Base Shear Values Research Articles

RC wall building structures: Comparison of first and second generation Eurocode 8 seismic design and detailing strategies

This study provides a thorough comparative analysis of structural design strategies across different ductility classes and seismic action levels, as outlined in Eurocode 8 provisions. The analysis is carried out for 5- and 10-storey building examples. The research highlights key findings regarding base shear demand, storey displacements, sensitivity coefficients, and other crucial structural performance parameters. Those findings indicate that while buildings designed for DCM and DC3 ductility classes generally exhibit similar base shear values and roof displacements, exceptions arise, particularly in the lower-storey buildings where DC2 demonstrates significantly lower roof displacements. The influence of strut inclination on design bending moments is also noted, underscoring its significance in structural behaviour. Moreover, the study delves into interstorey drift ratio (IDR) demands from analysis, revealing consistent displacement patterns across various structures with notable implications for deflection and stability. Additionally, insights into chord rotation control, sensitivity coefficients, and reinforcement quantities shed light on their behaviour under diverse seismic conditions, aiding in optimising structural design strategies.

Base Isolation and Energy Dissipating System in Earthquake Resistant Building Design

The utilization of base isolation is a crucial strategy for enhancing seismic resilience in structures. The method involves installing isolators and energy-absorbing devices beneath a building's superstructure to mitigate the destructive effects of earthquakes. When base isolation is implemented in a building, it not only makes the structure stronger and more stable, but also helps to safeguard lives and properties. This technique is particularly valuable for seismic retrofitting of historical buildings. In the present study, software called simulation of seismic isolation systems in structural analysis is employed, considering isolator characteristics, whether they exhibit nonlinear or equivalent linear behavior. Adhering to the IS 1893:2016 Code, the analysis utilized the SAP 2000 software package. A study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of base isolation systems versus fixed-base buildings in dealing with seismic activity. The study focused on analyzing various seismic indicators such as joint displacement, shear force, bending moment, building torsion, and the period of natural frequency. Results showed that models utilizing base isolation systems had significantly higher base shear values than those with a fixed-base building configuration. However, there was a significant 35% reduction in story shear values for the rubber isolation system and a 40% decrease for the friction pendulum model. Additionally, there was a 25% reduction in story drift for the rubber base model and a 30% decrease for the friction pendulum model. The friction pendulum model demonstrated the most effective control of these parameters across various seismic zone conditions. Key words: The topic of discussion pertains to Seismic Isolation with Rubber Bearing System and the Friction Pendulum Technique. Additionally, it includes SAP2000 Analysis, Story Drift Measurement, and Shear Force Evaluation in relation to these techniques.

Seismic Response of Stiffness Irregularity at Ground Floor with and without Shear Walls

In today's scenario, one of the greatest challenges for structural engineers is designing and constructing seismic-resistant structures. Seismic activity, or earthquakes, poses a significant threat to civil engineering structures, and ensuring that buildings can withstand the forces generated during an earthquake is crucial for public safety and infrastructure resilience. Irregular configurations, whether in the building's floor plan or its elevation, are widely acknowledged as significant contributors to failure during seismic events. These irregularities can lead to uneven distribution of forces and stresses, compromising the building's ability to withstand the seismic forces and potentially resulting in structural failure. Soft storeys, typically located at ground levels for various functional purposes, pose challenges in seismic regions due to their lack of sufficient lateral load-resisting elements resulting in excessive lateral deformation and collapse during intensive earthquakes. Hence, the present study investigated the seismic response of irregular reinforced concrete structures possessing stiffness irregularity at ground floor with and without shear walls. A ten-storey regular frame is modified by incorporating vertical irregularity in elevation by increasing the height of the ground floor. The complete structural analysis and modeling are carried out by using the software ETABS 2020. The Time History method is applied, and the study is focused on seismic zones V in India. The performance of structures are compared based on criteria such as storey displacement, storey drift, storey shear and overturning moment. The results lead to the conclusion that a building structure exhibiting stiffness irregularity is prone to instability which is indicated by higher displacement and drift values. Structures incorporating shear walls have demonstrated greater stability compared to structures without shear wall as they exhibited higher base shear values and experienced a reduction in lateral displacement by more than 40%. The presence of shear walls also has enhanced the stability and strength of the structure, showing a linear response during critical earthquakes.

