Basic Agreements Research Articles

The System of Indigenous Peoples’ Protection in BRICS States: An Overview of Legal and Litigation Support

This article provides an overview of the international obligations of the BRICS member states related to the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights, as well as discusses the current trends in the ethno-national policies of those countries. The authors arrive at the conclusion that though the majority of the BRICS states are parties to the basic human rights agreements, there is no full-fledged agreement on the protection of indigenous peoples within the BRICS framework specifically addressing the rights of indigenous people, even though the countries collectively have aboriginal communities. One of the primary and major reasons why the BRICS countries are reluctant to assume obligations under the existing agreements compared to the Euro-Atlantic bloc of Western states is the motley ethno-cultural “palette” of these countries, which complicates public administration in this area of legal relations. Both India and China are state parties to the International Labor Organization Convention 107, which provides for “paternalism” and “integration” of the indigenous population without explicitly recognizing their “right to self-determination” and development within the framework of this right. The main problems associated with ethnopolitics in the BRICS countries are those pertaining to the provision of legal frameworks and litigation support to uphold the right to self-identification, protection of the native language and the preservation of traditional uses of natural resources.

The Current Issues of Trade Cooperation Between the EAEU and China

INTRODUCTION. The EAEU, as a subject of international law, undergoes a process of integration cooperation with states. Interaction of the EAEU with countries is characterized by a variety of forms and despite the fact that it relies on the legal experience of most international organizations, nevertheless it chooses its own exclusive way. One example of a fruitful partnership, although not unambiguous on some issues, is the cooperation between the EAEU and the PRC. The purpose of this article is to trace the realization of the economic potential of the EAEU and the PRC to create the Silk Road Economic Belt as part of the PRC's global initiative "One Belt, One Road. In addition, to analyze the interlinking of expectations and economic reasons for this of each of the EAEU member states.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research uses various documents of international legal nature, including international treaties, doctrinal sources and national legislation of foreign countries. The research is carried out with the use of general scientific and special scientific methods. In the process of legal analysis and forecasting methods of legal modeling were used.RESEARCH RESULTS. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the international legal framework of economic cooperation between the EAEU and the PRC and also formulates recommendations for improving this mechanism. The overland economic corridors and their correlation with the opportunities of EAEU member states within the framework of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative are analyzed in detail, as well as the results of each EAEU country's participation in this project. In addition, the initiatives of China, the so-called "Digital Silk Road" and the interest of EAEU member states in this direction are considered. In addition, the author conducts a legal examination of the basic agreements signed between the EAEU and the PRC.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The study of the problems and prospects of cooperation between the EAEU and its member countries allows us to note the systematic nature of the EAEU's activities in the field of integration interaction with third countries. At the same time, the variety of forms of cooperation allows the EAEU to respond flexibly to the level of readiness of one or another country to simplify trade procedures. The author concludes that, structurally, the process of pairing the EAEU and the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) occurs both as an interlinking of integration initiatives' development agendas and as cooperation with individual EAEU countries. The article emphasizes the inefficiency of a bilateral format of the EAEU member states' accession to the SREB initiative. Considering the legal basis for cooperation between the EAEU and the PRC, the author notes a consistent algorithm of joint actions at the current stage of integration. Nevertheless, for the future it is necessary to develop other formats of international cooperation, which would not be geographically contingent, but would ensure effective coordination between different economic blocs of states, including those at different stages (forms) of integration. We should note the topicality of the digital agenda of mutually beneficial cooperation for both the PRC and the EAEU countries on a long-term basis.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В ОБЛАСТИ КУЛЬТУРЫ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВ-УЧАСТНИКОВ СНГ В 2022 Г.

The article analyzes the main areas of partnership of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the field of culture and education in 2022. The author notes that a common history and largely common cultural traditions are the basis on which the countries – members of that integration association successfully develop cultural and educational partnership throughout the post-Soviet period. The article states the growing importance of cultural and educational areas of humanitarian cooperation within the framework of integration organizations, analyzes the place of such partnership in the activities of the Commonwealth of Independent States, identifies the basic agreements that constitute the legal framework for such cooperation and the structures responsible for the development of partnership in the field of culture and education. Particular attention is paid to the work of the Commonwealth of Independent States’ Council for Educational Cooperation and to the activities of basic educational cooperation organizations, including the Russian State University for the Humanities. The author stresses that the Commonwealth of Independent States is the first integration association in the post-Soviet space, in the framework of which the legal and regulatory framework for cooperation between the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Russian Federation in the field of education started and continues to develop.

