Basic Cell Types Research Articles

Effects of switching from twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily extended-release meltdose tacrolimus on cellular immune response.

LCP-Tacro [LCPT], a novel once-daily, extended-release formulation of tacrolimus, has a reduced Cmax with comparable AUC exposure, requiring a ∼30% dose reduction in contrast to immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-Tac). Once-daily LCPT in de novo kidney transplantation has a comparable efficacy and safety profile to that of IR-Tac with advantages in bioavailability and absorption. The present investigation intends to analyze the effects of conversion from IR-Tac to LCPT on phenotype and function of T-cells and B-cells. 16 kidney transplant patients treated by triple standard immunosuppression with a stable graft function undergoing a switch from IR-Tac to LCPT were included in this observational prospective study. We measured the main immune cell types and performed an in-depth characterization of B cell, dendritic cells and T cells including regulatory T cells of the patients before, 4 and 8 weeks after IR-Tac to LCPT conversion using multi-parameter fl ow cytometry. Additionally, we analyzed T cells by assessing third-party antigens (Tetanus Diphtheria, TD)-reactive T cells, which could be analyzed by restimulation with tetanus vaccine. Overall, we found no significant alterations following LCPT conversion for the most immune cell populations with a few cell populations showing transient quantitative increase. Thus, 4 weeks after conversion, more regulatory T cells could be measured in the patients with a significant shift from memory to naïve Tregs. Furthermore, we found a transient B cell expansion 4 weeks after conversion from IR-Tac to LCPT. There were no changes in the percentage of other basic immune cell types and the antigen-reactive T cells were also not altered after changing the medication to LCP-tacrolimus. Here, we demonstrate first insights into the immune system changes occurred under IR-Tac to LCPT conversion therapy in kidney transplant patients. While phenotypic and functional characteristics of the most immune cell populations did not change, we could observe an a transient expansion of regulatory T cells in peripheral blood following IR-Tac to LCTP conversion, which might additionally contribute to the overall immunosuppressive effect.

A comparative study of fat body at different developmental stages in Bombyx mori (L.): Histological and ultrastructural aspects

AbstractThe fat body, originating from mesodermal tissue of coelomic cavities during embryogenesis, can be found throughout the insect's body. In some insects, the fat body has two types (peripheral and perivisceral fat bodies) according to its location. In the fat body, trophocytes are known to be the basic cell type. Other fat body cells differentiating from the trophocytes are urocytes, mycetocytes, chromatocytes and haemoglobin cells. The study aimed to demonstrate the general structure and cell types of the fat body during the postembryonic developmental stages of Bombyx mori (L.). With Haematoxylin–Eosin staining, there is a single type of fat body throughout the larval stages but during Pp and P0 stages it consists of perivisceral and peripheral fat bodies. We also observed that the compact structure of the fat body at the beginning of the larval stage began to loosen as it transformed into the pupal stage. In the adult stage, it was reorganized during the metamorphosis and it didn't show both fat bodies distinction. At this stage, the fat body appeared in a loose, lace‐like structure. We determined that B. mori fat body only consists of trophocytes and also among them; the fat body associated cells, oenocytes are detected.

The nasal basal cell population shifts toward a diseased phenotype with impaired barrier formation capacity in allergic rhinitis

BackgroundThe integrity of the airway epithelium is guarded by the airway basal cells that serve as progenitor cells and restore wounds in case of injury. Basal cells are a heterogenous population and specific changes in their behavior are associated with chronic barrier disruption; mechanisms that have not been studied in detail in allergic rhinitis (AR). ObjectiveWe here aim to study basal cell (sub)types in AR and healthy controls. MethodsscRNAseq of the nasal epithelium was performed on non-allergic and house dust mite allergic AR patients to reveal basal cell diversity and to identify allergy-related alterations. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining and in vitro experiments using primary basal cells were performed to confirm phenotypic findings at protein level and functionally. ResultsscRNAseq, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining revealed that basal cells are abundantly and heterogeneously present in the nasal epithelium, suggesting specialized subtypes. The total basal cell fraction within the epithelium in AR is increased compared to controls. scRNAseq demonstrated that potentially beneficial basal cells are missing in AR epithelium, while an activated population of allergy-associated basal cells is more dominantly present. Furthermore, our in vitro proliferation, wound healing assay and ALI cultures show that AR-associated basal cells have altered progenitor capacity compared with non-allergic basal cells. ConclusionsThe nasal basal cell population is abundant, diverse and shifts towards a diseased state in AR. The absence of potentially protective subtypes and the rise of a pro-inflammatory population suggest that basal cells are important players in maintaining epithelial barrier defects in AR.

