Basic Characteristics Research Articles

Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing Algorithms in the Remote Mobile Medical Diagnosis System of Internet Hospitals

In order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of professional pharmacists, integrate medical resources, and ensure the safety of patients’ medication, the telemedicine diagnosis system has played a great role. Today, in this “Internet +” era, all walks of life have begun to integrate with Internet technology. The purpose of this article was to discuss the practical utility of machine learning and natural language processing algorithms in the remote mobile medical diagnosis system of Internet hospitals, for which this article conducted in-depth discussion. This article first introduced the basic concepts, development, and characteristics of machine learning and natural language processing algorithms in detail, and carefully studied and analyzed the development and culture of traditional offline medical diagnosis models. Based on machine learning and natural language processing algorithms, a remote mobile medical diagnosis is designed. By combining with the medical diagnosis system of traditional hospitals, a new type of remote mobile medical diagnosis system for Internet hospitals was designed and developed, and the combination of traditional medical industry and Internet technology was deeply studied. According to each functional requirement, the image module, heart rate measurement module, and user setting module are designed, respectively. Compared to traditional medical diagnosis systems, the accuracy of the remote mobile medical diagnosis system based on machine learning applied in Internet hospital diagnosis in this article reached 80% or even higher. At the same time, it was found through experiments that when the evolution number was 3, the maximum fit value and average fit value were the same, both of which were 0.6. This indicates that the system can accommodate more than 10,000 people at the same time, and patients can receive good treatment plans, with a very broad application prospect

The Nourishing Art

Cooking is regarded as one of the most basic characteristics of civilised existence, almost as critical as shelter in defining and reading the human condition. Frascari (2002) used cooking as an analogy for design suggesting that ‘to build and cook are a necessity, but to build and cook intelligently is the chief obligation of architecture and cuisine’ (p. 3). What is it about this ordinary activity that invites comparison? Is it that the everyday acts of cooking are primary generators of spatial practices and material culture? Or is it that the production of food bears numerous parallels with the production of built space – each following a recipe or plan to manipulate elements into an entity definitively judged by the physical senses? This paper builds upon a companion work titled, ‘Eating Australian Architecture’ (Hurst & Lawrence, 2003), which investigated a pedagogical approach based on parallels between food and design for teaching first year architectural students. In this paper, the focus is on a detailed application of this method to typological analyses of contemporary domestic architecture. It uses three examples of influential Australian design practices, selecting from each a paradigm with which they are associated. Food metaphors of raw, medium and well- done are used to explore emergent characteristics and experiential qualities within the current architectural climate. The apparent extremes between raw and cooked, like those between excess and austerity, are re-evaluated not as simple oppositions or measures of success, but as equally rich modes of approach to design. The argument is made for gastronomy as a persuasive interrogatory tool for the sensory and holistic examination of the built environment.

An analysis of classification skills of the 6<sup>th</sup> grade students on fractions

The purpose of this study is to examine how the categorization skills of the 6<sup>th</sup> grade students in fractions are distributed and to determine the classification errors made by the students, along with the procedural errors of the students in fractions. The descriptive survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study. In this study, 292 6<sup>th</sup> grade students from four middle schools in two districts of a province in Turkey participated. Developed by the researcher, the fraction operation skill test and classification skills identification test were used. The results showed that students had difficulty in distinguishing examples and characteristics of fractions and fraction types, and even though they partially succeeded in operations, they made procedural errors. The researchers recommend combining procedural knowledge with conceptual knowledge and explaining the basic characteristics of the concept by comparing examples with non-examples.

Synthesis and Characterization of K2O/ACT Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Beef Fat Waste

The increasing use of petroleum as fuel has depleted fuel, so alternative fuels such as biodiesel are needed because they are environmentally friendly and come from vegetable and animal sources. Therefore, this article presents biodiesel production from beef fat using a K2O/ACT heterogeneous base catalyst derived from egg shells. The Eggshell becomes a CaO catalyst after 3 hours of calcination at 900°C. The K2O/ACT catalyst was synthesized by impregnating CaO with KOH and characterized using XRD and BET. The K2O/ACT catalyst was compared to the CaO catalyst for transesterification activity under appropriate conditions (reaction temperature 65°C, catalyst loading 3% by weight, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:12, and reaction time 3 hours). The catalytic activity of the catalyst was determined to be 98.40% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The insertion of K2O into the CaO catalyst increases the basicity characteristics, thereby increasing the catalytic activity of transesterification.