Seismic Evaluation of Retrofitting Technique Using Bracing Systems for Steel Multi-Story Building

A bracing system is the one of effective retrofitting methods for existing high buildings to support the lateral loads. Structural bracings increase the stiffness and stability of the building and the energy dissipation capacity. In this research, the numerical study of retrofitting a multi-story steel building near Imam Ali Holy Shrine in Najaf, Iraq has been conducted. The retrofitting mechanism includes a test of four different bracing systems such as X-bracing, V-bracing, Diagonal-bracing and IV-bracing located in the x and y-axis of the model. The seismic analysis using the elastic response spectrum method was performed for two types of earthquakes, weak and strong. The comparison among different parameters is discussed such as maximum lateral displacement, story drift ratio and base shear values. The seismic load was applied in two axes of the building model simultaneously and the results of the parameters in the x and y-axis were extracted. The results show that the retrofitting using four bracing system types increases the capacity of energy dissipation of the existing building model to seismic load by reducing the maximum lateral displacement in the x-axis by 55%, 44%, 41%, and 30% for X, IV, V and Diagonal-bracing, respectively. However, the X-bracing has a significant increase of the shear base value of the model by 39% and 49% in the x and y-axis, respectively, which means cost-effective compared with the other bracing types. Therefore, the IV-bracing type has an appropriate effect on the strength of the building against seismic load with reasonable cost-effectiveness.

Development of novel high damping rubber damper under axial compression dynamic load for energy-dissipation application

High Damping Rubber (HDR) has been a reliable and durable material used in bearings as seismic isolation devices for several decades. However, there has been no development of HDR as dampers to mitigate structural response caused by earthquake excitations, specifically by dissipating the induced energy applied to structures under direct axial load. This paper aims to address this gap by developing a novel HDR damper utilizing Hyper Elastic Composite Material (HECM) and conducting experimental investigations to determine its damping ratio, compressibility, and elasticity behaviour under axial dynamic compression load for effective dissipation of dynamic loads. The research methodology involved performing response spectrum analysis (RSA) on a model of actual building structures, following the guidelines of National Annex to MS EN 1998–2017. Subsequently, the dampers were incorporated into the model to achieve a seismic base shear value without seismic actions, as determined by the RSA. Full-scale dampers were then developed using three different HECM variants (NR- A, B and C), selected based on their achievement of a damping ratio of more than 10% as bearing isolators using the shear method according to EN 15129:2009 cl. 8.2.4.1.5. The developed dampers underwent testing for damping and wind load in accordance with EN 15129 cl. 7.4.2.7 and cl. 7.4.2.8, respectively, incorporating the testing parameters derived from the model's RSA. Finite element models (FEM) were developed and accurately simulating the hysteresis curves and damping properties of the HDR damper. The properties of HECM in the FEM were derived from the simulation results and can be utilized for future damper design, ensuring compliance with industry requirements. Additionally, an empirical formula will be developed to enable structural designers to estimate the mechanical properties of the tested damper. The testing shows that NR-C HECM damper is able to achieve 10.46% under 1.8 Hz requirement and able to exceed more than10% damping ratio up to frequency 2.3 Hz, thus providing an alternative energy dissipation damper in the building industry.

