Base Transceiver Station Research Articles

Machine learning for base transceiver stations power failure prediction: A multivariate approach

The widespread deployment of cellular networks has improved communication access, driving economic growth and enhancing social connections across diverse regions. Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs), are foundational to mobile networks but are vulnerable to power failures, disrupting service delivery and causing user inconvenience. This paper proposes a machine-learning-based framework for preemptive BTS power failure prediction using multivariate time-series data from power and environmental monitoring systems. We employ a combination of deep learning architectures, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and hybrid CNN-LSTM models, to achieve accurate and timely predictions of BTS power failures. CNNs were selected for extracting dependencies among features of a multivariate time-series data, while LSTMs effectively capture temporal dependencies, making them suitable for predicting power failures.The proposed models exhibit noteworthy predictive performance, with the LSTM network emerging as the most accurate model (MSE: 0.001, MAPE: 2.528), followed by the hybrid CNN-LSTM (MSE: 0.001, MAPE: 2.843) and the CNN (MSE: 0.223, MAPE: 2.843). This work demonstrates deep learning’s effectiveness in preemptive BTS failure prediction, enabling proactive maintenance and improved network resilience.

Design of Level Sensor Prototype for Fuel Tank in Base Transceiver Station Facilities

A monitoring system for fuel availability at Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) is an absolute necessity. The fuel availability in the generator set must be guaranteed because it ensures the energy supply and continuous operation. This research purpose is to create a robust and effective sensor that can be monitored in real-time so that industry players can estimate the consumption of fuel at the BTS in a certain period. The novelty of this research is that instead of looking at the amount of fuel consumption/reduction like the previous research, this study focuses on how much diesel availability is in the generator tank. So, calculating fuel requirements and predicting actual consumption are done directly. The sensor is a reed-switch oil level sensor and is connected to ESP32 as the microcontroller. It's installed horizontally and uses an optimum distance between sensors of 2.5 mm to improve the sensor reading's accuracy. The test results of converting voltage values into ADC signals on sensor readings produced a determination coefficient of 0.9987, which showed the reliability of the sensor-level design. The sensor precision test results produced an RSD value of 0.17% and the accuracy test produced an error range of -3% to 2% with an average error value of 1.59%. These results indicate that the designed level sensor has good precision and accuracy. Through this research, the provider can predict and plan their fuel consumption needs for BTS power supply and increase the Domestic Component Level in the sensor industry.

Evaluation of electric field (E) exposure levels and its relationship with the sleep quality of residents around the BTS antennas in Sabzevar, Iran.

Mobile devices and base transceiver station (BTS) are the main sources of human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of exposure to RF-EMF in three different time intervals and three different distances from BTS antennas in Sabzevar. Additional goals were to investigate the electric field (E) difference between different microenvironments, between the suburbs and downtown, and evaluating the sleep quality of residents around BTS antennas at different distances. The results showed significant differences between the values of E Avg and E max Avg at different times (T1, T2, and T3), different distances (50, 100, and 300m) from BTS antennas, and between BTS antennas located in the suburbs and downtown. No significant differences were observed between the values of E Avg and E max Avg in terms of microenvironments. Poor sleep quality (>5) was recorded in the residents around the BTS antennas at different distances, and a significant difference was observed between the sleep quality of the residents at a distance of ˂100m compared to the residents at a distance of ˃300m. The recorded levels of E in all places and times were below the human safety limits set by the Iranian National Standardization Organization, the Information and Communication Technologies Authority and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, indicating the absence of potential risk due to exposure to E in the study area.

Kualitas Jaringan Operator Selular Coverage Indoor dan Outdoor di Lingkungan Universitas Warmadewa

Telecommunications technology is growing rapidly, and telecommunications providers are now in the 5G technology phase. Providing very fast speed and data transfer. However, in the development of cellular technology in Indonesia, especially in Bali, the distribution of provider signal coverage areas is not evenly distributed. Although many BTS (Base Transceiver Station) have been scattered and built in the Denpasar city area, there are still locations that are not well covered. In this study the location chosen was the campus area at Warmadewa University. The method used was survey and sample interviews among students, lecturers, and staff. The number of data samples is 100 people. The survey results obtained are the findings of the signal coverage of Telkomsel, Indosat, XL-Axiata providers including coverage ranging from very poor to very good, while the Smartfren and 3 providers include good and very good signal coverage received in the Warmadewa University area. The use of phone calls (pulses) is rarely used because data packages are more flexible and efficient, the selection of calls (pulses) is usually used when urgent conditions.

