Basic Form Research Articles

The Functioning of the Border Guard in Counteracting Crime in Terms of State Security

Crime has been a common phenomenon for a long time, but its scope and operation are changing, and this is largely dependent on technological progress. We dealt with the development of crime and its negative effects in Poland during the political transformation process that took place after 1989. At that time, law enforcement agencies were not fully able to cope with this practice, and society painfully felt its effects. Many times, innocent people have faced several types of criminal acts. The main reasons that could have influenced the development of crime were social disorganization, lowering of the standard of living, unemployment, as well as visible and constantly deepening social differentiation. The most important task of law enforcement agencies protecting state borders is to provide citizens with basic forms of security so that they feel peaceful in their area of residence. The services should cooperate with each other at every level of securing state borders and protect citizens against any threats. The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of crimes on state security and the role of the Border Guard in securing the state border. The Border Guard plays a key role in this respect, therefore it should have the widest possible range of instruments enabling it to fulfill its duties in this area. This service proves every day that it has an enormous impact on the sense of security of citizens, and counteracting various threats, including crime, is a key element of the security of our country.

Rush regression workbench: An integrated open-source application for regression modeling and analysis in healthcare analytics

Regression is widely used in healthcare analytics, whether for examining hospital quality and safety, characterizing patterns of patient volume and healthcare costs, or predicting patient outcomes. Simple linear regression and other basic forms can be conducted with spreadsheet programs and are useful for examining simple linear relationships. However, expert statistical knowledge, computational skills, and specialized tools may be needed to characterize nonlinear relationships and complex interactions, to examine data that fail the assumptions of linear regression, to identify confounding variables and lessen the influence of outliers, and to build and evaluate predictive models. We constructed the Rush Regression Workbench to accomplish these tasks and to automate cautious and sophisticated analyses, provide interpretive outputs, enable reproducible results, and to provide the community with an evolving open-source good containing a diverse set of analyses and a growing library of over 170 preprocessed public healthcare datasets. The Rush Regression Workbench can be accessed via the web or downloaded and used locally.

Evaluating the performance of the cognitive workload model with subjective endorsement in addition to EEG.

The aptitude-oriented exercises from almost all domains impose cognitive load on their operators. Evaluating such load poses several challenges owing to many factors like measurement mode and complexity, nature of the load, overloading conditions, etc. Nevertheless, the physiological measurement of a specific genre of cognitive load and subjective measurement have not been reported along with each other. In this study, the electroencephalography (EEG)-driven machine learning (Support Vector Machine (SVM)) model is sought along with the support of NASA's Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) rating scale for a novel purpose in workload exploration of operators. The Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) was used as the foundation to design the intrinsic stimulus (Spot the Difference task), as most workloads operators are exposed to are notably intrinsic. The SVM-based three-level classification accuracy ranged from 85.4 to 97.4% (p < 0.05), and the NASA-TLX-based three-level classification accuracy ranged from 88.33 to 97.33%. The t-test results show that the neurometric indices contributing to the classification significantly differed (p < 0.05) for every level. The NASA-TLX scale was utilised for validation in its basic form after the validity (Pearson correlation coefficients 0.338 to 0.805 (p < 0.05)) and reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.753) test. This modeling is beneficial to phase out particular-level cognitive exercises from the curriculum during under or overload workload (critical) conditions.

Subject didactic knowledge (SDK). A heuristic model based on a theory of functional and personal facets of subject-matter education (SME) and its empirical implications