Retrospective Evaluation of Primary Bone Tumors and Their Incidence in the “Ignacio García Téllez” Specialty Hospital CMN IMSS

In 1948, Steiner conducted an analysis of cancer registries in the United States of America, estimating that primary bone tumors constituted approximately 1% of all fetal malignancies. For its part, in Great Britain, a similar incidence of primary bone tumors is observed, fluctuating between 0.8% and 0.9%. A later statistic from the United States at v of 1.87:1000 000 deaths among children under 14 years of age, increasing to 11.97:1000 000 deaths in people aged 11 to 19 years. Since all bone components are derived from the mesoderm, they have the potential to be composed of any of the four basic types of cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts and the reticulo-myelogenous series, to achieve a correct diagnosis it is necessary to have the complementary radiological and pathological support to part of biochemical and hematological investigations. The present investigation focused on a retrospective, observational, quantitative, risk-free study, based on the review of records and tracking of histological reports of patients who were treated at the “Ignacio García Téllez” CMN IMSS Specialty Hospital in a period of 5 years, including all those cases with primary tumors of bone or cartilage origin, both benign and malignant of bone marrow and vascular, in addition to pseudotumor lesions such as fibrous dysplasia, metaphyseal fibrous defect, solitary bone cyst. A total of 182 histological records and reports were recorded in a period of 5 years where a total of 93 women and 89 men were recorded, with ages ranging from 3 months of extrauterine life to 87 years. With a mean of 56.53 years and a standard deviation of 18.48 years. 129 benign tumors were reported in 63 men and 66 women; Meanwhile, a total of 53 malignancies were counted in 26 men and 27 women. The current study facilitates the evaluation of the most common neoplasms in our environment, with the aim of raising awareness about the importance of having adequate resources to develop a timely diagnosis and treatment plan for the benefit of patients.

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals tumor cell heterogeneity and immune microenvironment features of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are one of the most common types of intracranial tumors. Currently, the cellular characteristics of normal pituitary and various other types of PitNETs are still not completely understood. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on 4 normal samples and 24 PitNET samples for comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Findings regarding the function of PBK in the aggressive tumor cells were validated by siRNA knockdown, overexpression, and transwell experiments. We first constructed a reference cell atlas of the human pituitary. Subsequent scRNA-seq analysis of PitNET samples, representing major tumor subtypes, shed light on the intrinsic cellular heterogeneities of the tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (TME). We found that the expression of hormone-encoding genes defined the major variations of the PIT1-lineage tumor cell transcriptomic heterogeneities. A sub-population of TPIT-lineage tumor cells highly expressing GZMK suggested a novel subtype of corticotroph tumors. In immune cells, we found two clusters of tumor-associated macrophages, which were both highly enriched in PitNETs but with distinct functional characteristics. In PitNETs, the stress response pathway was significantly activated in T cells. While a majority of these tumors are benign, our study unveils a common existence of aggressive tumor cells in the studied samples, which highly express a set of malignant signature genes. The following functional experiments confirmed the oncogenic role of selected up-regulated genes. The over-expression of PBK could promote both tumor cell proliferation and migration, and it was also significantly associated with poor prognosis in PitNET patients. Our data and analysis manifested the basic cell types in the normal pituitary and inherent heterogeneity of PitNETs, identified several features of the tumor immune microenvironments, and found a novel epithelial cell sub-population with aggressive signatures across all the studied cases.

Image Captioning via Dynamic Path Customization.

This article explores a novel dynamic network for vision and language (V&L) tasks, where the inferring structure is customized on the fly for different inputs. Most previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches are static and handcrafted networks, which not only heavily rely on expert knowledge but also ignore the semantic diversity of input samples, therefore resulting in suboptimal performance. To address these issues, we propose a novel Dynamic Transformer Network (DTNet) for image captioning, which dynamically assigns customized paths to different samples, leading to discriminative yet accurate captions. Specifically, to build a rich routing space and improve routing efficiency, we introduce five types of basic cells and group them into two separate routing spaces according to their operating domains, i.e., spatial and channel. Then, we design a Spatial-Channel Joint Router (SCJR), which endows the model with the capability of path customization based on both spatial and channel information of the input sample. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed DTNet, we conduct extensive experiments on the MS-COCO dataset and achieve new SOTA performance on both the Karpathy split and the online test server. The source code is publicly available at https://github.com/xmu-xiaoma666/DTNet.