A Comparative Study of the Seismic Response of Different Concrete Slab Systems for a Multistory Building in Madinah

Seismic analysis is considered as an important aspect of the design of high-rise buildings, particularly in earthquake prone areas. The structural system choice can have a considerable impact on the building seismic response. The goal of this study is to compare the seismic behavior of multiple slab systems used in a multi-story building in Saudi Arabia's Madinah region. This study's goal is to determine the most effective and efficient slab system performance in a seismic zone. The ETABS V20.3 program was used in this work to model and assess the seismic response of three different types of slab systems: flat, solid, and hollow blocks slab types. Many earthquake aspects, including story displacement, base shear, story drifts, column forces, and bending moments, are estimated for each system. The study examines and assesses each system's seismic response, and the conclusions are given and discussed. According to the findings, the choice of slab system has a considerable impact on the seismic reaction of the building. The hollow block system has the least base shear value and bending moments, while the flat slab system has the greatest. The values in the solid slab system are in the middle. In terms of story displacement and column forces, the study additionally indicates that the hollow block type system performs effectively in terms of story drifts, however, the solid slab system outperforms the others. The study's findings can assist designers and engineers to determine the best slab system for multistory buildings in seismic-prone areas by providing important insight and suggestions.

The comparison of X-braced frame and moment frame on structural building (case study: government office of North Toraja, South Sulawesi, Indonesia)

The seismic force can damage the building and harm the occupants. Therefore, its structure needs to be designed seismic-resistant. One of the essential things in seismic-resistant building is the effect of lateral force to its structural rigidity. It can be improved by using the lateral resistant element such as bracing and shear wall. The lateral element used in this study is concentric X-bracing. This study conducted an optional structural model of the office of North Toraja Regent, Panga, South Sulawesi. The building was originally analyzed as a whole unit structure, but it has already rotated in its first mode shape due its irregularity. The comparison analysis is conducted by using the same existing structure configuration, except with the addition of X-bracing. The analysis results of the dynamic response are the fundamental building period, mode shape, base shear, lateral displacement and P-delta effect. The fundamental building period using X-bracing is smaller than moment frame building. It indicates that the use of X-bracing lead to the stiffer building. The use of the X-bracing results in a larger base shear value than the moment-frame building. The difference in base-shear between X-braced frame with moment frame is about 211.77% and 212.10% for seismic force with X-direction and Y-direction respectively.

Performance evaluation of high-rise reinforced concrete buildings under dynamic loading considering different structural systems

With the growing construction of towering structures owing to modernisation and growth in land use, tackling the height and stiffness concerns are now essential. Several structural systems have been developed to withstand various loading scenarios, including framed systems, shear wall systems, braced framed systems, outrigger systems, and diagrid systems. The present investigation employs E-tabs software to accomplish dynamic analyses on a G + 16 story RCC building with regard to every structural system. The variables studied were base shear values, storey shear force values, maximum displacement values, maximum storey drift values, stiffness of storey levels, and time periods. The major goal was to find the most appropriate system among those examined. This study can add to our knowledge concerning building dynamics and helps to make well-versed assessments about prospective high-rise constructions and the findings can be useful in the design of high-rise structures. After accomplishing the study, it was demonstrated that for numerous response parameters, the diagrid structural system proved to be the most successful in managing lateral forces, functioning similarly to the shear-walled model. The diagrid structural system's efficiency in optimising stability and resistance against dynamic loads demonstrates its potential for improving the safety as well as the performance of these structures. Finally, the diagrid system offers potential as a feasible high-rise building choice, providing an efficient and effective response to the issues faced by urbanization-driven vertical expansion.

Time History Analysis of G+15 RCC Building at Different Earthquake Location

Abstract: Now a days multi-storey buildings is the most common word in the construction source, then study of earthquake and analysis of building using earthquake data essential for future safety. In the present paper study of nonlinear dynamic analysis of G+15 storied RCC building considering different locations is carried out and seismic responses of such building are studied. The building under consideration is modelled with the help of Staad Pro software. Three different earthquake data have been used considering at different locations for establishment of relationship between time vs acceleration graphs. The results of the study Shows similar variations pattern in Seismic responses such as base shear and storey displacements, base shear value calculate manually and compare with software value From the study it is recommended that analysis of multi storied RCC building using Time History method becomes necessary to ensure safety against earthquake force.