Landscape Characters of Kampung Ciomas for Eco-edutourism

Abstract Kampung Ciomas has a natural physical environment. This condition has the potential to become a tourist destination with an eco-edutourism theme. This research aims to analyze the landscape character of Kampung Ciomas for eco-edutourism. Analysis was carried out using quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive methods. The research stages carried out were: 1) analyzing land cover, 2) analyzing slope, and 3) analyzing landscape character. The results of the analysis showed that there were 28 types of landscape character which were dominated by green open spaces on hill slopes. The landscape character protection required is the protection of green open space on sloping hills and moderate hills. Modifications of the landscape character required include the removal of several elements that are not in harmony with several buildings and ponds on sloping hillsides, stalls on sloping hills, emphasizing natural forms planned on green open space on medium hills, changes in natural form are planned for green open space on flat, undulating slopes and sloping hills, intensification is carried out on green open space on sloping hills and medium hills, intensive visual quality improvements are intensively planned for green open space on flat, undulating slopes, sloping hills and moderate hills, circulation paths on undulating slopes and sloping hills, BTS (Base Transceiver Station), WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant), parking lots on sloping hillsides, cemeteries and mosque on sloping hillsides. The impact of this research is providing alternative tourism in Bogor accordance environmental conditions and environmental utilization through conservation and education efforts.

The Strength Performance Analysis of Vertical Wind Turbine’s Tower on Base Transceiver Station

The Strength Performance Analysis of Vertical Wind Turbine’s Tower on Base Transceiver Station

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Optimization Framework for On-Grid Electric Vehicle Charging from Base Transceiver Stations Using Renewable Energy and Storage Systems

Rapid growth in a number of developing nations’ mobile telecommunications sectors presents network operators with difficulties such as poor service quality and congestion, mostly because these locations lack a dependable and reasonably priced electrical source. In order to provide a sustainable and reasonably priced energy alternative for the developing world, this study provides a detailed examination of the core ideas behind renewable energy technology (RET). A multi-agent-based small-scaled smart base transceiver station (BTS) site reinforcement strategy is presented to manage energy resources by boosting resilience so to supply power to essential loads in peak demand periods by leveraging demand-side management (DSM). Diverse energy sources are combined to create interconnected BTS sites, which enable energy sharing to balance fluctuations by establishing a market that promotes economical energy. A MATLAB simulation model was developed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed system by using real load data and fast electric vehicle charging loads from five different base transceiver stations (BTSs) located throughout Pakistan’s southern area. In this proposed study, the base transceiver station (BTS) sites can share their energy through a multi-agent-based system. From the results, it is observed that, after optimization, the base transceiver station (BTS) sites trade their energy with the grid at rate of 0.08 USD/kWh and with other sites at a rate of 0.04 USD/kWh. Therefore, grid dependency is decreased by 44.3% and carbon emissions are reduced by 71.4% after the optimization of the base transceiver station (BTS) sites.

Assessing the Impact of ICT Infrastructure on Card-Based Non-Cash Transaction Volumes in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. This is a quantitative study. Data analysis in this research employs multiple regression with a fixed-effect model. The study utilizes panel data of longitudinal type, consisting of data on Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards and credit cards, and non-cash financial transaction volume based on cards across 33 provinces in Indonesia as cross-sectional data, spanning a period of three (3) years from 2019 to 2021 as time-series data. Secondary data for this research were obtained from the Bank of Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the Financial Services Authority. Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Villages/Kelurahan Served by Internet, Automated Teller Machines (ATM), ATM/Debit Cards, and Credit Cards simultaneously have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash finance. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards, and credit cards have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions. The research findings are that although ATM and card services significantly increase transaction volume, BTS and internet services in villages/districts do not show a significant impact.

