Basic Construction Research Articles

Conditioning w.r.t. random sets. Part 1: basic notions and results

The most controversial and basic construction in Dempster–Shafer theory is Dempster's combination rule. We analyze this concept through the conditioning with respect to a random set introduced in the paper. The paper has two parts. In Part 1, we describe the basic constructions in Dempster–Shafer theory considering multivalued mappings (random sets), the axiomatic approach proposed by G. Shafer, and the transferable belief model (TBM). We also introduce generalized credal sets as an extension of TBM and the theory of imprecise probabilities. After that, we introduce the conditioning w.r.t. a random set with various kinds of prior information and successive conditioning, and analyze, when this conditioning coincides with Dempster's rule. We show that the successive conditioning can be described by the intersection of generalized credal sets in the case of vacuous prior information and unknown interaction among random sets. Part 2 is devoted to the description of a new class of combination rules constructed by conditioning w.r.t. random sets, and by linear combinations of such rules.

Investigation of Dynamic-Cyclic, Dynamic-Impact, and Timber-Construction-Relevant Characteristics of Wood–Textile Composites

Wood–Textile Composites (WTCs) are a new type of composite material based on willow wood strips and polypropylene that combines the properties of classic natural-fiber-reinforced polymers with an innovative textile wood design. While the basic quasi-static properties have already been investigated and described, there is a lack of knowledge about the behavior of the material under dynamic-cyclic and dynamic-impact loading as well as in relation to basic wood construction parameters. The present study is intended to contribute to the later use of the developed material, e.g., in architecture. For this purpose, fatigue tests, dart drop tests (impact and penetration), impact bending tests, and embedment tests were carried out. It was shown that embedding wood fabrics in a thermoplastic matrix leads to a significant increase in resistance to impact loads compared to the neat basic materials. It was also shown that the ratio of the failure stress in the fatigue test to the tensile strength of the WTC corresponds to that of other fiber-reinforced thermoplastics at around 70%. The embedment tests showed that WTC has good values compared to neat wood.

Development of an Index System for Public Toilets Based on HRWS-PS Theory and Improvement Strategies

As an integral part of the urban public health infrastructure, public toilets play a significant role in shaping a city’s image. With the advancement of the economy, people have increasingly higher expectations for public toilets. While existing standards primarily focus on physical indicators, there is still room to incorporate measures that prioritize humanistic care. Therefore, based on the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation in Public Spaces (HRWS-PS) standards, this study develops a comprehensive index system for public toilets with a specific emphasis on humanistic care, utilizing expert questionnaires and employing methods such as the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight, and highlights safety and quality as paramount concerns for users, followed by usability and accessibility as secondary needs. Acceptability, which encompasses additional amenities, depends on meeting these secondary needs through solid basic design and construction practices. Affordability, related to consumer costs, is comparatively less demanding. By applying this framework, an analysis of the current state of upgrading urban public toilets in Shijiazhuang was conducted, leading to recommendations for improvements across four key areas: environmental sanitation, architectural design, infrastructure development, and urban planning. The final results provide practical insights for evaluating and suggesting enhancements to ongoing toilet revolution initiatives and urban basic service facilities while also informing urban renewal efforts and designs.

Translation of Earthliness: An Exploration of Translation Dislocation of Folk Language in Chin P'ing Mei in Late Ming Dynasty within the Framework of Aesthetic Reception

As the first full-lenght satiric novel, Jin Ping Mei (Chin P'ing Mei), written by Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng at the end of the Ming Dynasty, elaborates the social and worldly affairs comprehensively through vivid language and skillful usage of literary devices. Due to the richness of the folk language for the language forms, and the differences and great colloquial and regional characteristics to the Western readers in the geographical and time facets, for the purpose of reception in the target culture, the translator gives adjustment or modification to folk languages forms like dialect, slang, idiom, and proverbs, etc., which engenders certain translation dislocation to some extent. Through qualitative and comparative analyses, this paper aims to offer a preliminary exploration of the basic paradigm, causes, and construction process of the translation dislocation of the folk language in those two English translation versions of Jin Ping Mei from the four dimensions of readers' expectation horizons, aesthetic distance, integration of horizons, and the construction of respond-inviting structures under the perspective of aesthetic reception theory, so as to provide an avenue for English readers to delve into the peculiar translation dislocation of the folk language in the translation of Chinese classical works.