Shaking‐table test results of a full‐scale free‐standing building with base sliding and rocking

AbstractThis paper present results of shaking‐table tests conducted in 2015 and 2018 on a free‐standing base sliding and rocking system, which allows sliding and uplifting. A full‐scale 10‐story reinforced concrete (RC) building equipped with cast iron plates on the bottom surface of the grade beams was used as a specimen for 2015 and 2018 experiments. In 2018, the static friction coefficients of the specimen were 0.48 and 0.49, which was higher than that of the rustproofed specimens in 2015. In the experiments of 2015 and 2018, the normalized base shear (NBS) values when the sliding length of the building reached ≥1 mm were 0.0035–0.1795 and 0.1744–0.2748, respectively. In the shaking‐table test corresponding to moderate earthquake motions, the 2018 specimen showed almost no lateral movement, whereas the 2015 specimen moved laterally. Therefore, more seismic energy was input into the specimen, and the maximum interstory drift ratio of the 2018 specimen was larger than that of the 2015 specimen. However, when the 50% amplitude excitation results of the 2015 seismic structural system are compared with those of the 2018 free‐standing structural system, the 2018 results are approximately 0.57 times smaller. Thus, a free‐standing structural system with cast iron plates to reduce earthquake energy could reduce damage to buildings. The 2018 specimen satisfies the concept of a free‐standing base sliding and rocking system that does not move laterally during small to moderate earthquake motions but moves laterally during strong earthquake motions to suppress structural damage.

Response of a building structure due to sloshing effect in an overhead water tank

Sloshing is a violent resonant fluid motion in a water tank or any other tank containing liquid. When a fluid moves and interacts with its container, the dynamic pressures of such interaction may cause large deformation in the container wall as well as the supporting structure, which results in failure of the tank. From the available literatures on water tank and sloshing effects on the tank, it was found that, an oscillation of the liquid, may result in negative effects such as deformations and ruptures of the tank walls due to impact. From the literatures, it has been observed that when the earthquake occurs, the tank moves dynamically creating a sloshing effect on the tank’s surface and creating impact loads over the structural parts of the tank, especially on the walls of the tank, generating more stresses and ultimately resulting in critical failure. But at the same time very less work was carried out on the response of the structure due to the sloshing effect in an overhead water tank for pure water inside condition for various a/H ratios (a-height of water inside tank and H-Height of the tank).In the literatures impact loading is not considered, It could be considered along with sloshing effect on structure. According to the various literatures that have been studied in this paper, the study for the creation of structural control devices to manage sloshing has received significant attention recently, particularly focused on reducing the effects of earthquake and wind actions, and it was found that Tuned Liquid Dampers are helpful in this regard. Few of the researchers analyzed various earthquakes, namely, El Centro earthquake, Bhuj earthquake, Washington earthquake, and values of deflections, bending moments, shear forces, base shear values, displacement values, etc., were studied and compared. Even few authors investigated soil-structure interaction and how the sloshing affects the behavior of tank concluding that in stiff soil, effect of sloshing on responses is more. This study is aimed at the gaps that have been made in literature and suggests carry out the analysis for checking the response of a building structure finding due to the sloshing effect in an overhead water tank. This work proposes that, the tank design must be carried out by considering and analyzing the dynamic response of a structure during sloshing, comparing the response of the structure against impact loads, temperature stresses, and other critical loads during sloshing of the water tank by using computational fluid dynamics and response spectrum method or time history method. Also, experimental analysis (shake table analysis) should be carried out to validate the simulation results with the theoretical calculations in terms of displacement, base shear, and the time period.

