Base Transceiver Station Sites Research Articles

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Optimization Framework for On-Grid Electric Vehicle Charging from Base Transceiver Stations Using Renewable Energy and Storage Systems

Rapid growth in a number of developing nations’ mobile telecommunications sectors presents network operators with difficulties such as poor service quality and congestion, mostly because these locations lack a dependable and reasonably priced electrical source. In order to provide a sustainable and reasonably priced energy alternative for the developing world, this study provides a detailed examination of the core ideas behind renewable energy technology (RET). A multi-agent-based small-scaled smart base transceiver station (BTS) site reinforcement strategy is presented to manage energy resources by boosting resilience so to supply power to essential loads in peak demand periods by leveraging demand-side management (DSM). Diverse energy sources are combined to create interconnected BTS sites, which enable energy sharing to balance fluctuations by establishing a market that promotes economical energy. A MATLAB simulation model was developed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed system by using real load data and fast electric vehicle charging loads from five different base transceiver stations (BTSs) located throughout Pakistan’s southern area. In this proposed study, the base transceiver station (BTS) sites can share their energy through a multi-agent-based system. From the results, it is observed that, after optimization, the base transceiver station (BTS) sites trade their energy with the grid at rate of 0.08 USD/kWh and with other sites at a rate of 0.04 USD/kWh. Therefore, grid dependency is decreased by 44.3% and carbon emissions are reduced by 71.4% after the optimization of the base transceiver station (BTS) sites.

Performance Analysis and Techno-Economic Optimization of Green Energy Systems for Remote Areas in the Maghreb

All interventions that enhance livelihoods of poor rural families in remote areas of the Maghreb will positively impact standard living, involve technological solutions, and likely enhance agricultural production, which in turn can further contribute to poverty reduction. Hybrid green energy systems (HGESs) have been more exploited to supply a mobile base transceiver station (BTS) by clean electricity, or assess the energy availability in smart grids (SGs) of such areas. In this paper, a HGES has been modeled to produce energy from PV/Wind HGES in grid-connected BTS or SG sites, using MATLAB to solve a theoretical model, and simulated with a suitable configuration for performance analysis and optimal sizing. A techno-economic simulation, carried out using the HOMER package, has evaluated such HGES feeding BTS or SG in a remote area-prototype (RAP) of the Maghreb, and optimized the size and assess hybrid PV-Wind system based on weather conditions for RAP. The results may impact rural livelihood and improve standard living of people in such countries.

Sensitivity degradation and antenna isolation analyses for a multi-operator global systems for mobile communication base transceiver stations

In other to mitigate challenges associated with the expansion of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) systems, infrastructure sharing have been proposed and adopted by some GSM operators. When infrastructure sharing is done, there is the possibility of degradation of quality of service due to Electromagnetic Compatibility issues, interference between operators, sensitivity degradation, increasing noise floor, antenna isolation requirement issue. This paper analyses the sensitivity degradation and the effects of spatial separation on antenna isolation requirement of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) receiver for a multi-operator mobile cellular systems. The data used were extracted from standards of organisation like European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards and others. Antenna dimension were obtained from physical observations of BTS site. By comparison with identified metrics in the standards, we verified that the number of operators that can share infrastructure is limited by the allowable sensitivity degradation. It was noted that an antenna isolation of 70dB can be achieved for GSM 900 band antennas and when GSM 1800 band antennas are used, 90dB antenna isolation is achievable greater than the minimum recommendation of 30dB. Keywords: Antenna isolation, base station, BTS, GSM, infrastructure sharing, receiver sensitivity, sensitivity degradation

Reliability Assessment of a Base Transceiver Station Using 2-Parameter Weibull Distribution Method

About 80% interruptions of cellular network availability occur due to power outage on BTS stations and reliability analysis of these systems is yet to receive exhaustive studies. Most network providers solely depend on generating power on their BTS sites using diesel generators since the grid power is least reliable, but the frequency of power outages from the diesel generators is alarming, hence, the need to analyse the reliability of these generators and their maintenance routine in relation to the site availability.
 In this study, the reliability of a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is assessed by analysis of data obtained within a period of six months from four BTS sites used as case study using 2-parameter Weibull failure distribution method. The failure times of each BTS site were rank-ordered and the estimates of Weibull parameters θ and β were obtained from Weibull least-squares plots.
 The Weibull plots for the four BTS sites had a good index of fit which shows that a strong linear relationship exists. The value of the shape parameter (β) was found to be between the range of 1< β < 3 for all the BTS sites studied. This means that the probability density function is skewed and the failure rate of the BTS sites is increasing. The reliability of each BTS site was successfully computed. The reliability of the four BTS sites was found to be increasing as their values of scale parameter, θ increases. From the results obtained, BTS site RV0144 had the highest reliability while BTS site RV0248 had the lowest reliability.

BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Route and Site Search Application Using Speech To Text on Android Devices

in order to implement the technology development of a BTS (Base Transceiver Station) device from a project a vendor and operator. Take advantage of the services provided by the Android smartphone, namely Google maps along with voice, namely speech to text, can further help the performance of a survey team at the sub party contractor (subcon) / third part. The results of application testing and analysis show that speech to text testing for noise is: average for distances of 10cm and 35cm with a noise level of 63 dB as much as 79% success, on average for distances of 10cm and 35cm with a noise level of 70 dB as much as 75% success, average for the distance 10cm and 35cm with a noise level of 75 dB for 72% success. Testing time when opening Maps from the text to maps results, it is found that the speed of male voice is faster, namely 1 minute 51 seconds and 1 minutes 68 seconds than women. Finally, testing the comparison of the distance between the application and the calculation through the Euclidean Distence formula, the average distance obtained in the application is 3.65345287 km and the calculation result with the Euclidean Distance formula is 3,66535889 km.