Effect of Relative Weight on Compression Behaviour of 3D Printed Porous Structure Made of Aluminium Alloy

Metamaterials, including materials with regularly distributed porous structures, are currently a very intensively developing area of the technology industry. They bring a number of advantages compared to components produced in the classic way. The primary focus of such porous structures is to lighten the product and at the same time preserve its physical or mechanical properties, which subsequently conveys benefits in the form of saving material for the production of the device, and when used in aeroplanes or cars, they also save the amount of fuel consumed, so it can be said that such products and equipment are more user-friendly and environmentally friendly. There are many types of structures with different configurations, different types of basic cells, and different distributions of pores or their topology, so it is very important for the designer to know and decide which type of structure is most advantageous to use in the proposed product that will be subjected to a specific load. The article deals with the investigation of the mechanical properties of porous structures produced by the Direct Laser Metal Sintering (DLMS) method. It is focused on experimentally tested samples made of AlSi10Mg alloy with the Neovius structure, which were produced with four different relative weights. Results of quasi-static pressure testing at a crossbar speed of 10 mm/min (testing machine 250 kN Instron 8802 servo-hydraulic machine) point out that the trend of the influence of the relative weights on the First Peak Local Maximum best described by a second-order polynomial function.

Identification of renal cyst cells of type I Nephronophthisis by single-nucleus RNA sequencing.

Background: Nephronophthisis (NPH) is the most common genetic cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in childhood, and NPHP1 is the major pathogenic gene. Cyst formation at the corticomedullary junction is a pathological feature of NPH, but the mechanism underlying cystogenesis is not well understood. The isolation and identification of cystic cell subpopulation could help to identify their origins and provide vital clues to the mechanisms underlying cystogenesis in NPH. Methods: Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) was performed to produce an atlas of NPHP1 renal cells. Kidney samples were collected from WT (Nphp1 +/+) mice and NPHP1 (Nphp1 del2-20/del2-20) model mice. Results: A comprehensive atlas of the renal cellular landscape in NPHP1 was generated, consisting of 14 basic renal cell types as well as a subpopulation of DCT cells that was overrepresented in NPHP1 kidneys compared to WT kidneys. GO analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes associated with tubular development and kidney morphogenesis in this subpopulation. Furthermore, the reconstruction of differentiation trajectories of individual cells within this subpopulation confirmed that a specific group of cells in NPHP1 mice become arrested at an early stage of differentiation and proliferate to form cysts. We demonstrate that Niban1 is a specific molecular marker of cystic cells in both mice and human NPHP1. Conclusion: In summary, we report a novel subpopulation of DCT cells, marked by Niban1, that are classified as cystic cells in the NPHP1 mice kidney. These results offer fresh insights into the cellular and molecular basis of cystogenesis in NPH.

Redefining normal breast cell populations using long noncoding RNAs.

Single-cell RNAseq has allowed unprecedented insight into gene expression across different cell populations in normal tissue and disease states. However, almost all studies rely on annotated gene sets to capture gene expression levels and sequencing reads that do not align to known genes are discarded. Here, we discover thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) expressed in human mammary epithelial cells and analyze their expression in individual cells of the normal breast. We show that lncRNA expression alone can discriminate between luminal and basal cell types and define subpopulations of both compartments. Clustering cells based on lncRNA expression identified additional basal subpopulations, compared to clustering based on annotated gene expression, suggesting that lncRNAs can provide an additional layer of information to better distinguish breast cell subpopulations. In contrast, these breast-specific lncRNAs poorly distinguish brain cell populations, highlighting the need to annotate tissue-specific lncRNAs prior to expression analyses. We also identified a panel of 100 breast lncRNAs that could discern breast cancer subtypes better than protein-coding markers. Overall, our results suggest that lncRNAs are an unexplored resource for new biomarker and therapeutic target discovery in the normal breast and breast cancer subtypes.