ABSTRACT Empirical research on teachers’ professional knowledge is mostly conducted worldwide with reference to the construct ‘pedagogical content knowledge’ (PCK) introduced by Lee S. Shulman. In the ‘Consensus Model’ (CM) and the ‘Refined Consensus Model’ (RCM), PCK was further developed and differentiated. Nevertheless, neither PCK nor CM and RCM adequately capture the complexity of teachers’ professional knowledge. Thus, educational-theoretical foundations and goals of subject-specific teaching and learning are not sufficiently taken into account. The same applies to personal, emotional and reflective goals of subject-matter education. Against this background, we propose a more comprehensive model, which we call “subject-specific didactic knowledge” (SDK) and which is based on the distinction between two complementary basic forms of subject-specific education (SME): a functional form of SME in the tradition of PCK and literacy (OECD / PISA) and a personal form of SME, which is characterized by the German educational tradition (sensu Wilhelm von Humboldt) and the US-American philosophy of education (sensu George Herbert Mead and John Dewey). We illustrate the practical implications of this approach for subject-matter education and its investigation, using examples from empirical research in curricular based models of teaching and learning in Germany and other countries.

Identifying Old Javanese Eco-lexicon in Ocean Themed Kakawin

Eco-lexicon is a lexicon characterized by a natural configuration of meanings, which is relevant to the field of eco-linguistics. Old Javanese kakawin poetry was traditionally associated with kingdoms, but there is now an effort to create kakawin, especially on ocean-themed topics. This development is intriguing and aligns with the research objective, which is to identify the Old Javanese eco-lexicon in kakawin created on the island of Bali. Considering that kakawin employs Old Javanese, which is no longer active as a communicative language, the study utilizes five sources of kakawin data written in Old Javanese, created in 2023. Data were collected through observational methods and analyzed distributionally. The research findings revealed 25 basic forms of eco-lexicons and 9 derived forms in ocean-themed kakawin.

Constitutive models of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) under ture tri-axial compression and an analysis-oriented model for FRP-confined UHPC

The confinement mechanism of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has not been fully explored yet, and there is no analysis-oriented model available for FRP-confined UHPC. This study aims to fill this research gap by implementing new constitutive models of tri-axial compression behavior of UHPC in an existing analysis-oriented FRP-confined concrete model. In the first part, the test findings of tri-axial compression tests on 22 UHPC cubes with different fiber lengths and confining stresses were briefly summarized. In the second part, assessments were performed for four relevant axial stress-strain models using the test results. Generally, the four models yielded overestimations for the axial strains at the peak stresses by at least 30%, and the predicted post-peak decline curves misaligned with the test curves. Inspired by the assessment findings, a new axial stress-strain model was proposed using Liao et al.’s model as the basic form, and replacing the post-peak decline curve with a power-law function to capture the steep descending trend. The new axial stress-strain model showed excellent performance in predicting the peak axial stresses and corresponding strains (average error at around 5% and 9%, respectively), and depicting the tri-axial compressive stress-strain curves. With a newly calibrated dilation equation, the proposed axial stress-strain model was applied for the development of an analysis-oriented model for FRP-confined UHPC, which showed corroborated results with the verification tests in axial stress-strain curves, as well as the ultimate axial strengths and corresponding axial strains (average error at 6.5% and 13.3%, respectively).

Construction of ZnO/Cu2O composites for enhanced antibacterial activity and analysis of antibacterial mechanism

Composite antibacterial materials were prepared by loading ZnO with good stability and biocompatibility on Cu2O. Cu2+ was released slowly due to the loading of ZnO, so the ZnO-Cu2O composites achieved lasting antibacterial effect. The basic form of the resulting ZnO/Cu2O composites, chemical composition, and crystal structure analyses were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray phosphorescence. The optical properties of ZnO/Cu2O composites were determined by UV–vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. E. coli and S. aureus were used to detect the antibacterial properties of the ZnO/Cu2O composites. The antibacterial mechanism of ZnO/Cu2O composites was investigated through ion dissolution, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mechanical damage experiments. The results show that the increase in specific surface area, slow release of Cu2+ and increase in ROS lead to better antibacterial activity of ZnO/Cu2O composites. The antibacterial mechanism of these ZnO/Cu2O composites involves ion release, active oxygen and mechanical damage. The internal damage of bacteria was further analyzed by lipid peroxidation, protein leakage, respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity and bacteria in vitro fluid ion to thoroughly understand the inactivation mechanism of bacteria by the composite antibacterial material.

