Basic Essence Research Articles

A Shift Amid the Transition: Towards Smarter, More Resilient Digital Journalism in the Age of AI and Disinformation

Digital journalism is facing a growing number of challenges as the wave of digital transformation enters a new phase. The changes, both slow and sudden, are making it increasingly necessary for there to be a shift amid the transition. The surge of artificial intelligence (AI) in the journalistic world has ushered in what appears to be a new phase for digitalisation and journalism’s role as a producer of factual information and knowledge in society. Current debates suggest that we are at a critical time to reinvent journalism for the new wave of digital transformation. In this stage, which recently began and which some are calling the Fourth Industrial Revolution, both professionals and academics point to the need to make journalism more resilient, so it can adapt to the changes without losing its basic essence, and more people-centred, helping to support individuals in the age of AI. This article analyses the challenges from the perspectives of both academics and professional journalists, based on their codes of ethics. The methodology used is a content analysis of 45 European ethical codes and the Delphi method, involving experts from the journalistic sector and academia. The results highlight that codes of ethics have not kept pace with these professionally and expert-led debates, as few mention new technologies such as artificial intelligence and they tend to focus more on disinformation and social engagement.

Nitrogen-doped bismuth ferrite nanozymes: Tailored electronic structure for organic pollutant degradation

The insufficient catalytic activity and non-recyclability of nanozymes are major obstacles for nanozyme-mediated water purification. Since electronic transfer is the basic essence of catalysis-mediated redox reactions, this research reveals that meticulous tuning of the electronic structure of magnetic bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) through nitrogen doping, allows for excellent performance in organic pollutants degradation in water (including dyestuff and antibiotics), along with magnet separation-mediated recyclability. Mechanically speaking, nitrogen-doping rational optimize their peroxidase-like activity by increasing the electron density of the Fe-N active center, meanwhile, the tailored bandgap significantly enhances the full-spectrum absorption, especially in the near-infrared region (NIR). Consequently, a light-enhanced N-doped BiFeO3 nanozyme has been engineered to generate excessive reactive oxygen species (14.63-fold in total) for pollutants degradation with recyclable capacity, 94.27 % for Methylene Blue and over 60 % for multiple antibiotics. This study underscores the efficacy of fine-tuning the electronic structure in enhancing the catalytic performance of nanozymes for organic pollutants removing.

Крайня необхідність: фізичний та психологічний примус

Extreme necessity is defined as a situation in which a person is forced to violate the law in order to avoid greater harm that threatens his or her life, health or other legitimate interests. An important aspect is the proportionality of the choice: the damage caused must be less than the damage that could have been avoided. Infliction of harm in a state of passion in the course of necessary defense by citizens under the age of 18 is not criminally punishable. Within the framework of legitimate self-defense, a citizen must inflict minimal harm on criminals, as the case law says, such harm must be less dangerous than the attacker’s. Without exceeding these limits of self-defense, a third party can also protect a citizen who has been attacked. Necessary defense cannot be so qualified during the detention of an attacker or other measures taken by law enforcement officers and is a criterion only in “domestic” relations. Given the basic essence of extreme necessity, protection is provided when criminal acts can be prevented solely by physical influence. Therefore, for example, in case of refusal to pay alimony, such self-defense is considered unlawful. Physical or mental coercion as a circumstance that excludes the criminality of an act is a violent influence on a person (person), the purpose of which is to perform certain illegal actions by the said person, contrary to his or her will, limiting the person’s right to freedom of choice. Causing harm in the course of overcoming physical and mental coercion is considered in accordance with the rules provided for extreme necessity. In order to recognize as lawful the behavior of causing harm which is outwardly similar to a certain criminal offense, it is necessary to comply with the conditions set forth in legislation: the existence of a threat of significant harm to interests; impossibility to avoid it by other means without causing harm; harm caused for the sake of preserving a more important interest.

Assets As A Legal Subject In Efforts To Recover State Financial Losses In Corruption Crimes

Corruption is a problem that results in high financial and economic losses in Indonesia. UNCAC has launched recommendations for countries to make arrangements regarding Non-Conviction Based asset Forfeiture (NCB) since 2003 which aims to recover maximum state financial losses. This is based on the fact that the state losses recovered are not proportional to the state financial losses incurred due to corruption crimes. The research used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparison with other countries. The conception of assets as legal subjects in the NCB is based on the theory of legal fiction where assets in their position as legal subjects make them seem "guilty" when the way of use or the process of obtaining them is against the law. Assets in this case are considered to be able to perform a legal act that can be accounted for as happened in several cases in the United States, the Philippines, Thailand, not to mention Indonesia. Thus, because it focuses on the "fault" of the object, asset forfeiture can still be carried out even though the object or asset has changed hands. Legislation in Indonesia has actually adopted the concept of NCB, but it does not fulfill the basic essence of the concept where the goal is to recover state losses arising from corruption maximally and quickly. Therefore, laws governing asset forfeiture must be made specifically to accommodate this, one of which is through the bill on asset forfeiture.