Financing “climate-proof” housing? The premises and pitfalls of PACE finance in Florida

ABSTRACT Amidst growing concerns about climate risks to the U.S. housing markets, strategies to physically retrofit homes are gaining attention—including within debates over how to resolve intersecting crises of housing re/insurability and affordability in highly exposed sites like Florida. We consider an important but under-studied example of this “climate-proofing” strategy unfolding today: Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) finance. While PACE has historically financed decarbonization retrofits, it is increasingly being deployed to facilitate hurricane risk reduction in Florida. In this paper, we introduce PACE: its basic characteristics, evolving uses, and controversies. Exploring the Florida case, we examine two deeper but as yet under-examined financial tensions: PACE’s intersections with other forms of property-linked finance (and potential systemic breakdowns) and rising affordability breakpoints as homeowners encounter its new debt amidst other growing and intersecting climate/climate response costs. These issues call for more transformative imaginaries of urban retrofitting and its resourcing.

Investigation on Critical Characteristics of Edible Vegetable Oil by using Cuo Nanoparticles

This work demonstrates how the composition of the nanoparticles affects the thermal, electrical, and physical characteristics of vegetable oil (RBO). Cuo nanoparticles with particle volume fractions varying from 0.1 percent to 0.4 percent were injected one at a time into vegetable oil (RBO) to produce nanofluids (NFs) that affect the basic characteristics of the oil. It was able to evaluate characteristics including room temperature viscosity, firepoint, breakdown voltage (BDV), and flash point using IEC and ASTM standards. The breakdown voltage rises when the vegetable oil (RBO) oil is heated in the presence of nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles has changed the viscosity, and the flash and fire points have gone from 10°C to 15°C..

Numerical Simulation of the Hydrogen-Based Directly Reduced Iron Melting Process

In the context of carbon reduction and emission reduction, the new process of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking based on direct hydrogen reduction is an important potential method for the green and sustainable development of the steel industry. Within an electric furnace for the hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron, after hydrogen-based directly reduced iron (HDRI) is produced through a shaft furnace, HDRI is melted or smelted in an EAF to form final products such as high-purity iron or high-end special steel. As smelting proceeds in the electric furnace, it is easy for pieces of HDRI to bond to each other and become larger pieces; they may even form an “iceberg”, and this phenomenon may then worsen the smelting working conditions. Therefore, the melting of HDRI is the key to affecting the smelting cycle and energy consumption of EAFs. In this study, based on the basic characteristics of HDRI, we established an HDRI melting model using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 and studied the HDRI melting process, utilizing pellets with a radius of 8 mm. The results of our simulation show that the HDRI melting process can be divided into three different stages: generating a solidified steel layer, melting the solidified steel layer, and melting HDRI bodies. Moreover, multiple HDRI processes are prone to bonding in the melting process. Increasing the spacing between pieces of HDRI and increasing the preheating temperature used on the HDRI can effectively reduce the aforementioned bonding phenomenon. When the melting pool temperature is 1873 K, increasing the spacing of HDRI to 10 mm and increasing the initial HDRI temperature to 973 K was shown to effectively reduce or eliminate the bonding phenomenon among pieces of HDRI. In addition, with the increase in the melting pool temperature, the time required for melting within the three stages of the HDRI melting process shortened, and the melting speed was accelerated. With the increase in the temperature used to preheat the HDRI, the duration of the solidified steel layer’s existence was also shortened, but this had no significant impact on the time required for the complete melting of HDRI. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the HDRI process within EAFs.