Rapid facial mimicry in Platyrrhini: Play face replication in spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps, Ateles hybridus, andAtelespaniscus).

Rapid facial mimicry (RFM), the rapid and automatic replication of facial expression perceived, is considered a basic form of empathy and was investigated mainly during play. RFM occurs in Catarrhini (Old World primates), but it is not still demonstrated in Platyrrhini (New World primates). For this reason, we collected video data on playful interactions (Nplay_interactions = 149) in three species of spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps-N = 11, Ateles hybridus-N = 14, andAteles paniscus-N = 6) housed at La Vallée des Singes and the ZooParc de Beauval (France). For the first time, we demonstrated the occurrence of RFM in Platyrrhini (analyzing 175 events). Players' sex, age, species, relationship quality, and kinship did not modulate RFM probably due to the species' complex fission-fusion dynamics and flexible interindividual social relationships. Compared to the absence of any playful expressions or the presence of only not replicated play face, RFM prolonged the session duration and was sequentially associated with more types of more intense offensive playful patterns (patterns aimed at attacking/pursuing the playmate). We proposed that RFM may favor synchronization and context sharing between players, thus decreasing the risk of behavior misinterpretation while simultaneously fostering a more competitive nature of play. In conclusion, this study stimulates additional research on the evolutionary origins of motor mimicry in primates, possibly dating back to before the divergence of New and Old World monkeys. Furthermore, it also points toward the possibility that RFM may not always lead to cooperation but also to competition, depending on the context and species' social and cognitive features.

Lower Functional Status and Sternal Precaution Noncompliance May Not Be Related to Dehiscence Post-Median Sternotomy

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between functional status, compliance with sternal precautions, and aseptic osseous postoperative incision complications. Review of Literature: Although there is limited research on upper extremity use and noncompliance with sternal precautions and sternal motion, there is a paucity of literature on functional status and noncompliance with sternal precautions and their effect on actual sternal complications, specifically aseptic osseous dehiscence. Methods: A retrospective medical record review was performed on 113 patients with an incisional complication following median sternotomy. Functional status was assessed using the AM-PAC “6-Clicks” Basic Mobility Short Form and initial gait distance. Compliance to sternal precautions was assessed using clinical documentation to determine the percentage of therapy sessions requiring cues. Propensity score matching was performed to select matched comparator records for those with aseptic osseous dehiscence. A descriptive, in-depth chart review was then performed to determine other possible clinical factors contributing to complication. Results: Eight of 113 patients had aseptic osseous dehiscence. Initial AM-PAC “6-Clicks” score (U = 4.375, P = .036), initial gait distance (U = 7.252, P = .007), and number of ventilator days (U = 2.790, P = .005) were significantly different in the aseptic osseous group compared to other complication types. However, the number of ventilator days was the only variable that remained significant (U = 52.5, P = .028) between those with aseptic osseous dehiscence and the 8 matched comparators. The in-depth chart review revealed that the aseptic osseous group had respiratory complications in 5 of 8 records as compared with 2 of 8 records in the comparator group. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that confounding clinical factors besides functional status and compliance to sternal precautions could have contributed to aseptic osseous dehiscence following median sternotomy. Respiratory complications postoperatively may be a key confounding factor in aseptic osseous dehiscence. Therefore, the effect of functional status and noncompliance to traditional sternal precautions remains unclear.

Distance Learning of a Foreign Language in the Context of Neuropedagogical Factors

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that in our time, the organization of distance learning when learning a foreign language is extremely relevant.&#x0D; The purpose of the article: to find out the main terms and forms of distance learning; consider the features of online education; explore platforms for the convenient organization of online learning; highlight the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning when learning a foreign language as an aspect of neuropedagogical training.&#x0D; Work methods: compare the analysis of literary sources on the research problem; to systematize the researched; compare the benefits of distance learning.&#x0D; The novelty of using mobile technologies, which is extremely effective and necessary when learning a foreign language online.&#x0D; Results: synchronous, asynchronous and mixed learning are distinguished among distance learning forms. E-learning is a basic form that has both advantages and disadvantages. Blackboard is widely used among e-learning platforms.&#x0D; Conclusion: the role of the teacher who uses interactive forms of learning for mobile learning has changed. The Internet provides a wide selection of modern materials for learning a foreign language. Students and teachers accept online education with desire and interest, increase their information and communication competence. Physical activity is necessary for long-term work on educational platforms.