Финансово-правовое регулирование иностранных инвестиций в специальных экономических и индустриальных зонах по законодательству Республики Казахстан

В статье приведено исследование правового режима специальных экономических и индустриальных зон (СЭиИЗ) как основания привлечения иностранных инвестиций, рассмотрены характерные им универсальные показатели, изучены налоговые льготы и преференции для инвесторов, в результате чего сделан вывод о том, что деятельность специальных экономических и индустриальных зон направлена на оптимизацию последующего развития регионов Казахстана. Управление инвестиционной деятель-ностью специальных экономических и индустриальных зон является необходимым процессом, поскольку оно предоставляет им необходимые инструменты для эффективных инвестиционных вложений. Эффективная реализация инвестиционной деятельности СЭиИЗ с привлечением иностранного капитала зависит от потенциальных бизнес-возможностей и ресурсов, составляющих потенциал развития СЭиИЗ. Действующие на сегодня законодательные акты регулируют отношения на определенной территории и не могут быть правилом для других регионов. По этой причине представляется не-обходимым разработка эффективной нормативно-правовой базы, отвечающей потребностям сегодняшнего дня деятельности СЭиИЗ. Поэтому ряд факторов, которые связываются с инвестиционной стратегией иностранных инвесторов, усложняют реализацию ведущей практики СЭиИЗ — рост валютных поступлений. Фиксированными показателями роста экспорта являются высокие цены на ино-странную валюту для оплаты необходимого импорта.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF TAXATION OF AGRICULTURAL GOODS PRODUCERS – A CHALLENGE FOR UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOD SUPPLY OF THE POPULATION

Introduction. Prior to Ukraine's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), the scope and directions of financial support for agricultural producers were determined by the priorities of the state agrarian policy and the financial capabilities of the state budget. The terms of membership in the WTO make it urgent to consider the issue of reducing the level of taxation for agriculture in the aspect of basic agreements, principles, and rules of the international organization. Methods. The following methods of understanding economic phenomena and processes were used to solve the problems: epistemological analysis (convention analysis), theoretical generalization, synthesis, induction and deduction, structural and logical analysis, comparison. The results. On the basis of the generalization of the world experience regarding the taxation of the activities of agricultural producers, measures are proposed for the fiscal stimulation of subjects of entrepreneurial activity in the field of agrarian business, that as one of the tools for reproducing the potential fertility of agricultural land, we are considering the use of adjustment coefficients when calculating the land tax and the tax of the 4th group of payers. For this purpose, it is expedient to develop a system of correction coefficients when calculating the value of agricultural land, for which it is necessary to carry out (every 5 years) agrochemical certification of land as a component of the agricultural census. As a basis for the calculation of the correction coefficient, it is advisable to take the value of agricultural land at the beginning and end of the reporting period and multiply it by the value of the normative monetary assessment in the region, on the basis of which the value of the land will be determined, which will serve as the basis for calculating land tax and rent. It is advisable to predict the effect of this indicator for a five-year period. Discussion. Financing of the country's post-war reconstruction will be carried out at the expense of agribusiness entities operating without state support. In this regard, it is necessary to use the foreign experience of stimulating tax influence on their activities, especially small agricultural enterprises, in particular, the extension of the simplified taxation system. Keywords: taxes, ecology, agricultural producers, food security, food quality.