Neutrosophic Treatment of the Modified Simplex Algorithm to find the Optimal Solution for Linear Models

Science is the basis for managing the affairs of life and human activities, and living without knowledge is a form of wandering and a kind of loss. Using scientific methods helps us understand the foundations of choice, decision-making, and adopting the right solutions when solutions abound and options are numerous. Operational research is considered the best that scientific development has provided because its methods depend on the application of scientific methods in solving complex issues and the optimal use of available resources in various fields, private and governmental work in peace and war, in politics and economics, in planning and implementation, and in various aspects of life. Its basic essence is to use the data provided for the issue under study to build a mathematical model that is the optimal solution. It is the basis on which decision makers rely in managing institutions and companies, and when operations research methods meet with the neutrosophic teacher, we get ideal solutions that take into account all the circumstances and fluctuations that may occur in the work environment over time. One of the most important operations research methods is the linear programming method. Which prompted us to reformulate the linear models, the graphical method, and the simplex method, which are used to obtain the optimal solution for linear models using the concepts of neutrosophic science. In this research, and as a continuation of what we presented previously, we will reformulate the modified simplex algorithm that was presented to address the difficulty that we were facing when applying the direct simplex algorithm. It is the large number of calculations required to be performed in each step of the solution, which requires a lot of time and effort.

пределение и нормативное закрепление начала человеческой жизни как одно из оснований в признании эмбриона и плода человека в качестве квазисубъектов права

The beginning of human life was and continues to be an indefinite concept. The emergence of such a problem dates back to ancient times, which can be found in religious writings. Of course, everyone is aware of the basic essence contained in these three words, but the scientific community still cannot come to a consensus on the point at which a person's life becomes valuable to society. In this article, the author examines the positions of determining the beginning of the course of human life from the side of religion, jurisprudence and medicine, searching for something common and most relevant for the modern era in order to establish generally recognized criteria for such recognition. Based on the religious writings of the three greatest religions of the world, the author traces the attitude of believers to intrauterine life, which is given an appropriate assessment. The main conclusions of the presented topic are based on legal and medical knowledge. To conduct research on the chosen topic, methods of general scientific cognition were used, as well as special methods: analysis and synthesis. Within the framework of the conducted research, it was possible to identify the existing legislative inaccuracies, the occurrence of which is associated with the rapid development of public relations, in accordance with which it is not possible to come close to the newly emerged relations. It is concluded that legislative reform is necessary, and recommended ways to solve existing problems are proposed in order to balance legislative regulation with current trends.

Relevant analytics is a determining factor in effective management of the company’s activities

Introduction. The functioning of the enterprise requires a constant assessment of the state and dynamics of the external and internal environment, emerging situations and problems, which creates the need to make management decisions that are modeled taking into account potential opportunities: resources, conditions, limitations, risks, unpredictability, etc. One of the determining factors of the effectiveness of such solutions is relevant analytics. From a review of the specialized literature, we can see that nowadays the interest of scientists and practitioners in the use of this term has increased. However, the assessment of the national analytical school confirms that it is not so much about the basic essence of the concept as about the enrichment of its content. Such enrichment occurred due to the increased role of mathematical disciplines and digitalization of the process of preparation, processing and transmission of information, as well as the possibility of finding new knowledge obtained from the processing of large data sets. It is also undeniable that the transformation of the national economy into a market economy expanded international cooperation and brought new phenomena, structures, processes, terms, metrics, indicators, models, evaluation criteria to the economy, which enriches the essence of analytics. Therefore, in our opinion, it is important to evaluate the adaptation of the information and analytical system of our enterprises to advanced ideas, developments, technologies of the international scientific community and practice, which will increase the effectiveness of regulating the development of the Ukrainian economy.
 The purpose of the article is to develop the theoretical foundations of relevant analytics as a prerequisite for effective management of a business entity - a systematic, subject- cognitive-creative process aimed at forming actions/measures to obtain the desired (planned, forecasted, predictable) results of the enterprise’s activity.
 Research methods. The study was carried out using the monographic method and the practice of creating fixed accounting data and their transformation to evaluate the implementation of management decisions and identify situations/problems, the solution of which ensures the achievement of the predicted/planned results of the functioning of the enterprise. In order to achieve the defined goal of the research, the methods of system- functional analysis, in particular the theory of cognition, the theory of decision-making, structural-temporal parametric analysis, abstract-logical, heuristic, etc., were applied.
 The results. The definition of the concept of “analytics” is proposed - as a divided integrity that synthesizes various data and their creative interpretation with the identification of cause-and-effect relationships and a systematic, quantitative-qualitative assessment of changes in phenomena, structures, processes, functions, results, which is the information base of knowledge , forecasting and management of their transformation/development. The peculiarities of the formation and management of the company’s information base and the interpretation of the concept of “relevant analytics” - as a process of providing users/ managers with the requested information, have been specified, which makes it easier and cheaper for them to perform specific tasks with high quality, increases the effectiveness of managerial influence on the results of the enterprise. The functional essence of business analytics and business analytics is considered. Methodological approaches to assessing and solving situations/problems caused by increased risk and uncertainty are proposed.
 Prospects. Further research should develop methodical approaches to ensure organizational, temporal and spatial comparability of indicators, accounting and analysis of virtual assets, justification of management decisions/projects in conditions of risk and uncertainty, wider use of the advantages of intellectual analysis and knowledge obtained from large data sets.