How Re (Build) Social Capital in the (Post) COVID-19 Pandemic Era? The Raciborz Case Study

The concept of social capital has been recognized as one of the key aspect of public administration and is an essential part of local urban policy. From the point of view of the inhabitants, it conveys a sense of subjectivity, achievement, participation and co-government. Much more important is that social capital will be characterized by a measurable impact in terms of civic engagement in local affairs. Racibórz was selected as a case study due to the city’s proximity to the border. On the one hand, it is regarded with a long tradition of self-government, self-organization, belonging to different legal and administrative systems throughout history, and on the other hand, with a marginal position in the territory and in the administrative structures of the country and the region. All these factors have, over the course of history, given rise to inhabitants’ behavioral patterns and created the basic forms and structures of civil society and/or social capital. Based on qualitative and ethnographic field studies, the authors presents the experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic phenomena, which changes the structures of social capital in Raciborz by reducing/destroying it and ask the question how it can be rebuilt in the future. The aim of the article is to present one of the current challenges for urban policy in Poland: social participation, especially in the context of the concept of social capital, in Raciborz town at the time of the (post) Covid-19 pandemic.

Hypothesis Description: Enemy Release Hypothesis

This paper provides a brief overview of a major hypothesis in invasion biology: the enemy release hypothesis. Building on a summary of different previous definitions, we provide the following revised definition: “A reduced pressure by enemies in the non-native range contributes to invasion success.” Further, we suggest formalizing the hypothesis in the basic form ‘subject - relationship - object’ to allow for disambiguating the different existing meanings and enhancing their usability by machines.

The Form and Meaning of Pakdaengang in the Makassar Ethnic Naming System

This paper discusses the naming system, form, and significance of pakdaengang in Makassar culture. The results indicate that pakdaengang is an inherited trait and a standard requirement for members of the Makassar ethnic group eligible to bear it. For some people who are not ethnically Makassarese but have pakdaengang because of marriage, their services, accomplishments, or other contributions to the development of the region in which they reside, pakdaengang is inseparable from the embedding of words that are commonly categorized as "word classes" in linguistics. Pakdaengang comprises a single word. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numbers such as pakdaengang undoubtedly serve a specific purpose. In addition to using the basic form, many affixes consisting of the prefixes ma-, pa-, ni-, and ta- are also employed. In addition, the preposition ri is used in conjunction with the place-designating word "pakdaengang." Men and women can also participate in pakdaengang. Pakdaengang, in a masculine term, relates to words that mean activity or protective work. Women, on the other hand, are attracted to the connotations of beauty and gentleness. The ma- and pa- prefixes in pakdaengang are typically attached to men. Whereas women typically employ the prefixes ni and ta. In the names of objects, properties, activities, and locations, pakdaengang represents a wish or prayer for goodness and safety. In addition, there is a straightforward affirmation of pakdaengang.

Ideology as misrecognition

Theories of recognition often acknowledge that some forms of recognition can be ideological. Only recently have authors also begun to ask whether all ideological phenomena involve a more basic form of misrecognition of epistemic agents. I argue that an expressivist reconstruction of the Marxian theory of ideology can help us to understand what forms of misrecognition are involved in ideology. According to this understanding, ideological discourses reflect the rules of hierarchical social practices and impose limits on the capacity of subjects to challenge dominant conceptual distinctions. While rational epistemic subjects will tend to experience such limits as misrecognition, this does not require any negative interpersonal attitudes on the part of others. Therefore, at least some forms of ideology involve primarily structural, rather than interpersonal, misrecognition. I argue that ideologies that persist without involving widespread false beliefs can best be understood in this way and that neoliberalism is a paradigmatic example of such an ideology.