The game: Description and analysis of how street vendors keep working on the streets of Bogotá despite state intervention

Day-to-day management of street vending is much more a matter of starting negotiations, mediating between the interests of distinct groups, and making agreements, than it is about enforcing confusing and at times contradictory legal mechanisms with limited effectiveness. Based on the results of extended fieldwork in a low-income outer locality of Bogotá (Ciudad Bolívar), I will argue that street vendors and state representatives interact around a four-step dynamic known as the ‘ game’, which provides them with ‘working stability’ or high degrees of legitimacy, despite frequent arbitrary – and not just discretionary – interventions from the police and other state representatives. In short, the game works as follows: complaints against vendors build-up and interventions take place. Street vendors use different resistance strategies, but tension intensifies, then crisis is reached. As both parties have strong incentives to negotiate, they reach basic coexistence agreements. Vendors fail to comply with the agreements because regulations made to sanitize poverty and to hide the face of misery are rarely applicable. The cycle restarts. I conclude by arguing that efforts to eliminate or limit street vending will not be successful or sustainable until the state makes the political and fiscal commitment to offer substantial employment programs and/or guarantee a minimum income to vulnerable families.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS AND BASIC AGREEMENTS IN OVERCOMING STATELESSNESS ISSUES AT THE BORDER BETWEEN INDONESIA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Differences in perspective on territorial boundaries between local communities with customary rights based on customary law and the definition of territorial boundaries in the context of state administration raises a dilemma, one of which is the potential for statelessness. The existence of ulayat customary land is a factor that affects illegal border crossings. The Governments of the Republic of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea responded to this by entering into basic agreements and special arrangements. This article aims to examine the implementation and effectiveness of special arrangements and basic agreements in dealing with the emergence of statelessness problems. This study uses a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of the study found that the application of rules that were positivistic in nature could not be applied absolutely to residents of the border between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The use of red and yellow card policies is only temporary, so a permanent policy is needed to address this issue.

Mathematical literacy analysis of climbers-type students in high school students

Mathematics literacy is the ability of students to formulate, use and interpret mathematics in various contexts and hone reasoning. This helps the person to recognize the role of mathematics in life and to make judgments and decisions in a real and systematic way. This research aims to describe the Mathematics Literacy Ability of Climbers Type Students in High School Students. This school is one of the schools that applies PISA (Lesson from PISA) questions so that students at that school are familiar with such questions. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach designed to determine the mathematics literacy ability of Climbers Type students based on their mathematics ability. Based on the results of the research, both subjects have the same mathematical literacy skills at levels 1 to 3, namely at level 1 both male and female subjects (a) Answer according to the relevant context and all relevant information, (b) Identify information and perform common ways based on clear instructions, (c) Shows an action according to the given stimulation. At level 2 both subjects were able (a) Interpret, (b) Choose relevant information, (c) Working on basic algorithms, using formulas, executing procedures or agreements, (d) Give proper reasons. At level 3 both subjects were able, (a) Carry out procedures clearly, (b) Solve the problem, (c) Interpret and use representations based on different sources of information, (d) Communicate the result of their interpretations and reasons. The difference in the ability of the two subjects lies in the steps in solving the problem. Female subjects answered in their own way and the settlement procedure used was incomplete while male subjects solved the problem in more detail according to the procedure.

Geopolitička orijentacija partija u Bosni i Hercegovini

Some time ago an anonymous commentator on one of the portals in Bosnia and Herzegovina wrote: 'The Serbian, Croatian, and Bosniak blocks of political parties are united only by Annex 4 of the Dayton Peace Agreement. Everything else separates them.' Such a general assessment seems unacceptable to researchers at first glance. Yet, anyone with a more profound knowledge of political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina will largely agree with this thesis. It seems that the fate of the pluralistic space of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which has supervised sovereignty (through the action of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina) and an approved Constitution (imposed through the intervention of the United States of America in Dayton), is that it is not united by social values, by the basic political agreements of its elites, and not even by shared economic gain. An impossible state is the best diagnosis of Bosnia and Herzegovina, claimed by Nenad Kecmanović, and unstable and unfinished, claimed by almost all those informed on the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main thesis of this paper is that the geopolitical orientation of political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which we investigate through their programmess and political practice, is a good way to show its internal antagonisms and the reasons for the impossibility of achieving unity, a stable and functional state. The conflict in Ukraine adds to the relevance of this paper, to which political parties and actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina heve expressed their respective stances. The paper is a methodological combination of two scientific fields: political theory and international relations.