Digital morphometry and cluster analysis identifies four types of melanocyte during uveal melanoma progression

BackgroundSeveral types of benign and malignant uveal melanocytes have been described based on their histological appearance. However, their characteristics have not been quantified, and their distribution during progression from normal choroidal melanocytes to primary tumors and metastases has not been reported.MethodsA total of 1,245,411 digitally scanned melanocytes from normal choroid, choroidal nevi, primary uveal melanomas, and liver metastases were entered into two-step cluster analyses to delineate cell types based on measured morphometric characteristics and expression of protein markers.ResultsHere we show that a combination of the area and circularity of cell nuclei, and BAP-1 expression in nuclei and cytoplasms yields the highest silhouette of cohesion and separation. Normal choroidal melanocytes and three types of uveal melanoma cells are outlined: Epithelioid (large, rounded nuclei; BAP-1 low; IGF-1R, IDO, and TIGIT high), spindle A (small, elongated nuclei; BAP-1 high; IGF-1R low; IDO, and TIGIT intermediate), and spindle B (large, elongated nuclei; BAP-1, IGF-1R, IDO, and TIGIT low). In normal choroidal tissue and nevi, only normal melanocytes and spindle A cells are represented. Epithelioid and spindle B cells are overrepresented in the base and apex, and spindle A cells in the center of primary tumors. Liver metastases contain no normal melanocytes or spindle A cells.ConclusionsFour basic cell types can be outlined in uveal melanoma progression: normal, spindle A and B, and epithelioid. Differential expression of tumor suppressors, growth factors, and immune checkpoints could contribute to their relative over- and underrepresentation in benign, primary tumor, and metastatic samples.

Overview of Cellular Aspects of the Nervous System: A Narrative Literature Review

The structure of neurons varies so much that each neuron is adapted to perform a specific function. Although their functions may vary slightly, neurons have three common components, namely the cell body (soma), dendrites (thin branching fibers from the cell), and the axon. This literature review aimed to describe the cellular aspect of the system nerves in the human body. The cellular constituents of a typical neuron include microtubules (transporters within the cell), neurofibrils (thin supporting fibers extending throughout the neuron), microfilaments (proteins thought to be involved in the transport of cellular products), and Nissl bodies (endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes). Involved in protein synthesis. Although most neurons are non-dividing cells, some continue to divide after birth; for example, the olfactory neurons in the nose continue to divide throughout life. In conclusion, there are two basic types of cells comprising nervous tissue: neurons and supporting neuroglia. Neurons are electrically excitable cells and transmit electrical or chemical information between other neurons or to effector organs. Neuroglial cells provide structural support, protection, and nutrition for neurons and facilitate neurotransmission.

Development of a mammalian neurosensory full-thickness skin equivalent and its application to screen sensitizing stimuli.

Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are an increasingly popular research tool due to limitations associated with animal testing for dermatological research. They recapitulate many aspects of skin structure and function, however, many only contain two basic cell types to model dermal and epidermal compartments, which limits their application. We describe advances in the field skin tissue modeling to produce a construct containing sensory-like neurons that is responsive to known noxious stimuli. Through incorporation of mammalian sensory-like neurons, we were able to recapitulate aspects of the neuroinflammatory response including secretion of substance P and a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to a well-characterized neurosensitizing agent: capsaicin. We observed that neuronal cell bodies reside in the upper dermal compartment with neurites extending toward the keratinocytes of the stratum basale where they exist in close proximity to one another. These data suggest that we are able to model aspects of the neuroinflammatory response that occurs during exposure to dermatological stimuli including therapeutics and cosmetics. We propose that this skin construct can be considered a platform technology with a wide range of applications including screening of actives, therapeutics, modeling of inflammatory skin diseases, and fundamental approaches to probe underlying cell and molecular mechanisms.

Abstract C044: A case and control genetic profile of tissue and serum in African American men

Abstract Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer among men. A man with 1,2 or 3 first degree relatives with prostate cancer, has a 2,5, and 11-fold increased risk of developing prostate cancer. The heritability rate of prostate cancer is 58%. African American men have the highest incidence and mortality rate of prostate cancer in American. Men of African descent, globally, are more likely to die from prostate cancer than any other ancestral groups. We performed Immunohistochemistry(IHC) and RNA seq analysis on African American tissue and serum samples, with a focus on HMGA2, which has been shown promote EMT, invasion, and metastasis in cancer. Acknowledgements: These studies were supported by NIH/NIMHD U54MD007590 and U54MD013376. Our sample set included 3 benign and 2 prostate cancer tumors from African Americans. IHC markers showed HMGA2 staining within epithelial cells of the prostate cancer tissue. This result validates studies that show that distinct subtypes of prostate cancer may arise from luminal and basal epithelial cell types. RNA seq results showed HMGA to be non-significantly down-regulated in tumor samples. The most differentially expressed (DE) gene, however, was SNORD116-18. Studies have shown SNORD116-18 expression to be associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in distinguishing prognostic groups. This finding may be a pathway of interest for further studies. RNA seq of serum gave homogeneous results, however, gene set enrichment analysis of the most differentially expressed genes within the serum showed overlap with inflammation pathways gene for upregulated DE genes and Methylation Pathway for downregulated DE genes. Further analysis on more samples from African Americans tissue and serum will be used to validate findings. Citation Format: Maxine S. Harlemon, Roni Bollag, Martha Terris, Ana Cecilia Millena, Nathan Bowen, Valerie Odero-Marah. A case and control genetic profile of tissue and serum in African American men [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C044.