From PET bottle waste to enzyme support for removal of estrogens from wastewaters

Recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) disposables into electrospun functional membranes creates new opportunities for pollution reduction. In this study, two types of electrospun membranes made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) recycled from bottles and PET recycled from recycled bottles (rPET) were utilized in order to produce four types of biosystems with immobilized laccase for the removal of synthetic hormones micropollutants from wastewater. The enzyme was adsorbed onto the fibers directly or after a prior 24 h treatment with 10% glutaraldehyde. Obtained removal efficiency of 17α-ethynylestradiol from aqueous systems was in a range of 71% to 85%, depending on the type of PET utilized for the fabrication of the membranes and the way of laccase immobilization. Moreover, fabricated biosystems showed highly improved storage stability of 72% to 85% compared to only 55% activity exhibited by free laccase after 20 days of storage. Immobilization of the laccase on the PET-based fibrous substrates also increased their thermal stability after 2 h at 50 °C with preserved activity in a range of 27% to 55%, compared to only 5% registered for the free enzyme. Produced biosystems exhibited high reusability and the activity of the enzyme remains over 60% after seven catalytic cycles for all tested samples, with 79% activity after eight cycles obtained for the enzyme immobilized on PET membranes modified with glutaraldehyde prior to immobilization of laccase. The presented approach has been proven to have great potential as a sustainable tool for the enzymatic removal of synthetic hormones from wastewaters showing superior properties compared to the utilization of the enzyme in its basic form.

Literární reflexe pandemie Covid-19: přehledová analýza frankofonní a české prózy

This paper deals with a hitherto only marginally explored topic - a characterization of the basic tendencies, variants and forms of literary reflection on the pandemic of the covid-19 disease between 2020 and 2022, based on the material of two European literatures (Czech and French, respectively Francophone). After an introductory theoretical overview that recalls some of the more general patterns of cultural (re)mediation of trauma and traumatic memory, the study focuses on an overview analysis of genre, thematic and narrative lines. It describes the production of early collective short story volumes, as well as variants of autobiographical and diary prose, and novels that use the framework of pandemic experience to reflect seriously and subversively on the transpersonal, social or political themes of modern times. In the last section, the article includes a discussion of the relative absence of more aesthetically significant or critically and readerly appreciated " major" literary representations of the pandemic era.

Methods you can count on: A simulation experiment showing the advantages generalized linear modeling (GLM) over the linear regression of log-transformed count data

Count data are the oldest and most basic form of data in the field of archaeology. Count data, however, have long been known to defy the assumptions of many commonly used parametric statistical methods, such as linear regression, in generally failing to follow a normal distribution. Most archaeological analyses have dealt with this problem through the logarithmic transformation of count data for the purposes of normalization. Recently, other scientific fields have recognized major shortcomings associated with log transformation and they have adopted nonparametric alternatives, such as generalized linear modeling (GLM). With a few exceptions, the field of archaeology has not followed suit. This paper presents the results of a simulation experiment designed to compare the performance of linear regression of log-transformed data and GLM under some commonly occurring conditions for count data in the field of archaeology. The results of this simulation experiment confirm the striking superiority of GLM compared with the linear regression of log-transformed data, showing that the latter is particularly prone to false-negative results (i.e. Type II error). We argue that archaeologists, therefore, should join other scientific fields in more widely adopting GLM and its nonparametric counterparts in analyzing count data.