Multi-scenario Vehicle Detection Based on the YOLOv5 Algorithm

This paper addresses the issues of increasing traffic volume leading to frequent traffic congestion and accidents by studying the effectiveness of occluded vehicle detection based on the YOLOv5 algorithm. The aim is to explore the performance of this algorithm in various occlusion scenarios. Firstly, we introduce the occluded vehicle images used for testing and describe different types of occlusions in detail. Then, the basic principles and construction process of the YOLOv5 algorithm are explained. Subsequently, we propose a vehicle detection and recognition model based on YOLOv5 and validate the model's effectiveness through convergence analysis of the training loss curve and accuracy analysis of the test set. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the YOLOv5 algorithm can efficiently and accurately detect vehicles in complex scenarios and partially occluded conditions, showcasing its application potential in intelligent transportation systems.

MECHANISM OF CIVIL-LAW REGULATION OF RELATIONS FOR THE PROVISION OF PAID EDUCATIONAL SERVICES BY HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN UKRAINE

The paper defines the specifics of the mechanism of civil-law regulation of relations for the provision of paid educational services by higher education institutions in Ukraine. At the same time, civil-law regulation is understood as a special legal influence on the behavior of participants in public relations, that are included in the subject of civil law as a branch of law. Special legal influence on the behavior of participants in relations on the provision of paid educational services by higher education institutions in Ukraine is carried out through a system of certain legal means, among which in the most general form one can distinguish: civil law norms, personalized individual acts of an autonomous nature (including contracts), personalized individual acts of a power nature (acts of application of law). However, the said civil-law influence cannot occur automatically. In this case, a certain mechanism for carrying out civil rights should be used, the functional purpose of which is to ensure the realization of the powers that make up the content of said rights, and the fulfillment of relevant subjective duties. It has been found that in order to characterize the mechanism of civil-law regulation of relations with the provision of paid educational services by higher education institutions in Ukraine, it is important to take into account the systemic and logical interrelations that exist between the norms of civil law enshrined in various normative legal acts. And this is directly confirmed in the current legislation, in particular in Art. 2 of the Law of Ukraine «On Higher Education», which directly states that «the legislation on higher education is based on the Constitution of Ukraine and consists of the laws of Ukraine «On Education», «On Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities», this Law and other normative legal acts, international treaties of Ukraine concluded in the manner established by law». It has been substantiated that all the norms of law aimed at civil-law regulation of relations with the provision of paid educational services by higher education institutions in Ukraine should not contradict the general principles of civil legislation defined in Art. 3 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, since they are the basic construction that allows civil law to function as a system of norms of law.

CTPAD: an interactive web application for comprehensive transcriptomic profiling in allergic diseases

BackgroundAllergic diseases are systemic chronic inflammatory diseases associated with multiorgan damage and complex pathogenesis. Several studies have revealed the association of gene expression abnormalities with the development of allergic diseases, but the biomedical field still lacks a public platform for comprehensive analysis and visualization of transcriptomic data of allergic diseases.ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive web tool for multiple analysis in allergic diseases.MethodsWe retrieved and downloaded human and mouse gene expression profile data associated with allergic diseases from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and standardized the data uniformly. We used gene sets obtained from the MSigDB database for pathway enrichment analysis and multiple immune infiltration algorithms for the estimation of immune cell proportion. The basic construction of the web pages was based on the Shiny framework. Additionally, more convenient features were added to the server to improve the efficiency of the web pages, such as jQuery plugins and a comment box to collect user feedback.ResultsWe developed CTPAD, an interactive R Shiny application that integrates public databases and multiple algorithms to explore allergic disease-related datasets and implement rich transcriptomic visualization capabilities, including gene expression analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, immune infiltration analysis, correlation analysis, and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. All functional modules offer customization options and can be downloaded in PDF format with high-resolution images.ConclusionsCTPAD largely facilitates the work of researchers without bioinformatics background to enable them to better explore the transcriptomic features associated with allergic diseases. CTPAD is available at https://smuonco.shinyapps.io/CTPAD/.