Leverages of social restraint of the UOC-MP in modern realities

The issue of the restrictive influence of the UOC-MP on Ukrainian society began to be actively discussed after the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the occupation of parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions in 2014. At that time, the basic essence of the UOC-MP as an ideological and ideological agent of the political regime associated with the Kremlin became clear. The leadership and the vast majority of the bishops of the pro-Moscow church structure did not condemn Russian aggression even then, continued to maintain close ties with the Moscow Patriarchate and demonstrate loyalty to the political leadership of the Russian Federation.

Community Service on Maintaining Cleanliness in RW 08 Labuhbaru Timur-Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Labuhbaru Timur district has enormous potential to be developed, especially if the government provides some programs that support together with universities and communities. Labuh Baru Timur village has a demographic and topographic location that really supports daily activities and activities, provision of hospitality facilities, public awareness, especially visitors to Labuh Baru Timur village, regarding the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness is still very lacking because there still people who throw rubbish carelessly, especially plastic waste. former packaging, drainage is congested, and the surrounding roads are damaged, and have holes, caused by vehicles exceeding the capacity of vehicles passing around Jalan Arjuna. The importance of understanding the Tri Hita Karana concept for the community from an early age so that environmental cleanliness can be enjoyed by all communities and public benefits can be achieved through socialization. and social action for environmental cleanliness. The basic essence of environmental management and preservation is the main capital for developing natural resources and human resources so an active role from the community is needed to maintain environmental sustainability.

Optimal Agricultural Land Use: An Efficient Neutrosophic Linear Programming Method


 The increase in the size of the problems facing humans, their overlap, the division of labor, the multiplicity of departments, as well as the diversity of products and commodities, led to the complexity of business and the emergence of many administrative and production problems. It was necessary to search for appropriate methods to confront these problems. The science of operations research, with its diverse methods, provided the optimal solutions. It addresses many problems and helps in making scientific and thoughtful decisions to carry out the work in the best way within the available capabilities. Operations research is one of the modern applied sciences that uses the scientific method as a basis and method in research and study, and its basic essence is to build a model that helps management in making decisions related to difficult administrative problems. For example, the military field, financial aspects, industry, in construction for building bridges and huge projects to evaluate the time taken for each project and reduce this time, financial markets and stocks and forecasting economic conditions, in hospital management and controlling the process of nutrition and medicines within the available capabilities, in agriculture Agricultural marketing and many other problems that have been addressed using classical operations research methods. We know that the agricultural sector is one of the important sectors in every country, and the agricultural production process is regulated by those responsible for securing the needs of citizens. Also, those responsible for the agricultural sector are responsible for rationalizing the agricultural process so that the surplus is saved. Due to the difficult circumstances that the country may be going through, in this research, we will reformulate the general model for the optimal distribution of agricultural lands using the concepts of neutrosophic science.