India-US space cooperation: Implications for the South Asian strategic stability

India and US are cooperating in outer space domain since 1963. They agreed on “Next Step in Space Partnership (NSSP) and Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI)”. America is strengthening Indian space capabilities by easily providing access to military space technology because China is the common threat that prompted them to cooperate. India became member of different export control regimes such as Missile Technology Control Regimes, Wassenaar Arrangements, and Strategic Trade Authorization Act-1. India-US Basic Exchange Cooperation Agreements and Indian membership of export control regimes are evident of the fact that India will become space hegemon in imminent future. India and US are having space cooperation to counter Chinese space rising posture, but it is also threatening space capabilities of Pakistan. Indian enhanced space capabilities and space situational awareness/intelligence prompted it to launch pre-emptive strike against Pakistan. This India-US space cooperation is having negative implications for South Asian strategic stability and resulted into exacerbating an arm race in South Asia and prompting Pakistan to collaborate with China. The purpose of the study is to understand How USA is assisting India in its space program? Why is India cooperating with USA in space domain? What will be implications of India-US space cooperation for the South Asia region? This research is using qualitative, descriptive and analytical research methodology.

ドイツにおける大学基盤交付金制度:―基礎経費・アウトプット指標・業績協定―

ドイツにおける大学基盤交付金制度:―基礎経費・アウトプット指標・業績協定―

Romania’s Policy towards the Republic of Moldova at the present Stage

This article is devoted to the Romania’s policy towards Moldova which began to take shape soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union of the USSR. The Moldovan vector of the Romanian foreign policy is based on the geopolitical “Great Romania” project, which implies the expansion of the borders of Romania, by uniting with neighboring Moldova. The article analyzes the main directions and features of the implementation of Romania’s foreign policy towards Moldova. The basic agreements concluded between countries are analyzed.The main factors influencing the formation and implementation of Romanian foreign policy are identified. The role of the influence of the external factor on the Romania’s policy towards Moldova is investigated. Romania’s participation in the EU and NATO has a significant impact on the Romanian vector of foreign policy towards Moldova. The distribution of power was investigated both in the country and in neighboring Moldova. The positions of the political elites of Romania and Moldova are analyzed.The characteristic features of the cultural identity of the peoples of both countries are investigated. An important direction in the policy of Romania in Moldova is the cultural and educational component. Its main goal is to expand the influence of Romania through the education of pro-Romanian-minded youth in Moldova, as well as through the formation of a positive image of Romania among various segments of the population, that supports its policies.

Гібридна війна як геополітичний конфлікт

Мета статті: вивчення феномену гібридної війни як сучасної форми вираження геополітичного конфлікту на основі результатів досліджень вітчизняних і зарубіжних науковців.
 Наукова новизна: поняття гібридної війни варто розглядати не тільки як різновид ведення війни у новітній історії людства. Гібридну війну доцільно кваліфікувати як новітню форму геополітичного конфлікту. Підтвердженням цьому є численні конфлікти, що відбуваються у різних точках планети, які стають виявами кризи попередньої системи міжнародної безпеки. Російська агресія проти України є сьогодні прикладом геополітичного конфлікту та гібридної форми війни, яка впливає і на світовий порядок. Захоплення Російською Федерацією українських територій стало можливим і через послаблення системи світової безпеки. Така ситуація створює потребу формування нових форм геополітичного співіснування.
 Висновки: Конфлікти різних видів пронизують всю історію людства. Міждержавні конфлікти характеризуються особливістю, яка полягає у тому, що вони можуть спричинити масову загибель людей як в країнах – учасницях конфлікту, так і в усьому світі, тобто, сучасні міждержавні конфлікти впливають на міжнародні відносини як локально, так і глобально, що перетворює їх у геополітичний конфлікт. Особливістю України є вразливість її геополітичного положення, зумовленого наявністю кордону з Російською Федерацією, що в умовах агресивної геополітики Російської Федерації спричиняє роль України як буферної зони. Ключовою характеристикою російської гібридної війни є повне ігнорування та пряме порушення базових міжнародних угод. У різні історичні періоди міждержавні конфлікти часто набували різних форм війни. Лише цивілізований розгляд геополітичного конфлікту сприяє залагодженню спірних питань між країнами та створює ситуацію, коли через вплив демократичних міждержавних інституцій унеможливлюється застосування силових методів та знижується інтенсивність гібридної війни. Міжнародне співробітництво – найбільш ефективна стратегія поведінки у геополітичному конфлікті, спрямована на конструктивне обговорення проблеми у пошуках рішення.