Does corporate governance differ by sector? An analysis under good practice criteria. The case of Spain.

The aim of this paper is to analyse how the factors remuneration, supervision and board structure influence the good corporate governance of companies in the Spanish Continuous Market. This paper develops, for the first time, an index based on the recommendations defined in the Good Governance Code of Listed Companies. This paper measures remuneration, monitoring and governance structure and employs a multiple linear regression model modelling corporate governance as a latent factor. Based on this model, this research presents empirical evidence of the relationship between corporate governance and the defined variables, considering Spanish Continuous Market firms disaggregated by sector. To date, there are no studies that have taken into account the analysis for all sectors in the same country. Among the conclusions, the research finds that the larger a company is, the better the mechanisms for providing an optimal degree of governance, as is the case in the oil, energy and technology sectors. In another sense, the higher the number of proprietary directors the lower the levels of good governance, mainly in basic materials, industrial, construction and consumer goods and services companies. The empirical results also justify the inclusion of Corporate Governance-related factors in governance regulation.

Grammatical Alliance in Malay Language: A Study of Linguistic Typology

This article is entitled Aliansi Gramatikal Na Lingua Melayu: Study of Linguistic Typology. This study of the Malay language's grammatical alliance aims to understand (1) the basic construction of clauses, (2) the construction of complex sentences, (3) the pivotal system, and (4) ultimately the definition of the grammar alliance system. This study uses the theory of language typology as the main theory proposed by Comrie. (1988). These research data are clauses and sentences. Qualitative descriptive. This approach aims to understand the existence of the overlap of different external and internal symptoms of the subject being the subject of the study. Data from the coordinative construction and subordinative construction of the Malay language typologically leads to the finding that in syntax, the Malay languages treat S equally with A, and give different treatment to P (S`=`A`≠ P). The Malay language is a group of languages that works with the S/A pivot system. A system of grammatical alliances such as this suggests that Malay is syntaxically a language of nominative-akusative type. Observing the behavior of S on the intransitive clause with the behaviour of A and P on the transitive clauses of Malay language which indicates that S is equal to A and equally equal with P, then morphologically Malay language has a tendency as a nominative-akusative language.

Hollow Nanoreactors Unlock New Possibilities for Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes.

As a novel type of catalytic material, hollow nanoreactors are expected to bring new development opportunities in the field of persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes due to their peculiar void-confinement, spatial compartmentation, and size-sieving effects. For such materials, however, further clarification on basic concepts and construction strategies, as well as a discussion of the inherent correlation between structure and catalytic activity are still required. In this context, this review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of hollow nanoreactors for activating persulfate. Initially, hollow nanoreactors are classified according to the constituent components of the shell structure and their dimensionality. Subsequently, the different construction strategies of hollow nanoreactors are described in detail, while common synthesis methods for these construction strategies are outlined. Furthermore, the most representative advantages of hollow nanoreactors are summarized, and their intrinsic connections to the nanoreactor structure are elucidated. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of hollow nanoreactors are presented.