Techno-economic-environmental optimization of on-grid hybrid renewable energy-electric vehicle charging stations in BTS infrastructure

Hybrid renewable energy systems with electric vehicle charging stations can provide reliable and environmentally friendly power output for telecom Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). This paper provides an optimized BTS telecom deployment method. The proposed framework uses actual load profiles to conduct a techno-economic assessment of 26 independent sites in North, South, and Central regions to reduce NPC, operational costs, LCOE, and diesel generator running hours. To complete this study’s financial model, these 26 BTS sites are connected to the grid for net metering and environmentally friendly electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and incentives (bonus depreciation and investment tax credit) are added. Finally, numerous uncertain elements are sensitively analyzed, and a carbon emission reduction environmental evaluation is done. When connected to a grid for net metering, freestanding hybrid systems (diesel generator-photovoltaic-wind-battery) have a significantly lower LCOE. Standalone hybrid systems have LCOEs between 0.1096 and 0.2325 $/kWh. On-grid hybrid systems have an average LCOE of 0.004065 to 0.03559 $/kWh. After adding electric vehicle charging stations and incentives, the average LCOE drops further. Optimization and comparative studies reveal that the best grid expansion hybrid charging station is cheaper, greener, and more sustainable than the stand-alone hybrid system. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and governments and corporate investors can utilize the suggested studies to make decisions and optimize policies.

Hybrid renewable/grid power systems, an essential for base transceiver station penetration in Rural Nigeria

The energy crisis in Nigeria has continued to impede the rapid expansion of the telecommunication industry, whose operating expenditure is galloping due to over-dependence on diesel generators as an alternative source of power to its base transceiver station (BTS). This fossil-fuel power source has also increased the industry’s carbon footprint. As a solution to these problems, the objective of this work is to provide a sustainable and quality hybrid DC power supply system for BTS that would increase access to information and communication technology or ICT infrastructure. This involves the integration of solar & wind energy with the grid. The sizing of the hybrid sub-systems was designed & simulated using MATLAB Simulink to test for functionality. A prototype of the design system was then implemented with the results showing an average power output that guarantees 21 hours/day of supply. By installing this hybrid system of 1.3 kW, approximately 2.55 kg of diesel (C10H20) would be un-utilized by one BTS, thereby preventing 3.6 kg of CO2 from been emitted to the atmosphere daily. Extrapolating these values shows 930.75 kg of diesel can be saved and reduce 1314 kg of CO2 emission within a year. Hence eliminating the need for diesel-backup generator for a grid connected or non-grid BTS sited in rural areas.

Nominal GSM-R Radio Network Design for Signalling and Train Control Systems: Case Study Dar-Moro Electrified SGR Line in Tanzania

The recent development of High-Speed Trains (HST) operations requires real-time information transfer, high network capacity, and reliable communication for train signalling and control purposes. Rail operators face challenges as the high-speed railroad traffic grows. In a high-speed driving profile, the communication must be able to overcome fast handover, large Doppler shift, high penetration losses, limited visibility in tunnels, and the harsh electromagnetic environment. Global System for Mobile Communications for Railway (GSM-R) is still a standard-bearer for railway signalling communications. The link capacity and coverage prediction of the predefined Base Transceiver Station (BTS) locations are simulated using the Radio Planner RF planning tool and Matlab®. The terrain map and the signal levels along the railway corridor are observed. The analysis of the GSM-R for a fast-moving train is performed. Signal level coverage prediction, Doppler-shift effect and the received carrier frequencies due to Doppler shift along Dar–Pugu stations have been presented. The critical sites (locations) with weak signals of the first three BTSs have been identified. It is also observed that the Doppler effect may limit the proposed speed.

The Influence of Information and Communication Technology (Ict) Infrastructure on the Volume of Card-Based Non-Cash Financial Transactions in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. This is a quantitative study. Data analysis in this research employs multiple regression with a fixed-effect model. The study utilizes panel data of longitudinal type, consisting of data on Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards and credit cards, and non-cash financial transaction volume based on cards across 33 provinces in Indonesia as cross-sectional data, spanning a period of three (3) years from 2019 to 2021 as time-series data. Secondary data for this research were obtained from the Bank of Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the Financial Services Authority. The research findings conclude that Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards, and credit cards simultaneously had a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions as shown by the F-test results. While partially as shown by the result of the t-test. Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet do not have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions. Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) and ATM/debit cards and credit cards have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions.

