement and testing of mHealth content. Though several studies addressed health literacy through a formal assessment tool, most did not. Evaluation of health literacy in mHealth was end-user focused and did not extensively evaluate content for fit to a variety of individuals with limited health literacy. The recommendations seen consistently in our results in conjunction with formal HLO categories can act as beginning steps towards development of a health literacy evaluation tool for mHealth apps themselves. It is clear efforts are being made to reduce barriers to using mHealth for those with literacy deficits, however, it was also clear that this space has room to be more pragmatic in evaluation of mHealth tools for literacy. End user engagement in design and testing is necessary in future mHealth literacy tool development.

Strengthening the Case for Universal Health Literacy: The Dispersion of Health Literacy Experiences Across a Southern U.S. State.

Background:How individuals perceive their health literacy may differ based on demographic and individual characteristics.Objective:The purpose of this study was to understand the dispersion of health literacy across demographics in the state of Georgia in 2021 and to determine which factors influence health literacy.Methods:Study participants were age 18 years and older and completed an on-line Health Literacy Questionnaire (N = 520). The participant pool was stratified to mirror state-wide demographics of geography and race. Results were further collapsed into composite scales reflecting basic, communicative, and critical health literacy. Descriptive statistics, bivariate Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression analyses were used. A two-step cluster analysis was performed with the nine health literacy scales.Key Results:Rural county and no health insurance were negatively related to all three composite scales (rs = .093-.254, ps < .05). Demographic predictors accounted for 6.7% of the variance in basic (F[6, 439] = 5.287, p < .001), 10% in communicative (F[6, 438] = 8.154, p < .001), and 6% for critical (F[6, 439] = 4.675, p < .0010. In all scales, health insurance status was the strongest primary unique predictor (βs = .236, .295, .181, ps <.05, respectively). In a two-step cluster analysis only health insurance status differentiated the health literacy level clusters (X2(3) = 9.43, 34.51, ps = 024, <.001 respectively).Conclusion:Lacking health insurance is the most consistent and largest contributor to low health literacy across the state of Georgia; population demographics are not. Health literacy policies and practices should be developed for universal application and not focus on specific populations. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2022;6(3):e182–e190.]Plain Language Summary:In this study, demographics that are usually associated with low health literacy like age, sex, race, educational attainment, and type of county (rural or urban) were not associated with; the only significant factor was lack of health insurance. This relationship strengthens the case for universal health literacy precautions that go beyond population demographics.

1487-PUB: Fostering the Health Literacy of Younger Generations

Prevention of the onset and the increase in severity of lifestyle-related diseases extends healthy life spans. It is important to start educating younger generations on basic life knowledge, disease and health literacy. This class was offered in both private and public elementary (ES) and junior high schools (JHS) from 2015. A questionnaire (Q) survey was conducted before and after the class. The effects of education and future challenges were discussed. Qs were distributed to 727 students, consisting of 4th to 6th graders in 5 public ES and 3rd graders in JHS. The Qs were collected from 727 students before class and 715 students after class. 7submitted responses both before and after the class. A paired analysis was performed on these responses. Those who answered “I don’t eat breakfast” was less than 5% in both ES and JHS, while those who answered “sweet bread (including cakes) ” was about 30% in both ES and JHS. Those who were able to accurately list the three major nutrients carbohydrate, protein and fat, essential in larger amounts for growth and body’s basic function, improved from 5% (before class) to 71.2% (after class) in ES students and to 86.4% in JHS students. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed no significant difference in improvement of the correct answers from pre- to post-class between 4th-grade students and 6th-grade students, nor between ES students and JHS. There were significant differences between different ES. Significantly more JHS than ES students (P&amp;lt;0.01) and more female than male students (P&amp;lt;0.01) answered that they had questions. There were many erroneous answers regarding calcium and vitamins. There were students even in the 3rd grade of JHS who lacked a proper understanding of the three major nutrients. They confused them with others. A better understanding of diseases and the three major nutrients can be gained from the 4th grade of ES by conducting classes related to the human body and diseases. Repeated health classes starting in ES may foster health literacy concerning lifestyle-related diseases. Disclosure S.Kaneko: None. K.Kamiya: None.

Perceptions of cigarettes and e-cigarettes: does health literacy matter?

Objective This study assessed the relationship between health literacy, perceptions of traditional and electronic cigarettes, and smoking status among college students. Participants Participants (N = 150; Mage = 20.41 years, SD 3.48), included nonsmokers (78%) and smokers (21%) of traditional (12%) and e-cigarettes (17%). Method Participants completed a novel questionnaire to assess perceptions of traditional and e-cigarettes, and the Health Literacy Skills Instrument to evaluate health literacy. Results Traditional cigarettes were perceived as having a greater negative impact on physical health than e-cigarettes, whereas e-cigarettes were perceived as having a greater positive impact on social-emotional health than traditional cigarettes. Most participants (57%) had below basic health literacy skills. Conclusions This study did not find a relationship between health literacy skills and smoking status or smoking perceptions. Further research is needed to investigate correlates of smoking status and perceptions to inform prevention and cessation efforts.