Summation-based Private Segmented Membership Test from Threshold-Fully Homomorphic Encryption

In many real-world scenarios, there are cases where a client wishes to check if a data element they hold is included in a set segmented across a large number of data holders. To protect user privacy, the client's query and the data holders' sets should remain encrypted throughout the whole process. Prior work on Private Set Intersection (PSI), Multi-Party PSI (MPSI), Private Membership Test (PMT), and Oblivious RAM (ORAM) falls short in this scenario in many ways. They either require data holders to possess the sets in plaintext, incur prohibitively high latency for aggregating results from a large number of data holders, leak the information about the party holding the intersection element, or induce a high false positive. This paper introduces the primitive of a Private Segmented Membership Test (PSMT). We give a basic construction of a protocol to solve PSMT using a threshold variant of approximate-arithmetic homomorphic encryption and show how to overcome existing challenges to construct a PSMT protocol without leaking information about the party holding the intersection element or false positives for a large number of data holders ensuring IND-CPA^D security. Our novel approach is superior to existing state-of-the-art approaches in scalability with regard to the number of supported data holders. This is enabled by a novel summation-based homomorphic membership check rather than a product-based one, as well as various novel ideas addressing technical challenges. Our PSMT protocol supports many more parties (up to 4096 in experiments) compared to prior related work that supports only around 100 parties efficiently. Our experimental evaluation shows that our method's aggregation of results from data holders can run in 92.5s for 1024 data holders and a set size of 2^25, and our method's overhead increases very slowly with the increasing number of senders. We also compare our PSMT protocol to other state-of-the-art PSI and MPSI protocols and discuss our improvements in usability with a better privacy model and a larger number of parties.

Analysing the reasons why patients with complete missing teeth seek re-prosthodontics

Basic construction material of such dental constructions is not without well-known disadvantages. Identification of the main reasons for the replacement of complete removable acrylic plate dentures will make it possible to find the most relevant area for development in the field of improvement of this type of prosthetics.AIMS: To assess the reasons for patients' requests for replacement of complete removable acrylic dentures.METHODS: In the period from 2021 to 2022, a comprehensive dental examination of patients with complete absence of teeth who sought dental prosthetic care to replace previously used full removable plate prostheses was carried out, the reasons for the need for a new dental structure of this type and the frequency of their occurrence in the near and distant future were determined. Statistical differences between the indicators were assessed using the nonparametric method of analysis - the χ2 test. In order to assess the risk of a particular cause of referral, relative risk was calculated at 95% confidence interval.RESULTS: The main reason for the patients with complete absence of teeth to replace the operated full removable plate prosthesis in the period up to 3 years is one or another mechanical breakage. After three years of use of this type of dental structure, risk of mechanical failure and functional deficiencies statistically significantly increases by 1.8 and 1.6 times respectively. When prostheses are used for more than 6 years, referrals due to various functional deficiencies begin to dominate the percentage with 58.3%.CONCLUSIONS: The increasing risk of functional defects in the form of impaired fixation and stabilisation makes it necessary to develop a set of measures to prevent the development of atrophic processes in the alveolar bone tissue of the upper and lower jaw alveolar processes, as well as dystrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the denture bed.

Design and experimental validation of an aspheric multi-lenticular plano-convex lens for VCSEL beam collimation

In this work, we propose a design method of an aspheric lens that achieves collimation for a VCSEL laser beam. The designed lens features a planar front surface and an aspheric back surface of which the profile is mathematically characterized and precisely determined based on the proposed method. The method is derived from a basic geometric-optics analysis and construction approach. The collimating effect of the lens was first analyzed in simulation and then validated in experimental measurement. The experimental results show that the collimator lens transforms the input VCSEL laser beam divergence angle from 25° (436.33 mrad) to an output angle of 3.6906 mrad.