Kang Youwei’s Establishment of the Three Ages Theory

In recent years, there has been an emerging trend in research on Kang Youwei 康有為 to return to a focus on the civilizational outlook of China, and in particular to return to an understanding of Kang Youwei from the perspective of the Confucian tradition. This article attempts to further advance this trend and analyse a major element of Kang Youwei’s thought, namely his “Three Ages Theory” (sanshi shuo 三世說). Specifically, it will focus on Kang’s combination of ideas of Confucius as a reformer (Kongzi gaizhi 孔子改制) and the idea that humans are born from Heaven (ren wei tian sheng 人為天生), doctrines that he inherited from the Confucian tradition but then transformed. His understanding of Confucius as a reformer was the theoretical starting point of the evolutionary theory of the Three Ages, because it determined the basic form of the Three Ages Theory. The idea that humans are born from Heaven supplemented the Three Ages Theory and served as the value foundation for the construction of “Great Unity” (datong 大同). A major significance of Kang Youwei’s thought is that it acts as a bridge to understanding the Confucian tradition, but it also serves as an example of a Confucian response to the challenges of the modern world.

The Impact of Rapid Handpump Repairs on Diarrhea Morbidity in Children: Cross-Sectional Study in Kwale County, Kenya.

Handpumps are used by millions of people as their main source of water. Although handpumps represent only a basic form of water provision, there have been continuous efforts to improve the performance of these systems as they are likely to remain in use for many years to come. The introduction of a professional maintenance service in southern Kenya has shown an order of magnitude improvement in operational performance over community-based management, with 90% of handpump faults repaired within 3 days of being reported. One driver behind these efforts is the assumption that a more reliable water supply will lead to a reduction in water-related disease. However, it is not clear if operational improvements lead to health gains. Despite limited empirical evidence, some modeling studies suggest that even short periods of drinking contaminated water can lead to disproportionate negative health impacts. The aim of this study was to assess whether the improvements in operational performance from the rapid professional maintenance of rural handpumps lead to improved household health outcomes. From a sample of households using handpumps as their primary water source in Kwale County, Kenya, we measured the 2-week prevalence of World Health Organization-defined diarrhea in children, reported by the adult respondent for each household. We compared the rates before and after a period during which the households' handpumps were being professionally maintained. We then conducted a cross-sectional analysis, fitting logistic regression models with reported diarrhea as the dependent variable and speed of repair as the independent exposure of interest, adjusting for household socioeconomic characteristics; dwelling construction; and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)-related factors. We fitted an additional model to examine select interactions between covariates. Reported diarrhea in children was lower in households whose pumps had been repaired within 24 hours (adjusted odds ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.24-0.51). This effect was robust to the inclusion of multiple categories of covariates. No reduction was seen in households whose pump repairs took more than 24 hours. Analysis of interaction terms showed that certain interventions associated with improved WASH outcomes were only associated with reductions in diarrhea in conjunction with socioeconomic improvements. Only pump repairs consistently made within 24 hours of failure led to a reduction in diarrhea in the children of families using handpumps. While the efficacy of reduction in diarrhea is substantial, the operational challenges of guaranteeing same-day repairs limits the effectiveness of even best-in-class pump maintenance. Maintenance regimes that cannot bring handpump downtimes close to zero will struggle to generate health benefits. Other factors that reduce diarrhea prevalence have limited effect in isolation, suggesting that WASH interventions will be more effective when undertaken as part of more holistic poverty-reduction efforts.

The Influence of e-learning on Students' Learning Motivation in Jiangsu University

Learning motivation refers to the basic form of learning activities that learners show in order to complete the corresponding learning tasks. The choice of learning motivation is not only influenced by subjective factors but also changed by the change of learning environment, which has a distinct era. The formation of the online learning environment has significantly changed the learning style of all college students, which profoundly impacts their way of thinking. It is of great theoretical and practical value to study college students' learning motivation systematically and deeply in the online environment by the method of literature research and investigation. Accordingly, the new changes and characteristics of college students in the online environment affected their learning motivations; thus, this paper analyzes the current situation of Jiangsu College using the questionnaire survey method. The results showed that students' learning motivation is concentrated and shallow, with high utility and fewer college students wanting to study independently or in-depth. Therefore, the author puts forward targeted improvement strategies for the current situation of learning motivation of college students in Jiangsu Province.