К вопросу об исследовании социально-психологических особенностей современных монашествующих

Monasticism as a socio-psychological phenomenon has passed a long evolutionary path. For several centuries, certain elements of monastic life and the organizational structure have undergone changes, but the basic essence of monastic service has remained unchanged. The study of the socio-psychological portrait of modern Orthodox monasticism in the context of radical changes in socio-political, cultural and spiritual life in our country is relevant in the context of the social and pedagogical ministry of Orthodox monasteries in Russia, the dynamics of their development in accordance with the ongoing changes in the life of society, its social needs. Currently, there are several works devoted to modern monasticism as a historical, cultural and socio-cultural phenomenon, but none of the researchers focused on the socio-psychological features of the perception of monastic ministry by the monastics themselves. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to highlight the results of the study of modern Orthodox monasticism in the light of socio-psychological processes and public relations to monastic asceticism. Psychodiagnostic methods, biographical method and included observation were used as research methods. The results obtained allow us to judge the motivational features of monastic tonsure, some personal characteristics of representatives of modern monasticism, gender differences in the evaluation of their ministry among those who ascribe in male and female monasteries.

Paradigma dan Esensi Manajemen Hubungan Masyarakat dalam Pendidikan Islam

This article aims to examine a scientific theoretical model related to society, human thinking activities, leadership or management and the nature of society in the perspective of Islamic education. By using the research method library research (library research) this research was carried out by utilizing the literature from previous researchers. The analysis technique used is data or content analysis techniques. While the data collection instrument is carried out through reading activities in depth to reveal the essence of the various data collected. Data or content analysis is carried out to obtain valid inferences and can be re-examined in context. From the research it was found that public relations management can increase community empowerment. Through this empowerment, it makes the community have a community that has resilience in various sectors of life by making the public relations paradigm a reference in socializing. There needs to be a separate approach to prevent a misunderstanding between individuals and others. While the basic essence of public relations management is taken from the teachings or values ??of Quran and hadith.

Gendering Women: Body, Power and the Processes of Subjectivation

Thesis. This study tends to show how various social, cultural, and institutional factors work to discipline women by controlling their bodies at on one level and their thought process at another level. Concept. The everyday life of women is a space in which the operation of power is manifested through various disciplinary techniques and punitive methods. The basis of such regulations is the result of the construction of gendered bodies. Results and conclusion. The study sheds light on the ways the body is produced, shaped, and controlled by gendered social norms. The body is repeatedly gendered, and asked to conform to dominant gender norms. These factors affect women’s social and sexual behaviour and place them in a subservient position. The study reveals how while generating notions about the other ‘gender', the basic essence of ‘being human’ is often neglected. The claims for the equal space of women are to be fulfilled by formulating the possibility of a space for them which can go beyond the justified constructions of society.

THE GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION IN THE POETRY OF SAFWAN BIN IDRIS (D. 598 AH)

This research deals with the grammatical functions in the texts of the poet Safwan bin Idris, which is one of the most important modern grammatical topics. Effectiveness, effectiveness, current, and others. Functional grammar is the taking of grammar in a manner that facilitates the correctness of the pronunciation, writing and composing compositions free of grammatical errors, and thus the speaker knows the functions of words in structures, so language is a way of intellectual communication. The context is the basic essence that determines the intended meaning, and what is intended within the sentence, and from it we can determine the function of each word. From this point of view, the research focused on these functions by determining their locations in the texts of the poet Safwan bin Idris based on the descriptive-analytical approach. , the absolute object), the adverb, the distinction, and the accusatives: (prepositions and additions), and the other: the grammatical function in the nominal compound and its transcriber: (actual naskh), and (literal naskh), and these functions were varied and expressive of many purposes and symptoms, including the poet in his poetry texts.

Language Game, Asserting and Speech Acts A New View on Uptake in Speech Acts

Hornsby and Langton argued the viewpoint of “illocutionary disablement” in pornography based on Austin’s Speech Act theory. They called this silencing and regarded it as a violation of free speech. Sharma has presented a profound criticism of the former study and issued her own opinions based mainly on the intentionalist point of view, which is inaccurate and not satisfactory enough. To further the discussion, this paper argues that the reason for her defects locates in the intentional fundament. This paper creatively puts speech acts into the framework of Wittgenstein’s Language Game Theory and Brandom’s Asserting Theory, namely, the social view. This paper finally reaches a conclusion that the basic essence of speech acts is conventionality based on language game and the social web created by asserting. The intention is the secondary essence, which is highly related to securing uptake when it comes to further taxonomy. On this new framework, this paper also put forward the questions of the relationships between speech act verbs and speech acts, the further taxonomy of non-conventional speech acts for future discussions.