Research on Heidegger's Fundamental Ethics

Based on Heidegger's idea of original ethics, this paper analyzes the state of how Da-sein has being-in-the-world, takes Heidegger's concept of conscience as an entry point, explores the difference between Heidegger's original ethics and traditional ethics, and reflects on what kind of ethics his thought is. From the perspective of ontology, Heidegger takes the being of human as the highest philosophical ontology, inquires deeply into the existence of Da-sein, and explores the relationship between Da-sein and Being. Through the diffusion of the understanding of Potentiality-of-Being of Da-sein, this paper gradually analyzes the basic construction of Da-sein being-in-the-world, under the definition of the structure Being-in is embedded in the world, the existence of Da-sein being-in-the-world unfolds. In the process of understanding the world, Da-sein is thrown into everyday life, losing himself and falling prey, but the true nature of Da-sein keeps calling him, Da-sein listens to the call of its conscience and makes a decision to face death and his true ones self. Starting from the process of alienation from the true self to the untrue self of Da-sein, we analyze Heidegger's basic concept of human-centeredness. What exactly constitutes the Being of Da-sein and how does the existence of Da-sein unfold. Even though many later scholars and Heidegger himself did not consider his thought to be a concept under the banner of ethics, and considered his thought to be contrary to traditional ethics. What is undeniable is that Heidegger's original ethics, with its in-depth exploration of the inner man, greatly expands the definition of universal morality and norms in traditional ethics.

Deep learning model for the deformation prediction of concrete dams under multistep and multifeature inputs based on an improved autoformer

The long-term prediction of deformation in concrete dams is a critical requirement for maintaining their structural integrity over time in practical management scenarios. While most existing models predominantly address short-term and medium-term predictions, there remains a significant challenge in establishing reliable correlations within complex long-term temporal patterns and varying environmental factors. Consequently, there is limited research on multistep prediction. To solve these problems, an Autoformer-based model for multistep and multifeature dam deformation prediction is proposed. In the proposed model, the sequence decomposition of dam monitoring data is used as the basic construction module inside the depth model. Then, Deep Automatic Correlation (Deep-AutoCorrelation) mechanism is employed to obtain the long-term dependence between dam deformation and environmental load. The encoder-decoder structure integrates time series decomposition and the Deep-AutoCorrelation to predict the multistep deformation of the dam. In the multistep deformation prediction of the dam, the improved Autoformer model demonstrates state-of-the-art performance, resulting in a 48% increase in prediction accuracy across five monitoring point datasets when compared to six benchmark models. Experimental results indicate that this method effectively addresses the challenge of predicting long-term deformation of dams subjected to complex environmental loads. It demonstrates robust capabilities in extracting long-term temporal features and avoids the increase of computational complexity caused by deeper time extraction.

Structures of Large Tin(IV) Oxo Clusters

AbstractThe article reviews and categorizes the structures of tin oxo clusters with nuclearities ≥6 and compares them with oxo clusters of the other group 4 and 14 metals. Basic construction principles of the cluster core are worked out by comparing the different cluster types and by identifying smaller building blocks. The comparison also shows how the different cluster types are influenced by the interplay between the ligands which stabilize the cluster core and the bridging oxygen atoms.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL MANAGEMENT SUPPORT

The article decomposes the foreign economic activity of enterprise through the prism of accounting and analytical support of management. It has been determined that current trends in the development of the domestic and world economy, specificity and peculiarities of activities of individual business entities in the field of foreign economic relations, the need for further development of methodology and methods of accounting and analysis of foreign economic activity, taking into account the objectively arising needs for the development of information support for management, determine the relevance of decomposition of foreign economic activity in the system of accounting and analytical support for management. It is substantiated that the basis for the decomposition of foreign economic activity in the system of accounting and analytical support of management is the concept of the type of activity. The organisation of accounting of foreign economic activity at a particular enterprise is largely determined by the type of foreign economic activity inherent in this enterprise. In the process of production and economic activity, enterprises, as a rule, face several types of foreign economic operations simultaneously. The accounting and analytical aspects of management of foreign economic activity of enterprise are systematised. A model of decomposition of the foreign economic activity of enterprise has been developed. It is proposed that the model of decomposition of foreign economic activity of enterprise should include types of foreign economic activity and accounting and analytical aspects, grouped into blocks: key aspects; characteristics of types of foreign economic activity, organisational and legal conditions, purpose, directions and results of functioning, accounting approaches and basic analytical criteria, performance indicators, structural construction and functioning, etc. The developed model provides for the reflection and determination of performance results by types, subtypes, segments and other classification features of foreign economic activity in order to obtain analytical, detailed, transparent and relevant information based on financial, management and strategic accounting data. Formation of an integrated system of accounting and analysis of foreign economic activity is based on consideration of regulatory, contractual, structural, accounting, analytical, control and software and hardware support of foreign economic activity.