High-Entropy Materials for Lithium Batteries

High-entropy materials (HEMs) constitute a revolutionary class of materials that have garnered significant attention in the field of materials science, exhibiting extraordinary properties in the realm of energy storage. These equimolar multielemental compounds have demonstrated increased charge capacities, enhanced ionic conductivities, and a prolonged cycle life, attributed to their structural stability. In the anode, transitioning from the traditional graphite (372 mAh g−1) to an HEM anode can increase capacity and enhance cycling stability. For cathodes, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) can be replaced with new cathodes made from HEMs, leading to greater energy storage. HEMs play a significant role in electrolytes, where they can be utilized as solid electrolytes, such as in ceramics and polymers, or as new high-entropy liquid electrolytes, resulting in longer cycling life, higher ionic conductivities, and stability over wide temperature ranges. The incorporation of HEMs in metal–air batteries offers methods to mitigate the formation of unwanted byproducts, such as Zn(OH)4 and Li2CO3, when used with atmospheric air, resulting in improved cycling life and electrochemical stability. This review examines the basic characteristics of HEMs, with a focus on the various applications of HEMs for use as different components in lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of these materials is examined, highlighting improvements such as specific capacity, stability, and a longer cycle life. The utilization of HEMs in new anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes offers a promising path towards future energy storage solutions with higher energy densities, improved safety, and a longer cycling life.

Impact of Dipole Effect on Perovskite Solar Cells.

Interface modification and bulk doping are two major strategies to improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Dipolar molecules are highly favored due to their unique dipolarity. This review discusses the basic concepts and characteristics of dipoles. In addition, the role of dipoles in PSCs and the corresponding conventional characterization methods for dipoles are introduced. Then, we systematically summarize the latest progress in achieving efficient and stable PSCs in dipole materials at several key interfaces. Finally, we look forward to the future application directions of dipole molecules in PSCs, aiming at providing deep insight and inspiration for developing efficient and stable PSCs.

The Usage of Mesh and Relevant Prognosis in Implant Breast Reconstruction Surgery: A Meta-analysis.

Although mesh-based implant breast reconstruction surgery is emerging as the primary surgical procedure for breast reconstruction, mesh use remains controversial in implant breast reconstruction surgery, especially in terms of how to select the ideal mesh. Our aim is to elaborate relevant prognosis in the mesh-based implant breast reconstruction surgery. Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane library searches. Extracted data included study type, basic characteristics, mesh information, complications, etc. We analyzed the included cohort studies and randomized controlled trials that reported mesh-related implant breast reconstruction complications and breast quality scale scores. A total of 32 studies including 7475 subjects were included. The results showed that the overall complication rate was 2.07 times higher in the biological mesh group than in the synthetic mesh group (risk ratio [RR]: 2.07, 95% CI 1.14-3.78). The risk of seroma was 4.50 times higher in the biological mesh group than in the synthetic mesh group (RR: 4.50, 95% CI 2.27-8.95). In terms of comparing breast quality scale scores, the mesh group had scores that were 1.49 (95% CI 0.19-2.78) higher than the non-mesh group for "physical well-being" and 2.05 (95% CI 0.08-4.02) higher for "sexual well-being." Our study found that the risk of total complications was higher with biological mesh than with synthetic mesh in implant breast reconstruction surgery. Based on short-term cost, healthcare burden, and healthcare benefits, synthetic meshes are superior to biological meshes. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Psychological predictors of the time perspective: The role of posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and temporal triggers in a sample of bereaved adults.

The process of coping with loss and trauma is inextricably linked with subjective experiences and perceptions of time. The Time Perspective Framework, suggests that temporal frames influence an individual's actions, judgements, and the decisions that they make. Similarly, time perspective has been linked with psychosocial outcomes of trauma and loss (e.g. posttraumatic stress disorder). The aim of this study is to identify factors that may influence survivor's time perspective in order to determine if posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and temporal triggers (MIT) influenced different time perspective orientations. Data was collected via Qualtrics survey between July 2019 and July 2020. Measures included basic demographic characteristics, posttraumatic stress disorder checklist, posttraumatic growth inventory, an assessment of temporal triggers, and the Zimbardo time perspective inventory. A series of OLS regression analyses were estimated. PTG was positively associated with future time perspective scores, whereas PTSD was associated with an increase in past negative orientation. The endorsement of temporal triggers like markers in time was negatively associated with present hedonistic scores and positively associated with future time perspective scores. Interestingly, PTSD, PTG and the endorsement of MIT were not associated with present time perspective scores. Identifying the relationship between PTSD, PTG, marker in time, and time perspective may offer important insights into treatment modalities that can improve outcomes for bereaved individuals. We discuss limitations of the current analysis and make recommendations for future research.

Differences in acoustic parameters of hammering sounds between successful and unsuccessful initial cementless cup press-fit fixation in total hip arthroplasty.