Design of a Distributedly Active Morphing Wing Based on Digital Metamaterials

Morphing wings are a typical application of shape-adaptive structures in aviation, which play an important role in improving the comprehensive performance of an aircraft. However, traditional morphing wings based on purely mechanical, rigid-flexible coupling, or purely flexible structures usually cannot achieve a distributed morphing ability and have limitations in weight, intelligence level, and reliability. In this paper, a distributed morphing lattice structure based on variable geometry digital metamaterials is proposed. The innovative structural concept consists of three types of fundamental cells featuring remarkably different mechanical properties and three other types of derived cells. One type of the derived cells embedded with micro-actuators, named an active cell, can autonomously extend or contract. All these cells can be reversibly assembled in a random sequence to form an active distributed morphing lattice structure with the ability to realize different target aerodynamic contours. In addition, taking a simplified variable thickness wing as a designing case, this paper develops a cell combination optimization methodology on the basis of a heuristic algorithm to determine the optimal combination sequence of the six types of basic cells and the actuator inputs of active cells collaboratively. Final results show that the optimized lattice structure can morph its outer surface into a predefined aerodynamic contour with a maximum deviation of 3 mm.

Investigation into the effect of skin tone modulators and exogenous stress on skin pigmentation utilizing a novel bioengineered skin equivalent.

Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are a popular technology due to limitations in animal testing, particularly as they recapitulate aspects of structure and function of human skin. Many HSEs contain two basic cell types to model dermal and epidermal compartments, however this limits their application, particularly when investigating the effect of exogenous stressors on skin health. We describe the development of a novel platform technology that accurately replicates skin pigmentation in vitro. Through incorporation of melanocytes, specialized pigment producing cells, into the basal layer of the epidermis we are able to re-create skin pigmentation in vitro. We observe apical distribution of melanin within keratinocytes and formation of supranuclear caps (SPNCs), only when the epidermal compartment is co-cultured with a dermal compartment, leading to the conclusion that fibroblast support is essential for correct pigment organization. We also evaluate the commonly observed phenomenon that pigmentation darkens with time in vitro, which we further explore through mechanical exfoliation to remove a build-up of melanin deposits in the stratum corneum. Finally, we demonstrate the application of a pigmented HSE to investigate drug modulation of skin tone and protection from UV-induced damage, highlighting the importance of such a model in the wider context of skin biology.

Automated Cell Phenotyping for Imaging Mass Cytometry.

Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) is a new advancement in tissue imaging that is quickly gaining wider usage since its recent launch. It improves upon current tissue imaging methods by allowing for a significantly higher number of proteins to be imaged at once on a single tissue slide. For most analyses of IMC data, determining the phenotype of each cell is a crucial step. Current methods of phenotyping require sufficient biological knowledge regarding the protein expression profile of the various cell types. Here, we develop a deep convolutional autoencoder-classifier to automate the cell phenotyping process into four basic cell types. Biopsy tissue from bladder cancer patients is used to evaluate the efficacy of the classification. The model is evaluated and validated through feature importance, confirming that the significant features are biologically relevant. Our results demonstrate the potential of deep learning to automate the task of cell phenotyping for high-dimensional IMC data.

Mechanical properties and energy absorption performance of bio-inspired dual architecture phase lattice structures

In this paper, a novel dual architecture phase lattice (DPL) structure consisting with hard and soft phases is proposed, and their mechanical properties as well as the deformation features under compression are investigated. Firstly, two different types of basic cubic cells are selected as the constitution phases, and the DPLs with different arrangements are then constructed by additive manufacturing. Quasi-static compression tests and numerical simulations are performed to explore the deformation patterns and stress-strain responses. The compressive strength, plateau stress and the specific energy absorption of the DPLs are characterized. The effects of base material fracture, rod diameter and the cell arrangements on the mechanical responses are explored. Results show that the deformation and failure initiate in the matrix phase and trigger the embedding of the reinforcing phase into the crushed regions. The fracture of the rods results in a lower stress level and more serious fluctuations in the stress-strain responses. Increasing the rod diameter is an effective approach for enhancing the compressive strength and specific energy absorption. Introducing appropriate agreements of reinforcement phases can result in 112% and 37% increments for the compression strength and specific energy absorption, respectively. The findings of this work can facilitate the designs of lattice structures with outstanding mechanical properties and energy absorption performances.

