Base Transceiver System Research Articles

Polarization Agile Beam Steering by Subarray Antenna Module Design to Compensate Wide-Angle Polarization Discrepancy of User Equipment Antenna Radiations at mmW Frequencies

An antenna-in-module (AiM) architecture at millimeter-wave frequencies for a base transceiver system (BTS) is developed for electromagnetic (EM) radiation with an agile polarization tunable capability. This may reduce the polarization mismatch to a user equipment (UE) antenna, where the mismatch becomes severe in wide-angle scans. The AiM first implements a dual-polarization feature on its antenna elements and then integrates active radio frequency (RF) phase shifters and power amplifiers/attenuators to provide dynamically adjustable weightings. Considering the received fields of a UE antenna, the weightings of the AiM antennas are appropriately tuned to obtain the maximum signal strength from the UE antenna. In this article, the theoretical concept and the antenna architecture are presented. Full-wave simulations using HFSS and the measurement results of the AiM prototype are presented to validate its feasibility.

An analysis on the improvement of system for proof of delivery

The delivery system for Base Transceiver System (BTS) to strengthen the telecommunication network throughout Indonesia maritime country is needed to speed up the process due to uneven distribution of sufficient telecommunications infrastructure. PT. Gunadhya Rajawali Logistik (GRL) is a third-party logistics company that focuses on transportation and warehouse management and delivery for telecommunication equipment tools. Unfortunately, in delivering BTS installation part throughout Indonesia, PT. GRL received several warning letters and had to pay a penalty from one of customers, for being late in reporting the delivery proof. This study aims to analyze the root causes of late submission of Soft Copy of Proof of Delivery (SCPOD) to avoid penalty given by the customer and determine suitable solutions to improve the process. The approach used in this study is lean six sigma with the help of Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) roadmap. According to the interview with the employees related, the root causes of late submission of SCPOD are irresponsible drivers, indiscipline drivers in carrying out deliveries, and lack of data management in the transportation system. To be able to solve this problem, several proposed solutions can be applied. The proposed solutions to overcome the root causes that should be applied by the company are to hire a document control, retraining the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for drivers, utilize transportation management system application, and apply incentive systems for drivers. In the future, it is recommended for PT. GRL to have a minimum standard in recruiting the drivers for example only recruit who possess a minimum of high school education to ease the completion of administrative tasks.

In-Band Device to Device (D2D) Communication and Device Discovery: A Survey

Device to device (D2D) communication is one of the potentials to achieve the established standards for 5G. It represents a direct communication between two devices located in the vicinity of each other. In D2D communication, user's data traffic can be offloaded without passing through the base transceiver system (BTS) and the core network. In order to initiate the D2D communication, device discovery is needed, and it is a major design issue for D2D communication. To achieve a potential discovery, there are some requirements such as energy efficient discovery capability, supporting a large number of devices and proximity discovery in the network assisted underlay D2D communication network. In this paper, device discovery processes and methods are presented and assessed using different approaches. In addition, a device discovery technique is proposed for single cell and a multi cell which capable to provide accurate and fast discovery with energy efficient and optimized routed path. D2D discovery techniques are evaluated, its main challenges are analyzed and potential solutions are also suggested.

Stochastic analysis of a base transceiver system considering traffic congestion and chances of hardware/software expansions

Base transceiver station is a critical part in a mobile communication system and its performance and cost play a significant role in network survivability and communication. The paper proposes a stochastic model for a base transceiver station that may encounter hardware and software faults, traffic congestion and common cause failures. The possibility of occurrence of hardware-based software failure is also considered. On failure of the system, the technicians first inspect whether there is hardware or software or hardware-based software fault and then carries out recovery of the relevant component. In the system there may be minor or major hardware/software faults or common cause failures where a minor fault leads to degradation whereas a major fault/common cause failure leads to complete failure of the system. Further, network traffic congestion is considered to be automatically removed and in case not, the technician will inspect the system for the purpose of hardware or software expansions. Using Markov process and regenerative point technique, various measures of system performance are obtained. On the basis of these measures, profit analysis of the system is also carried out. Various conclusions about reliability, performance and profit of the system are made on the basis of the graphical studies.