It is important to analyze objectively the hammering sound in cup press-fit technique in total hip arthroplasty (THA) in order to better understand the change of the sound during impaction. We hypothesized that a specific characteristic would present in a hammering sound with successful fixation. We designed the study to quantitatively investigate the acoustic characteristics during cementless cup impaction in THA. In 52 THAs performed between November 2018 and April 2022, the acoustic parameters of the hammering sound of 224 impacts of successful press-fit fixation, and 55 impacts of unsuccessful press-fit fixation, were analyzed. The successful fixation was defined if the following two criteria were met: 1) intraoperatively, the stability of the cup was retained after manual application of the torque test; and 2) at one month postoperatively, the cup showed no translation on radiograph. Each hammering sound was converted to sound pressures in 24 frequency bands by fast Fourier transform analysis. Basic patient characteristics were assessed as potential contributors to the hammering sound. The median sound pressure (SP) of successful fixation at 0.5 to 1.0 kHz was higher than that of unsuccessful fixation (0.0694 (interquartile range (IQR) 0.04721 to 0.09576) vs 0.05425 (IQR 0.03047 to 0.06803), p < 0.001). The median SP of successful fixation at 3.5 to 4.0 kHz and 4.0 to 4.5 kHz was lower than that of unsuccessful fixation (0.0812 (IQR 0.05631 to 0.01161) vs 0.1233 (IQR 0.0730 to 0.1449), p < 0.001; and 0.0891 (IQR 0.0526 to 0.0891) vs 0.0885 (IQR 0.0716 to 0.1048); p < 0.001, respectively). There was a statistically significant positive relationship between body weight and SP at 0.5 to 1.0 kHz (p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses indicated that the SP at 0.5 to 1.0 kHz and 3.5 to 4.0 kHz was independently associated with the successful fixation. The frequency bands of 0.5 to 1.0 and 3.5 to 4.0 kHz were the key to distinguish the sound characteristics between successful and unsuccessful press-fit cup fixation.

Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves

Polarization is one of the basic characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves, and its flexible control is very important in many practical applications. At present, most of the multifunction polarization metasurfaces are electrically tunable based on PIN and varactor diodes, which are easy to operate and have strong real-time performance. However, there are still some problems in them, such as few degrees of freedom of planar structure control, complex circuit, bulky sample, and high cost. In view of these shortcomings, this paper proposes a Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization conversion metasurface for multifunctional control of EM waves. The interaction between the electric dipoles is changed by adjusting the folding angle θ, thereby tuning the operating frequency of the polarization conversion and the polarization state of the reflected wave. This mechanical control method brings more degrees of freedom to manipulate EM waves. And the processed sample is with lightweight and low cost. To verify the performance of the proposed origami polarization converter, a Miura origami structure loaded with metal split rings is designed and fabricated. The operating frequency of the structure can be tuned in different folding states. In addition, by controlling the folding angle θ, linear-to-linear and linear-to-circular polarization converters can be realized at different folding states. The proposed Miura origami polarization conversion metasurface provides a new idea for reconfigurable linear polarization conversion and multifunctional devices.

Experimental study on the cooling effect of fine water mist on the thermal runaway in a single lithium ion battery

Lithium ion battery (LIB) has been widely utilized, owing to the various advantages. However, extreme thermal hazard, namely the thermal runaway (TR), can be triggered under abusive conditions, leading to the fire or even explosion hazard. Unfortunately, efficient mitigation strategy is still lack, especially for the confined spaces. In this work, the fine water mist (FWM) is introduced into the air flow, and the cooling effect has been comprehensively study. Results show that the cooling capacity can be significantly improved with FWM droplets addition. The maximum improvement reaches 29.5 %, and the local evaporation of droplets will dominate the cooling process when the FWM flow rate exceeds 0.6 mLs−1. With the increase of air speed, the cooling capacity also increases, but the retention time of droplets in the high temperature region has been significantly shortened, leading to the decreased cooling efficiency. Inhomogeneous cooling process has been revealed, and the cooling power is found to decrease with the decreasing temperature. Moreover, the FWM cooling presents basic characteristics of convection heat transfer. The average cooling coefficient shows close relationship with the droplet content. The FWM can be used to efficiently mitigate the TR hazard, which is promising for practical utilization.