Development of Base Transceiver Station Selection Algorithm for Collocation Arrangement

Placement of base transceiver station (BTSs) by different operators on a particular site as collocation site, so as to save cost and reduce the number of people who are at risk of radiation in BTSs located places as compared to each operator having different BTSs is the new trend in Nigeria telecommunication industries development. Collocation of base stations is much safer when compared to scattered base station telecommunication operators because of the radiations. Although the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) viewed that the presently existing scientific verification that prolonged contact with low frequency magnetic fields is more often than not connected with an increased danger of childhood leukaemia is too frail to form the basis for exposure guidelines. This work includes the study, analysis and proposal of a collocation scheme based on collected data of the number of BTS already sited in University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria as a case study. A drive test conducted with Transmission Environmental Monitoring System (TEMS) equipment was carried out on the existing BTSs, and a linear algorithm optimization program based on the spectral link efficiency of each BTS was developed, the output of this site optimization gives the selected number of base station sites to be used for the collocation arrangement, and the BTSs site with the best spectral link efficiency are selected in accordance with the output of the site optimization for the collocation. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v34i3.16

PEMILIHAN LOKASI BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION JARINGAN WIRELESS PITA LEBAR PADA INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (Studi Kasus : PT. Sarana Insan Muda Selaras Cabang Yogyakarta)

Selection of the optimal location of a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is a very important decision for Internet Service Provider (ISP), because it can increase the new market. In the process of development of BTS should consider some criteria to obtain the optimal location of the BTS as business criteria, technical criteria and support criteria. The location of this research was conducted at PT. SIMS Branch Yogyakarta. The process of analysis is combining GIS and AHP. GIS methods is used to process spatial data from alternatives location of BTS and AHP is used for the analysis of decision making. The use of this method is excellent in decision-making with many criteria. The both combination will complement each others weaknesses. In the process of determining an alternate location, spatial data were analyzed using GIS methods to obtain the alternatives location can be used as a BTS sites, each alternative is ALT 1 at Moh. Yamin street, ALT 2 at Gatotkaca street, ALT 3 at Ringan Harjo street and ALT 4 at Diponegoro street, each of the sites are located in district of Bantul, Yogyakarta. Then to determine the most optimal alternative of BTS sites can use AHP method. The results of process data using AHP show business criteria weights is 0.688; technical criteria weights is 0.238 and support criteria weights is 0.074. While the order of the selected alternative is ALT 4 has the highest value with the weight of 0.358; ALT 2 weights is 0319; ALT 1 weights is 0.213 and ALT 3 weights is 0.110.

Design and control strategy for a hybrid green energy system for mobile telecommunication sites

The rising energy costs and carbon footprint of operating mobile telecommunication sites in the emerging world have increased research interests in green technology. The intermittent nature of most green energy sources creates the problem of designing the optimum configuration for a given location. This study presents the design analysis and control strategy for a cost effective and reliable operation of the hybrid green energy system (HGES) for GSM base transceiver station (BTS) sites in isolated regions. The design constrains the generation and distribution of power to reliably satisfy the energy demand while ensuring safe operation of the system. The overall process control applies the genetic algorithm-based technique for optimal techno-economic sizing of system's components. The process simulation utilized meteorological data for 3 locations (Abuja, Benin City and Sokoto) with varying climatic conditions in Nigeria. Simulation results presented for green GSM BTS sites are discussed and compared with existing approaches.

Artificial Intelligence based technique for BTS placement

The increase of the base transceiver station (BTS) in most urban areas can be traced to the drive by network providers to meet demand for coverage and capacity. In traditional network planning, the final decision of BTS placement is taken by a team of radio planners, this decision is not fool proof against regulatory requirements. In this paper, an intelligent based algorithm for optimal BTS site placement has been proposed. The proposed technique takes into consideration neighbour and regulation considerations objectively while determining cell site. The application will lead to a quantitatively unbiased evaluated decision making process in BTS placement. An experimental data of a 2km by 3km territory was simulated for testing the new algorithm, results obtained show a 100% performance of the neighbour constrained algorithm in BTS placement optimization. Results on the application of GA with neighbourhood constraint indicate that the choices of location can be unbiased and optimization of facility placement for network design can be carried out.

Model System Dynamics Infrastruktur BTS Ramah Lingkungan Daerah Rural untuk Optimalisasi Perhitungan ARPU

Green Base transceiver station (BTS) or known as remote BTS is a special BTS with IP technology-based that has a small capacity and takes low power consumption with standard features suitable for use in rural areas. BTS utilizes 100% solar energy as a source of energy. The infrastructure Green BTS is composed of high-tech devices which is able to save energy, environmentally friendly, small and lightweight. The high rate service calls and SMS on green BTS is caused by the absence of competition telecom operators at a site. The solution to this problem needs to be done with system dynamics modeling approach with the aim to establish causality (cause and effect) between the variables. The standard target of model pattern which has been changed on system dynamics can be used to demonstrate the behavior of the model between the number of subscribers, the availability of network capacity and ARPU (average revenue per user) on the Green BTS site. On the changed standard target model, the actual revenue is placed as the actual event, the target revenue is as a target; the difference between the actual and target revenue is as gap, gap changes are as the pressure on the target and the corrective action taken against revenue as a corrective action. Based on simulation results, the standard model change targets can be developed by adding two negative loops (balancing loop) as an alternative solution towards the achievement of revenue targets that have been set.