Legal regulation of investment funds in the European union and the Russian federation

The paper is devoted to some basic aspects of the legal regulation of investment funds in the European Union, including the issue of understanding the legal nature of an investment fund as a type of collective investment schemes, in comparison with the law of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the Russian regulatory legal acts, the author concludes that the legal system of the Russian Federation, despite some shortcomings, successfully copes with the regulation of investment funds. In addition, an important factor in the development of legal regulation in this area is the growing role of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), in particular, the initiative to create a common financial services market, under which a number of basic agreements have already been adopted. The author believes that, within the framework of the EAEU, additional stricter requirements for investment funds similar to those provided for in EU law should not be introduced as this can lead to a negative result associated with the loss of investor interest in the use of such schemes.

Mistuning Evaluation Comparison Via As-Manufactured Models, Traveling Wave Excitation, and Compressor Rigs

As-manufactured rotors behave quite differently than nominal as-designed rotors due to small geometric and material property deviations in the rotor, referred to as mistuning. The mistuning of a 20 bladed, integrally bladed rotor (IBR) will be evaluated via analytical methods, benchtop testing, and using a rotating compressor research facility. Analytical methods consist of the development of an as-manufactured model based on geometry measurements from a high fidelity optical scanning system. Benchtop testing of the IBR is done using a traveling wave excitation (TWE) system that simulates engine order excitation in stationary bladed disks for the purpose of determining potentially high responding blades due to mistuning. The compressor research facility utilizes blade tip timing to measure the blade vibration of the IBR. The resonant response of the IBR at various modes and harmonic excitations is investigated. A comprehensive mistuning and force amplification comparison between the as-manufactured model, TWE, and the compressor rig is performed. Mistuning of each method is evaluated using three different methods. First, the tuned absorber factor (TAF), which is a metric to determine potential high responding blades, is determined for each system. Next, mistuning is analyzed by isolating individual blades both experimentally on the bench and analytically to determine the mistuning patterns. Lastly, the mistuning determined by each system will be evaluated using a reduced-order model, namely the fundamental mistuning model identification (FMM ID). It will be shown that TAF shows variability between each method providing indications TAF may not be the best approach of force amplification predictions. Basic mistuning agreements exist when isolating blades both experimentally and analytically exhibiting as-manufactured models are capable of representing full experiments. System ID methods provide a basic agreement between both the mistuning pattern and the mistuning amplification for all three methods analyzed. This ultimately shows the importance and the ability to use as-manufactured models to help increase detailed understanding of IBR's.

Obstacles to free international trade: pressing challenges of the freedom of transit

The principle of freedom of transit has always played a vital role in the functioning of the international trade system. In order to facilitate free trade, many states started to conclude basic transit agreements back in the XIX century. International community has achieved a significant success in promoting the freedom of transit and, as a result, international trade since then. For instance, various international conventions, such as Convention on Freedom of Transit (1921), Convention on the High Seas (1958), Convention on Transit Trade of Land-Locked States (1965) and, of course, Article V of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) were adopted maintaining the discussion around the importance of freedom of transit for international trade. This paper deals with a principle of freedom of transit in the understanding of international conventions and WTO law, as well as the EU customs legislation. In order to fully understand the evolution of freedom of transit and its importance for the international community, this paper outlines the first international treaties concluded to facilitate free trade between several states, and also touches upon the first disputes arising out violation of freedom of transit. Despite the significant success achieved by the international community, including the World Trade Organization, in promoting the freedom of transit, a number of issues continue to exist. Seizure of goods in transit by customs authorities of the European Union is one of the most important and arguable issues. For this reason, the paper analyses the existing transit rules in the European Union and their compliance with the WTO law. Moreover, freedom of transit of gas is analysed in light of the WTO law and fundamental principal of international law at large. Finally, author assess one of the recent landmark cases concerning the freedom of transit, namely the transit dispute between Ukraine and the Russian Federation in the WTO.