The Influence of Information and Communication Technology (Ict) Infrastructure on the Volume of Card-Based Non-Cash Financial Transactions in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. This is a quantitative study. Data analysis in this research employs multiple regression with a fixed-effect model. The study utilizes panel data of longitudinal type, consisting of data on Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards and credit cards, and non-cash financial transaction volume based on cards across 33 provinces in Indonesia as cross-sectional data, spanning a period of three (3) years from 2019 to 2021 as time-series data. Secondary data for this research were obtained from the Bank of Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the Financial Services Authority. The research findings conclude that Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards, and credit cards simultaneously had a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions as shown by the F-test results. While partially as shown by the result of the t-test. Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet do not have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions. Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) and ATM/debit cards and credit cards have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions.

Retraction Note: Sector-like optimization model of 5G base transceiver stations redeployment and the generalization

Retraction Note: Sector-like optimization model of 5G base transceiver stations redeployment and the generalization

When spatial interpolation matters: Seeking an appropriate data transformation from the mobile network for population estimates

Analyses utilizing mobile positioning data rarely provide an exact method of data transformation to target spatial units. A common reason is likely the fact that researchers have already worked with spatially aggregated data prepared by the mobile operator or processing company. The article demonstrates the critical importance of employing an appropriate method to transform data from the mobile network into target spatial units, ensuring the precision and accuracy of the results. By evaluating ten different methods of data transformation from the mobile network topology to a population grid of 1 × 1 km, the optimal transformation has been sought. The most promising results were obtained through the methods using auxiliary information. While a dasymetric transformation utilizing building volume as the ancillary layer proved to be the most accurate, the utilization of free data from the Global Human Settlement Layer project also exhibits encouraging potential. Frequently used interpolation methods such as point-to-polygon (the user's location is considered to be the same as the base transceiver station's position.) or areal weighting are in fact the least appropriate methods of data transformation at a subregional level.

DIGITAL INEQUALITY AND DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDONESIA

In the era of disruption, myriads of digital entrepreneur in Indonesia still faces significant problems due to the demographical disadvantage and the lack of government policies that can overcome the problem faced. This series of problems has resulted to the existence of digital inequality. This study aimed to explains the digital inequality in Indonesia that has an impact on the inequality of opportunities and challenges for digital entrepreneurs. Qualitative approach to case studies in Indonesia. Informants were taken from 3 regions in Indonesia as well as government representatives responsible for the development of information and communication technology. Data was collected through in-depth interviews online and data was processed with the help of NVivo12. The study was conducted for 6 months. The results of this research will certainly have implications for the development of technology research, digitalization and communication as well as business. If the problem of digital inequality is resolved, digital business development in Indonesia will be more competitive. However, the biggest implication can certainly be a recommendation for information and communication technology development policies in Indonesia, such as the policy of building base transceiver station (BTS) in areas where there is no internet connectivity.

Mapping of Electromagnetic Field Radiation Intensity in the JL Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Area. Kenangan 05 and the Impact of Health in Society


 
 
 
 Electromagnetic waves are a type of wave phenomenon. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that arise due to changes in electric fields and magnetic fields that oscillate with each other. Electromagnetic waves can be generated, one of the ways, from BTS towers so that they can produce intense electromagnetic field radiation. Health problems resulting from exposure to electromagnetic wave radiation cannot be felt directly. However, the longer you are exposed to electromagnetic wave radiation, the more dangerous it will be to your body's health. The aim of this research is to carry out mapping from measuring the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation in the BTS area and to determine the health impact of large electromagnetic field radiation on the surrounding community. Data processing in this research was carried out using quantitative techniques and qualitative techniques, namely by measuring the intensity of the electric field and magnetic field of electromagnetic waves and evaluating the results of the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation as well as conducting interviews as a public health survey. The data obtained in this research was processed using ArcGis and Surfer software for mapping results. Based on the evaluation and mapping results, it shows that the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation is still below the threshold value according to the 2020 ICNIRP standards. Based on the results of this research, there are no significant health effects occurring in the surrounding community.
 