Performance Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Cells for Telecommunication Cellular Network in Remote Areas of Pakistan

In this research design and implementation of solar photo voltaic cell is done for base transceiver system (BTS) of telecom cellular networks in remote areas of Pakistan, to accomplish this task investigation is done regarding the present alternate power source of base transceiver system (BTS) that is the generator sets used as a stand-by, prime and t-prime source. This research will examine that generator sets fuel consumption and maintenance cost is considerably high and the cellular company has to pay a lot to keep a site on air and to overcome the connectivity issues.To resolve these issues this research is aimed to implement solar technology on BTS, for this purpose exploration is done regarding BTS rectifier system and suggested to use power on distribution systems 16 (PODS 16), latest technology evolution (LTE) based instead of the simple BTS rectifier, this new rectifier is intelligent and has redundant ways to overcome power issues as it has the capability to work directly on solar panel equipments and it requires DC supply. Other important factor is that solar panel recharge batteries for power backup and to keep the site on air during night time. Different cost comparison of solar and generator sets have been done by taking real data of different remote areas sites and in the end it is concluded that solar is the alternate costless, environmental friendly source of energy for BTS and can be implemented both for off-grid and on-grid systems.

A Survey and Review of GSM Base Transceiver System Installation, Architecture and Uplink/Downlink

With the advent of development in LTE system, eNodeB the revolutionised version of BTS is used for a connection between BSCand the users. A better and improved system increases the capacity and the functionality of the mobile wireless communication system. A Base Transceiver System (BTS) is a system in a mobile communication network that houses radio receivers and is used for wireless communication between users and network providers that is under the control of Base Switching Controller (BSC) and then the exchange. This paper deals with the study of a ground based GSM Base Transceiver System (BTS) and it’s installation process, architecture, internal structures, the process involved in the uplink and downlink call procedures and the future works. This study is based on the visit to a ground based BTS at BSNL regional training centre (RTTC), Hyderabad during the EETP course. The observations made are duly recorded, reviewed and presented for a better understanding of a mobile BTS system.

Thermal Management of Ethernet Switch Box

In this study, thermal analysis for the design of a complex electronic enclosure, Ethernet switch box is designed. The Ethernet Switch in iDEN EBTS (integrated Digital Enhanced Network Enhanced Base Transceiver System) is required for deployment of quad two way BR (Base Radio). Most of the devices in the base case are above the allowable temperature limit without any air vents and heat enhancing devices. Hence suggested to provide heat sink that enhances heat transfer on the critical components and operating well below the allowable temperature. In this paper, the investigations are carried for the improvement of device performance with the help of heat sink and side vents on the enclosure that increases the heat transfer. The complete analysis is carried out with commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software, Fluent V 6.1.22.Keywords: BR - Base Radio, CFD - Computational Fluid Dynamics, PCB - Printed Circuit Board, IC - Integrated Circuit, FR4 - Fire Retardant 4 Grade, BCM - Bus Converter Module.

Thermal Management of Ethernet Switch Box

In this study, thermal analysis for the design of a complex electronic enclosure, Ethernet switch box is designed. The Ethernet Switch in iDEN EBTS (integrated Digital Enhanced Network Enhanced Base Transceiver System) is required for deployment of quad two way BR (Base Radio). Most of the devices in the base case are above the allowable temperature limit without any air vents and heat enhancing devices. Hence suggested to provide heat sink that enhances heat transfer on the critical components and operating well below the allowable temperature. In this paper, the investigations are carried for the improvement of device performance with the help of heat sink and side vents on the enclosure that increases the heat transfer. The complete analysis is carried out with commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software, Fluent V 6.1.22.

ECONOMIC AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL ON A BASE TRANSCEIVER SYSTEM CONSIDERING VARIOUS OPERATIONAL MODES AND CATASTROPHIC FAILURES

In this study a stochastic model for a Base Transceiver System (BTS) is proposed that consists of various hardware and software components. A Base Transceiver System (BTS) may undergoes four modes during its operation viz normal, congestion, down and failure mode. The hardware and software components may have various types of major and minor faults. The occurrence of a minor fault leads to partial failure whereas a major fault and catastrophic failure leads to complete failure of the system. That may have various types of faults including major and minor faults. The aspect that a failure in hardware component, sometimes, leads to software failure in the system is also incorporated. On failure, the technicians first inspect whether there is hardware or software or hardware based software failure then recovery of the relevant component is done. Using Markov processes and regenerative point technique various measures of system performance are obtained. On the basis of these measures the profit analysis of the system is carried out. Various conclusions about reliability, performance and profit of the system are made on the basis of the graphical studies.