Evidence for flare-accelerated particles in large scale loops in the behind-the-limb gamma-ray solar flare of September 29, 2022

We report on the detection of the gamma-ray emission above 100 MeV from the solar flare of September 29, 2022, by Fermi LAT with simultaneous coverage in HXR by Solar Orbiter STIX. The Solar Orbiter-Earth separation was 178° at the time of the flare as seen from Earth, with Solar Orbiter observing the east limb. Based on STIX imaging, the flare was located 16° behind the eastern limb as seen from Earth. The STIX and GBM non-thermal emission and the LAT emission above 100 MeV all show similarly shaped time profiles, and the Fermi profiles peaked only 20 s after the STIX signal from the main flare site, setting this flare apart from all the other occulted flares observed by Fermi LAT. The radio spectral imaging based on the Nançay Radioheliograph and ORFEES spectrograph reveal geometries consistent with a magnetic structure that connects the parent active region behind the limb to the visible disk. We studied the basic characteristics of the gamma-ray time profile, in particular, the rise and decay times and the time delay between the gamma-ray and HXR peak fluxes. We compared the characteristics of this event with those of four Fermi LAT behind-the-limb flares and with an on-disk event and found that this event is strikingly similar to the impulsive on-disk flare. Based on multiwavelength observations, we find that the gamma-ray emission above 100 MeV originated from ions accelerated in the parent active region behind the limb and was transported to the visible disk via a large magnetic structure connected to the parent active region behind the limb. Our results strongly suggest that the source of the emission above 100 MeV from the September 29, 2022 flare cannot be the CME-driven shock.

Fuzzy Radar Evaluation Chart for Improving Machining Quality of Components

Some studies have shown that any part machined by an outsourcer usually has several basic quality characteristics. When the outsourcer’s process capabilities are insufficient, the defective rate of various quality characteristics of the product will increase, thereby raising the rework rate and scrap rate. As a result, maintenance costs will go up, economic value will decrease, and even carbon emissions can increase during the production process. In addition, the process capability index and the radar chart are widely used in engineering management and other fields. Since process indicators often contain unknown parameters, sample data are needed for evaluation. With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and big data analysis, many companies regard rapid response as a basic requirement for timeliness and cost consideration. Therefore, companies often have to evaluate the process quality of ten small samples and decide whether to make some improvements. In order to solve the above problems, this study proposed a fuzzy radar chart evaluation model for the process quality of multi-quality characteristic parts based on the process capability index. Using this model can help all parts manufacturers continue to improve the quality of their machined parts as well as reduce their rework and scrap rates. Meanwhile, carbon emissions can be lessened during the production process, and companies can fulfill their social responsibilities. This fuzzy radar chart evaluation model is based on confidence intervals. As the company’s past experience is incorporated, the evaluation accuracy can be maintained even with a smaller sample size. Furthermore, the fuzzy radar evaluation chart can simultaneously evaluate the process capabilities of all quality characteristics of the part. In addition to making it easier for manufacturers to master all quality characteristics, quality process capability can also help them seize improvement opportunities.

Towards liquid EPR dosimetry using nitroxides in aqueous solution.

Objective. Water-equivalent dosimeters are desirable for dosimetry in radiotherapy. The present work investigates basic characteristics of novel aqueous detector materials and presents a signal loss approach for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry.Approach. The proposed principle is based on the radiation dose dependent annihilation of EPR active nitroxides (NO·) in aqueous solutions. Stable nitroxide radicals (3-Maleimido-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (MmP), 3-Carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (CmP)) in aqueous solutions containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an additive were filled in glass capillaries for irradiation and EPR readout. Radiation doses ranging from 1 to 64 Gy were applied with a clinical 6 MV flattening filter free photon beam. EPR readout was then performed with a X-band benchtop spectrometer. The dose response, temporal stability and reproducibility of the samples' EPR signal amplitudes as well as the influence of the nitroxide concentration between 10 and 160μM on the absolute signal loss were investigated using MmP. CmP was used to examine the dependence of the dose response on DMSO concentration between 0 and 10 vol%. An indirect effect model was fitted to the experimental data assuming irradiation induced radical reactions as the underlying mechanism.Main results. For an initial MmP concentration of 20μM, absolute EPR signal loss is linear up to a dose of 16 Gy with a yield G(-NO·) of approximately 0.4μmol J-1. Within five weeks upon sample irradiation to doses between 0 and 32 Gy relative EPR signal fluctuations were on average (126 readouts) below 1% (1σ). For c(MmP) ≥ 20μM, absolute signal loss is only weakly dependent on c(MmP), whereas it increases strongly with increasing c(DMSO) in the range 0-5 vol%. An indirect effect model is applicable to describe the reaction mechanism resulting in the observed dose response curve.Significance. Liquids consisting of nitroxides in aqueous solution and small amounts of DMSO (2 vol%) show promising basic characteristics for application as water-equivalent EPR dosimeter materials in radiotherapy. The EPR signal loss is based on an indirect effect mediated by diffusing radicals originating from the radiolysis of the water/DMSO mixture.