 
 

EFFECT OF THICK VEGETATION COVER, BUILDING OBSTRUCTIONS, AND EARTH TERRAIN ON THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE GSM SIGNAL AT THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ADO-EKITI

Wireless communication system performance is fundamentally constrained by the mobile radio channels such as the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). The transmission path between the base transceiver station and the mobile station can range from line-of-sight to substantially obstructed environmental situations such as buildings, earth undulation valleys, and thick vegetation being the primary cause of poor network performance in and around the school perimeter. Mobile radio channels are incredibly unpredictable and do not provide simple analysis, in contrast to stationary and reliable wired channels. This research work, therefore, investigates the effect of thick vegetation cover, building obstructions, and earth terrain on the quality and performance of the GSM signal at the Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti environs. A model for path loss (attenuation) is developed according to the Longley-Rice propagation model that forecasts the long-term median transmission loss over uneven terrain in comparison to the free-space transmission loss. The model was created for frequencies in the 20 MHz to 40 GHz range and path lengths in the 1 to 2,000 km range. The analysis of the results obtained shows that the path loss (attenuation) produced due to the effect of vegetation, building obstructions, and the earth undulation structures are quite significant. The solution of cell creation as a primary way of improving the quality of the GSM signal reception in the school perimeter without necessarily destroying the natural environment or demolishing any existing building is proposed.

Alternative clean energy for sustainable growth and development of the Nigerian telecommunications sector

Telecommunications plays a crucial role in facilitating the transmission of voice, data, and multimedia over extended distances. This paper explores the significance of telecommunications, particularly in Nigeria, the largest ICT market in Africa, where telecom and internet usage hold substantial importance. However, the sector's heavy reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in environmental challenges. This research underscores the imperative to transition to clean energy sources, aligning with the commitment of the Nigerian Communications Commission. The paper presents a case study of a solar hybrid system designed to enhance Base Transceiver Station (BTS) coverage, emphasizing notable challenges such as elevated costs and the industry's familiarity with fossil fuels. The optimal power configuration for a BTS, as identified in the study, features a 16kW PV (photovoltaic) array, 14kW Diesel Generator (DG), 32kWh Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Utility, achieving the lowest Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) at $0.255/kWh. The production summary for the Solar PV array is 24,767 kWh/year (76%), the Diesel Generator is 1,250 kWh/year (4%), and the Utility is 6,503 kWh/year (20%). Consequently, the total estimated production is 32,520 kWh/year, constituting 100% of the energy requirement for the BTS. The study proposes solutions to challenges, including local clean energy component production, capacity building, and regulatory alignment. In conclusion, the adoption of clean energy is deemed essential for sustainability, with recommendations for policy adoption and efficient equipment utilisation.

Analysis and Optimization of Telkomsel Coverage Signals for the London Sumatra Plantation Company

With the advancement of plantations in South Sumatra in particular and Indonesia in general. So, there is a lot of opening up of new plantation land, be it oil palm, rubber and other plantations. Therefore, Telkomsel is always at the forefront by adding new BTS (Base Transceiver Station). Telkomsel always provides comfort to its users to continue trying to maintain signal stability so that customers continue to experience satisfactory results. One of them is the London Sumatra Plantation Company, an oil palm plantation company located in Musi Banyuasin Regency. The checks in this research used the Drive test method using TEMS Investigation 11.0.1. At the beginning of checking the location, the BTS that covered the London Sumatra Group Plantation Company building was BinaKahuripan, a distance of ± 10KM, while apart from this BTS there was a BTS that was closer, namely SungaiKubu, ± 6KM. After analysis, the reason why the SungaiKubu BTS is not dominant is because the antenna direction is not pointing towards the London Sumatra Group location, which causes the dominant BTS to be BinaKahuripan. So, from the results of this analysis, a solution was produced, namely Reorienting the SungaiKubu BTS antenna from Directional. Previously 330º was changed to 355º as well as for mechanical & electrical from 2 & 3, changed to all 1. From the results of the antenna reorientation, the SungaiKubu BTS has become more dominant. Checks were carried out in 2 positions, namely Position 1 and Position 2. The results of the checks produced an average Rx Level value for Position 1 before the antenna reorientation was -94.4 dBm while after the antenna reorientation was -81 dBm. The average Rx Quality value before the antenna reorientation was 3.8 while after the antenna reorientation was 2. The results of checking the average Rx Level for Position 2 before the antenna reorientation was -89 dBm while after the antenna reorientation was -81 dBm. The average Rx Quality value before antenna reorientation was 4.9 while after antenna reorientation was 2.