Modelling the Acoustic Properties of Baffles Made of Porous and Fibrous Materials

The research described in the article addresses the problem of measurement, prediction and practical use of the acoustic properties of materials determined in an impedance tube. The aim of the research was to develop a simple calculation model for the insertion loss of small machinery enclosures, based on the normal incidence sound transmission loss and the normal incidence sound absorption coefficient of porous and fibrous materials. Both experimental and model tests were carried out on materials such as mineral wool, melamine foam and rebonded polyurethane foam. Assessing the absorption properties of the tested porous and fibrous materials was performed using selected theoretical models, relating the calculations of the normal incidence sound absorption coefficient to measurements of this parameter conducted using an impedance tube. The application of the modified Allard and Champoux model brought the best results with the smallest discrepancies of the obtained results in relation to the experimental tests. Assessing the sound-insulating properties of the tested mineral wool was carried out using the proposed calculation model for the normal incidence sound transmission loss, relating the obtained results to measurements conducted using an impedance tube. The assessment of the sound-insulating properties of porous and fibrous materials was performed using the proposed calculation model for insertion loss, which was validated using two prototype test stands for determining the insertion loss of cubic enclosures, in this case with walls made of porous and fibrous materials. Satisfactory results were obtained for engineering applications in the calculation results using the proposed models with respect to measurements. The results may have practical applications in assessing the effectiveness of acoustic enclosures, in which the basic construction material is an appropriate porous or fibrous plate, selected to have both sound-absorbing and sound-insulating properties.

A review on design and construction of the lunar launch/landing infrastructure

With advances in automated construction and deeper Moon exploration missions, the concept of “building a house on the moon” is becoming increasingly feasible. The launch/landing (LL) infrastructure plays a vital role in ensuring the safety of landers and astronauts and should be prioritized for construction. Initially, this review explores the variety of designs used at existing LL sites, analyzing the logic and unique features of each design. It then outlines three main construction methods for landing pads, from material production to basic construction processes. The review also covers experiments related to LL pads, including material, component, and construction testing. Finally, current challenges and future directions for the development of lunar LL infrastructure are discussed, and 3D-printed biomimetic structures are highlighted as a particularly promising option.

AlgeoMath를 활용한 초등 도형 과제의 도구화 스킴 분석

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of Dynamic Geometry Environments (DGE) in elementary geometry learning. This study aims to analyze elementary geometry tasks utilizing DGE from an instrumental perspective and to identify the conceptual and technical difficulties that elementary students may encounter. To achieve this, we analyzed textbooks and previous studies to extract tasks that utilize the Korean DGE, AlgeoMath, and conducted practical exercises to analyze the instrumentation schemes for each task. The analysis revealed that some terms and symbols of the tools were not aligned with the elementary curriculum or contained mathematical errors, and that some schemes requiring an understanding of functional perspectives or basic constructions in secondary mathematics could present conceptual and procedural difficulties for elementary students. Furthermore, we found that precisely implemented transformation tools were not suitable for the informal and intuitive learning of elementary plane figure movements. Finally, it was confirmed that the inherent characteristics of DGE, such as the independence and dependence of objects and the hiding feature, as well as the functional limitations and errors of AlgeoMath, could pose challenges for students. Based on these findings, the study suggests pedagogical implications for elementary mathematics lessons using AlgeoMath and provides insights into the functional composition of DGE for elementary use.