Stem Cells Era in Maxillofacial Surgery

Stem cells provide a new era for oral and maxillofacial surgery and reconstruction. Stem cells are colonlogic cells that have the ability to renew themselves and form various predecessors. They are found in common tissues used for wound healing and recovery after injuries. Large numbers of these cells are known to be instantly accessible; no immunological denial or rejection; do not have host disease against graft; Tumorigenesis do not occur; but there are some small ethical problems; The predictable differentiation potential for tissue separation and integration is not surprising. There are two basic types of stem cells, depending on their origin: • Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs): ESCs are initiated by a fetus that has been fertilized in an in vitro fertilization clinic (100,200 organized cell blastocysts). They are called a pluripotent cell population and are characterized by the ability to maintain the karyotype. ESCs can be divided into the three embryonic cotyledons (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm); and in a culture; they form in colonies. These important highlights make ESCs affordable for future use in regenerative medicine and pharmaceuticals. Still; ethical discussions about the use of human embryos cannot be decided entirely; because in addition to scientific and practical questions, it is also dealt with through religious laws and philosophical reflections on the nature of human life. • Adult stem cells: Adult stem cells are found in fetal and postnatal tissues; They are more specialized (multipotent) cells that participate in the repair and restoration of tissues, as well as in the maturation and aging processes. There are numerous sources of adult stem cells such as bone marrow (BMMSC); Adipose tissue (ATMSCs); Liver; Umbilical cord; and muscles. The intraoral sources are the dental pulp; The periodontal ligaments can also be a source of adult stem cells. Fat and bone marrow stem cells are successful and are produced in the context of restorative work and aesthetics. However, ATMSCs have been less easily obtained without harmful effects on patients. Adipose tissue contains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that can be isolated and differentiated into various cell lines, including osteocytes; Fat cells; and myocytes depending on the culture conditions. These cells are called adipose derived stem cells (ASC). The question arises here is: what do stem cells do? And the answer is so simple when you know that 10 million cells in your body die every minute every day and your own stem cells replace them so you can continue living. Both undifferentiated ATMSC and BMMSC have osteogenic; chondrogenic and lipogenic differentiation potential. Both produce markers that help repair the deformity and have the same morphology; spindle shaped cells. Both appeared to work positively when used in reconstructive treatments. There are some contrasts between them; but the main imperative is; the ease of collection and the lower morbidity on the part of the donor. These two variables were extremely critical and favor the choice between fat and bone marrow for repair. ATMSCs and BMMSCs may be suitable replacements for the traditional intrusive method in the future. A better understanding of stem cell types, different platforms, and the influence of developmental components on the tissue design of different scaffolds, and how growth factors affect the tissue engineering pathway, opens opportunities to monitor recovery of bones and soft defects in the future, thus providing an alternative and innovative treatment for patients with soft / hard tissue defects.

Effects of electrolyte, thickness, and casing stiffness on the dynamic response of lithium-ion battery cells

The dynamic response of lithium-ion cells under mechanical loading is known to feature significant strain-rate effects. Opposite trends in failure strength have been observed between elliptic cells (with hard shell casing) versus pouch cells, when cells were subjected to high-speed loads. This paper elucidates the reason for the observed effects by comparing dynamic data from tests on lithium-ion cells in different configurations. It reports on new dynamic tests on cells with different form factors, thicknesses, and casings. The two basic types of cells investigated were pouch cells and elliptical cells, with and without liquid electrolyte. Additionally, the elliptical cells were tested with a hard aluminum housing and with a soft pouch covering. All the cells have been loaded by a hemispherical punch with velocities between 0.01 mm/s and 5000 mm/s. Intrusion force, depth, and velocity, as well as cell voltage were measured with high time-resolution during the experiments. A comparison of the data from different configurations allows to discriminate the effects of electrolyte, thickness, and casing on the dynamic response of the cells. One main finding is that the presence of the electrolyte has the most significant effect on the overall relative strain-rate behavior. Thickness and casing do add simple scaling factors. These findings are of great importance for battery pack design in electric vehicles.

Enigmatic Neural Pathways: Potentiating Viral Neuroinvasion Into the CNS.

Enigmatic Neural Pathways: Potentiating Viral Neuroinvasion Into the CNS.