The level of health literacy of secondary school students in Slovenia

Introduction: Health literacy of secondary school students is particularly important as they are exposed to higher health risk. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine the level of basic health literacy, critical and mental health literacy, and numeracy of Slovenian secondary school nursing students using a cross-sectional comparative method.Methods: The questionnaire measuring the level of basic numerical, critical, and mental health literacy was completed by 249 secondary school students, divided into a group of secondary school students attending a nursing program and students of others similar secondary schools such as economic technician, chemical technician and preschool education.Results: Secondary nursing students were found to have statistically significantly higher levels of basic and mental health literacy than their peers, rather than numerical and critical health literacy. In addition, the results show that there is no statistically significant difference in the level of health literacy between the groups of secondary school students in relation to the environment (rural/urban area).Conclusion: Numerical and critical health literacy should be systematically developed in nursing schools, and at least the basic aspects of health literacy should be introduced in all secondary school curricula.

Health literacy, screen time and associated factors among middle school students in Yinchuan

Objective To investigate the status and influencing factors of health literacy of middle school students in Yinchuan City, to provide reference for health literacy improvement of middle school students in this region. Methods Using stratified cluster sampling method, 2 003 middle school students from three districts of Yinchuan were investigated to complete the questionnaire survey.The survey included basic characteristics, health literacy and screen time status. Results The total score of Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire was (101.3±17.5). The proportion of high, medium and low level of health literacy were 25.0%, 51.2% and 23.9% respectively; the proportion of long screen time exposure among middle school students was 52.5%. The health literacy level of junior middle school students, middle school students with father or mother education level of high school or above and appropriate screen time were higher than those of the corresponding group (χ 2 =49.90, 14.59, 16.53, 46.73, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that education group, grade, father’s or mother’s education level and long screen time exposure were associated with middle school students’ health literacy level ( P<0.05). Conclusion The health literacy level of middle school students in Yinchuan City needs to be further improved and targeted health education should be carried out from school, family and society. 【摘要】 目的 了解银川市中学生的健康素养状况及影响因素, 为提髙本地区中学生的健康素养水平提供参考依据。 方法 2019 年 5 月,以分层整群抽样的方法,选择银川市 3 个区的 2 003 名中学生进行问卷调査,调査内容包括基本特征、健 康素养状况和视屏状况等。 结果 银川市中学生中国青少年互动性健康素养问卷总得分为 (101.3±17.5) 分,健康素养水 平髙、中、低的比例分别为 25.0%, 51.2% 和 23.9%; 中学生视屏时间过长的比例为 52.5%; 初中生、父亲或母亲文化程度为 髙中及以上、视屏时间正常的中学生健康素养水平均髙于对应组的学生 (χ 2 值分别为 49.90, 14.59, 16.53, 46.73, P 值均<0.01)。Logistic 回归分析显示,学段、年级、父亲或母亲文化程度、视屏时间过长是中学生健康素养水平的影响因素 ( P 值 均<0.05)。 结论 银川市中学生健康素养水平有待进一步提髙,需要从学校、家庭和社会多层次开展针对性的健康教育。

Towards Equitable Communication of Kinesiology: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Readability Research

ABSTRACT Thirty-nine years ago, Bain and Poindexter (1981) implored higher educators of kinesiology to develop curricula that prepare students to use what they learn in practical ways. Lay resource material, however, often fails to meet metrics for adequate-to-optimal readability, regardless of who produces them. Research suggests that many people trained in kinesiology are not trained to communicate its content to lay adult audiences. Thus, the purpose of this study was to advance knowledge about this academic-practice-divide in kinesiology concerning plain language communication. Methodology for a critical interpretive synthesis was used to qualitatively synthesize readability research in kinesiology. Twenty-four peer-reviewed research articles met the study inclusion criteria, all published between 1992 and 2020 (M = 2010.1, SD = 8.8). There were 1550 materials studied across the articles. It was typical for these materials to run counter to plain language guidelines (i.e., low readability in one-or-more critical areas). Most materials were unsuitable for adults with basic health literacy or less – about half of the U.S. adult population. Following their presentation of results, the article authors often suggested one of six ways for improving lay material readability. Two major themes emerged from the qualitative synthesis of the articles: (a) how article authors discussed readability issues and what they proposed to be done to fix them, and (b) critiques of the research articles included in this study. The findings of this literature review shine light on the need to use readability research in kinesiology in programs that train people in an area of the discipline.