Democratic Public Service (Case of License Operating Billboards in Makassar City)

One of the points of concern in public administration is the organising of democratic public services. Democratic public service is the basic essence in realizing justice and social welfare. This can be realized if it involves all state stakeholders and domains in the administration of the government. In this perspective, public services should obtain genuine attention, be processed professionally and properly provided to residents of service users. Billboard licence is one of the types of licensing services issued by the government along with the rapid growth of companies or industries that have an impact on the increase in regional revenue. In addition to increasing regional revenue, the increase in billboards is directly proportional to various violations that occur because of services provided so that they are important to be handled. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree to which the Regional Revenue Agency of Makassar City, one of the government organisers in public services, organises democratic public services, particularly in the execution of billboards. The study employs a qualitative method and includes both primary and secondary data. Through in-depth interviews and observation, primary data is gathered. secondary information obtained from documents. Data reduction is then used to process the acquired data. The results of the study show that democratic public services have not been implemented. Complexity, bureaucracy, apparatus performance and community attitudes towards public services are factors that influence service integrity.

Charges-Enhanced Molybdenum Disulfide Nanozyme Activity for Ultrasound-Mediated Cascade-Catalytic Tumor Ferroptosis.

Deficient catalytic activity of nanozyme and insufficient endogenous H2O2 in tumor microenvironment (TME) are major obstacles for nanozyme-mediated catalytic tumor therapy. Herein, since electron transfer is the basic essence of catalysis-mediated redox reaction, we explored the contributing factors of enzymatic activity based on positive and negative charges, which are experimentally and theoretically demonstrated to enhance the peroxidase (POD)-like activity of MoS2 nanozyme. Hence, an acidic TME-responsive and ultrasound-mediated cascade nanocatalyst (BTO/MoS2@CA) is presented by making few-layer MoS2 nanosheets grown on the surface of piezoelectric tetragonal barium titanate (T-BTO) and modified with pH-responsive cinnamaldehyde (CA). The integration of pH-responsive CA-mediated H2O2 self-supply, ultrasound-mediated charges enhanced enzymatic activity and GSH depletion enables out-of-balance redox homeostasis, leading to effective tumor ferroptosis with minimal side effects.

A Molybdenum Disulfide Nanozyme with Charge‐Enhanced Activity for Ultrasound‐Mediated Cascade‐Catalytic Tumor Ferroptosis

AbstractThe deficient catalytic activity of nanozymes and insufficient endogenous H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are major obstacles for nanozyme‐mediated catalytic tumor therapy. Since electron transfer is the basic essence of catalysis‐mediated redox reactions, we explored the contributing factors of enzymatic activity based on positive and negative charges, which are experimentally and theoretically demonstrated to enhance the peroxidase (POD)‐like activity of a MoS2 nanozyme. Hence, an acidic tumor microenvironment‐responsive and ultrasound‐mediated cascade nanocatalyst (BTO/MoS2@CA) is presented that is made from few‐layer MoS2 nanosheets grown on the surface of piezoelectric tetragonal barium titanate (T‐BTO) and modified with pH‐responsive cinnamaldehyde (CA). The integration of pH‐responsive CA‐mediated H2O2 self‐supply, ultrasound‐mediated charge‐enhanced enzymatic activity, and glutathione (GSH) depletion enables out‐of‐balance redox homeostasis, leading to effective tumor ferroptosis with minimal side effects.

A survey of artificial intelligence in tongue image for disease diagnosis and syndrome differentiation.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has gradually extended from the general field to all walks of life, and intelligent tongue diagnosis is the product of a miraculous connection between this new discipline and traditional disciplines. We reviewed the deep learning methods and machine learning applied in tongue image analysis that have been studied in the last 5 years, focusing on tongue image calibration, detection, segmentation, and classification of diseases, syndromes, and symptoms/signs. Introducing technical evolutions or emerging technologies were applied in tongue image analysis; as we have noticed, attention mechanism, multiscale features, and prior knowledge were successfully applied in it, and we emphasized the value of combining deep learning with traditional methods. We also pointed out two major problems concerned with data set construction and the low reliability of performance evaluation that exist in this field based on the basic essence of tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine. Finally, a perspective on the future of intelligent tongue diagnosis was presented; we believe that the self-supervised method, multimodal information fusion, and the study of tongue pathology will have great research significance.

Challenges of Implementing the “Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the Right to Participate in the Affairs of a Local Authority” in Georgia

Democracy implies not only the existence of elected representatives, but also the existence of active and politically engaged citizens. People's participation in the exercise of government is the basic essence, ground and purpose of democracy.
 The present article analyzes the environment and practice of citizens' participation in the implementation of local self-government in Georgia. The article talks about the challenges in Georgia in the mentioned field, their causes and ways to solve them.