Uterine leiomyosarcoma cell-derived extracellular vesicles induce the formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts

ObjectiveUterine leiomyosarcoma (ULMS) is a rare malignant tumor, which is aggressive, and has a poor prognosis even during its early stages. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry cargo, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment and other processes. Because there are no studies on EV-related miRNAs in ULMS, we identified EV-related miRNAs in ULMS and examined their function. MethodsSmall EVs (sEVs) and medium/large EVs (m/lEVs) were extracted from ULMS cells by ultracentrifugation and their basic characteristics were evaluated. Then, small RNA sequencing was done to obtain EV-related miRNA profiles. Next, miRNA expression levels in sera and tissues of ULMS patients were compared with those of myoma patients. ResultsmiR-654-3p and miR-369-3p were indicated to be highly expressed in both sera and tissues of ULMS patients. These two miRNAs are also highly expressed in ULMS cell lines and ULMS-derived EVs. Some cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) markers were increased when fibroblasts were treated with ULMS-derived EVs. Furthermore, fibroblasts took up EVs derived from ULMS as determined by confocal laser microscopy. In addition, the transfection of the two candidate miRNAs into fibroblasts significantly increased some CAF markers, particularly ACTA2. ConclusionmiR-654-3p and miR-369-3p are highly expressed in ULMS-derived EVs, indicating that these EV-related miRNAs induce the formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts.

A Systematic Review of the Design of Serious Games for Innovative Learning: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Mixed Reality?

The recent integration of educational technologies and emerging learning approaches into education systems has been driven largely by the pandemic. This paper conducts a systematic review and delves into the new wave of research on serious games designed for innovative learning using augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR). The review was referenced to the review protocol, PRISMA 2020. Using the Scopus Database with a time filter from 2007 to 2023 (27 July), we searched 329 articles and shortlisted 273 relevant studies. Notably, European countries contributed the most (62.9%) to this research area. Among the most frequent keywords, VR (90.9%) was commonly used in AR/VR/MR, while e-learning (95.3%) was among the popular innovative learning approaches. Further research studies are needed to employ AR and MR technologies, as well as other innovative learning approaches, to enable performance evaluation and comparison of various educational technologies and learning approaches. We conducted an in-depth analysis of the relevant studies and their basic characteristics. Additionally, we introduced 15 essential and recently published AR/VR/MR standards to ensure better reliability, quality, and safety of architectures, systems, products, services, and processes. To facilitate performance evaluation and analysis, we surveyed 15 recently published benchmark education datasets. This review suggested four future research directions, including multisensory experiences, generative artificial intelligence, personalization and customization, and real-time interaction.

The Development and Progress of Engineering Economics: A Retrospect and Prospect Based on Visual Analysis

Engineering economics is a cross subject with a wide range of applications, and it has taken on different characteristics with the changing times. The aim of this paper is to depict a sufficiently elaborate and vivid knowledge map of this field, with further discussion and outlook on the hotspots presented therein. Based on the principles and methods of bibliometrics, we use several visualization tools, mainly Vosviewer, to present the characteristics of the published literature within the field of engineering economics from multiple perspectives. Specifically, we collect 624 engineering economics documents published in the Web of Science core collection database between 1915 and 2021, and quantitatively analyze them in the following three aspects: (1) basic data characteristics, including annual publications, annual citations, research directions, and highly cited publications; (2) outstanding performers and cooperations in the four levels of country/region, institution, source and author, including co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, co-citation and co-occurrence analyses; and (3) keyword analyses, including co-occurrence analyses, burst detection analyses, and high-frequency word clouds. In addition, we further explore important topics within the field represented by intelligent and green transformation.