Performance-based wind design for tall buildings: Review and comparative study

A brief review and state of the art for Performance-Based Wind Design (PBWD) has been presented to provide researchers with clear historic literature on the development of PBWD concepts. The literature clearly emphasizes the main differences between Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) and Performance-Based Wind Design and the challenges incurred. The study presents a brief description of the current prescriptive approaches and the challenges and limitations to their use and the broad wide range of research areas in Performance-Based Design (PBD). It also highlights the nonlinear inelastic response studies for structures subjected to wind loads and the envelope performance for structures. Immense efforts have been made to develop the PBD concepts, and similar to PBSD, the PBWD approach has shown great potential, yet it has several uncertainties that need further investigation. Those PBWD approaches will have a tangible effect on the design concepts and consequently on the design of the fast-growing tall buildings for more resilient communities subjected to extreme wind events and accordingly, more economic designs. Wind tunnels and reliable Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis can help in developing concepts and provide a dynamic load time history which will greatly help in Performance-Based Wind Engineering. The incorporation of field data on non-structural elements' performance during non-synoptic wind incidents (i.e., hurricane and thunderstorm events) into the simulation and analytical models is still under development and shows high potential and promising research outcomes that would help in developing more accurate damage evaluation and serviceability satisfaction. A comparative case study was also presented for the responses under wind and seismic forces. From the study, it can be concluded that PBWD has potential in some cases especially if the governing wind case is the across-wind case, where a significant reduction in base shear and moment values (∼50%) was observed when the building stiffness decreased. On the other hand, when the along-wind load is the governing load case, decreasing the building's stiffness has led to higher base forces (∼100% increase in the responses). However, further investigation is needed to study different aspect ratios and shapes and include more frequency ranges.

Base Isolation Compared to Capacity Design for Long Corner Periods and Pulse-Type Seismic Records

Southern Romania is a geographic region with alluvial deposits. This soil type leads to rather long corner periods and provides as a particularity of the response spectrum an enlarged plateau. These conditions produce large displacement demands. Moreover, pulse-type ground acceleration records make this seismic area more unique. Research on the seismic behaviour of structures built under such unusual conditions is limited and Romanian engineers are not confident to apply alternative solutions such as base isolation. Although capacity design is still the regular design method applied in Romania, modern base isolation solutions may overcome the large displacement demand expectation produced by seismic events and fulfil immediate occupancy requirements. This study presents the seismic performance of an existing hospital from Bucharest, for which two seismic design solutions were applied: (i) classical approach based on capacity design and (ii) base isolation. Both approaches are compared in terms of drift, acceleration and base shear values. Static as well as non-linear dynamic analysis methods were applied.

Seismic performance of post - fire building (case study: Pasar Wage, Banyumas)

On September 21, 2020, the Pasar Wage Building of Kabupaten Banyumas was hit by a fire causing spalling of the concrete and thus exposing the steel reinforcement. This damage can affect the performance and safety of the building. For this reason, an evaluation is needed to determine the performance of the post-fire structure to propose the necessary repair and retrofitting. Investigation and testing in the field were carried out in this study as primary data for seismic performance analysis. Static pushover analysis was carried out to provide information about the structure's collapse performance using damage states of the FEMA P-58 criteria. The seismic performance was then presented with a fragility curve to illustrate the probability of building damage. The results show that the maximum base shear value is 3033 kN with a displacement of 0.063 m. At a target displacement of 0.027 m, the base shear is 2618 kN. The probability of structural damage within a category of extensive is 77% if an earthquake at the Design Basic Eartquake (DBE) level strike the building. The probability of structural damage becomes 50% extensive and 50% complete at the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) level.

Passive Control in Baffled Liquid storage Tank under Bi-directional Earthquakes

A comprehensive study of a 3D baffled concrete liquid storage tank (LST) is conducted to find out the maximum reduction in responses of the LSTs under a set of important parametric variations. They include (i) the type of earthquake; (ii) the optimum position and number of coupled baffles (top-mounted and bottom supported); and (iii) the angle of incidence earthquakes. Further, the percentage reductions of different responses of interest for the optimum baffled LST are investigated. The numerical study is performed in ABAQUS software for a square LST of 6m X 6m X 4.8m having a water height of 3.6m. The response quantities include the maximum mean values of base shear, overturning moment, top board displacement, hydrodynamic pressure, and sloshing height. The results of the study show that (i) with the optimum arrangement of baffles, significant reduction of in the sloshing height can be achieved; (ii) the type of earthquake does not have significant effect response reductions; and (iii) both PGA and angle of incidence of the earthquake have a moderate effect on response reductions.