Cornerstone Principles in General Classification of Cross-Border Copyright Regulation

The article considers the concept and determines the place of the principles of legal regulation of crossborder copyright in the legal regulation of special legal norms. A general classification of the principles of legal regulation of cross-border copyright is proposed, which includes three separate groups: cornerstone principles, special material legal, and special conflict legal principles. A group of cornerstone principles of copyright and the guiding rules operating in all copyright protection systems is considered in detail. These systems include international, cross-border and national systems, and those forming the specifics of copyright as an object of protection. Special material legal and conflict legal principles operate precisely in the system of legal regulation of cross-border copyright. The author refers the principle of exclusive rights in copyrighted works, the principle of urgent protection, the principle of the implementation of protection in favor of the author and his successors to the cornerstone principles of regulation in copyright law. The cornerstone principles predominantly originated in the national copyright law of different states, which initially extended only to the citizens of these states, were subsequently reproduced in basic international agreements and extended to international legal protection, and, accordingly, to regulation of cross-border copyrights.

PERCEPCIONES SOBRE LA RESPONSABILIDAD DE PROTEGER EN AMÉRICA LATINA

El trabajo analiza el desarrollo que ha seguido el concepto de la Responsabilidad de Proteger, un tema que todavía no cuenta con el consenso de la comunidad internacional. Asimismo, define las diversas posiciones que han adoptado sobre el particular los países de América Latina. En tal sentido, la idea que guía este trabajo es la necesidad de que la región alcance acuerdos mínimos sobre determinados temas del debate multilateral, como es el caso de la señalada noción de la Responsabilidad de Proteger, con el objeto de favorecer la inserción y presencia internacional de América Latina, de cara al escenario crecientemente multipolar que se está delineando en el mundo.

Novel digital forensic readiness technique in the cloud environment

This paper examines the design and implementation of a feasible technique for performing Digital Forensic Readiness (DFR) in cloud computing environments. The approach employs a modified obfuscated Non-Malicious Botnet (NMB) whose functionality operates as a distributed forensic Agent-Based Solution (ABS) in a cloud environment with capabilities of performing forensic logging for DFR purposes. Under basic Service Level Agreements (SLAs), this proactive technique allows any organization to perform DFR in the cloud without interfering with operations and functionalities of the existing cloud architecture or infrastructure and the collected file metadata. Based on the evaluation discussed, the effectiveness of our approach is presented as the easiest way of conducting DFR in the cloud environment as stipulated in the ISO/IEC 27043: 2015 international standard, which is a standard of information technology, security techniques and incident investigation principles and processes. Through this technique, digital forensic analysts are able to maximize the potential use of digital evidence while minimizing the cost of conducting DFR. As a result of this process, the time and cost needed to conduct a Digital Forensic Investigation (DFI) is saved. As a consequence, the technique helps the law enforcement, forensic analysts and Digital Forensic Investigators (DFIs) during post-event response and in a court of law to develop a hypothesis in order to prove or disprove a fact during an investigative process, if there is an occurrence of a security incident. Experimental results of the developed prototype are described which conclude that the technique is effective in improving the planning and preparation of pre-incident detection during digital crime investigations. In spite of that, a comparison with other existing forensic readiness models has been conducted to show the effectiveness of the previously proposed Cloud Forensic Readiness as a Service (CFRaaS) model.

Ejes de discusión en la evaluación de la ciencia: revisión por pares, bibliometría y pertinencia

This article seeks to bring together in a single document the set of issues surrounding the definition and implementation of mechanisms and criteria relating to the evaluation of scientific research. It revisits and orders the basic agreements regarding their defects and the proposals for countering them based on a bibliographical review revolving around three questions: who participates in the assessment; how the assessment is carried out; and what is to be evaluated. Finally, it briefly presents some notes referring to the specific literature generated from Latin America, highlighting the limited space dedicated to this topic until now.