Pre- and post-simulations of shake-table tests on a stone masonry building aggregate using finite-discrete elements

This work presents the simulations of the non-linear dynamic response of a three-dimensional finite-discrete element model. The model simulates a half-scale masonry building aggregate tested on a shake table by other Authors. The aggregate is made of two un-connected building units having different heights and slightly different wall thicknesses. The floors are made of timber beams and boards. The modelling approach accounts jointly for in-plane and out-of-plane responses, which can be expected given the high flexibility of the floors, and for the separation between the two building units. The simulations are related both to the blind predictions, according to a scheduled testing sequence, and to the post-dictions according to the actual testing sequence and some model calibrations. The prediction model overestimates displacements, underestimates base shear and fairly predicts the damage pattern of comparable experimental runs. The use of the recorded shake table motion improves the accuracy of the post-diction simulations, while still delivering beam unseating. A higher Young’s modulus of the blocks improves markedly the predictions. The strengthening intervention with steel angles connecting floors to walls is only approximately modelled and does not improve the outcomes of the simulations. In summary, the adopted modelling approach is capable of accounting for the pounding between the two building units, predicting the most significant damage as well as estimating approximate average of peak values of base shear and displacements, while individual time histories are less accurately estimated.

Dynamic analysis of RCC framed structure considering effect of viscous dampers and base isolation

Due to the overall scarcity of space and the rising population, high-rise buildings have become more common. Although we have RCC structure solutions fortall structures, the deadweight of RCC structural components is larger owing to the massive dimension of the building's elements and the great densities of material. Engineers are using a superior structural technology called Steel-Concrete Composite Structure after detecting challenges and hurdles in the high-rise construction sector. Concrete, which is beneficial in carrying compressive loading, and steel, which has good tensile strength, are used to create structural components. The combo of such materials increases the ductility of the structure over RCC constructions. Damping is critical in seismic-resistant construction design. The damping measures lessen approaching oscillations on the superstructure itself, hence preventing destruction. Base isolation (BI) is a widely used approach for shielding structures from the disastrous impacts of earthquakes. The placement of an isolation device at the foundation of a structure greatly extends the natural time period of the structure, reducing the potential of resonance frequency and therefore improving the seismic response of buildings. This study analyzes a G + 10 Story building using composite columns, viscous dampers, and base isolation techniques. The focus of the paper is to check the efficacy of viscous dampers and base isolation techniques for controlling the response of the composite column structure. After doing the study, composite columns and viscous damper combination reduce the Story displacement and drift values but increase the base shear values. But this problem can be omitted by using base isolation in combination with these two. After the study, it’s had been found that a combination of composite columns, viscous dampers, and a base isolation mechanism is highly helpful in controlling the seismic response of the structure.

Analysis of RCC Frame Structure with Change in Location of Floating Columns

Abstract: The objective of present study is to analyze and compare the change in location of floating column in R.C.C frame structure. The comparison of both structures is studied by calculating, finding and tabulating comparative values of displacement. The study reflects that with change in structure i.e. the behavior of structure towards earthquake changes, nodal displacement, moment, and base shear values shows drastic changes towards resistivity against seismic forces. The soft computing tool and commercial software STAAD-Pro is used for modeling and analysis also the study done over here thus helps to understand effect of earthquake on structures for achieving stable and safe structure.

Analytical Modelling of T-Shaped Monolithic & Independent RCC Buildings

Abstract: During an earthquake the behaviour of the building depends on its overall shape, size & geometry. Now a day’s many buildings are asymmetric in plan and elevation because everyone wants to win the race of aesthetically beautiful and complex structures. Due to irregular distribution of mass, stiffness and strength, it may cause serious damage in structural system. There are various types of irregularities in the buildings depending upon their location and scope. Mainly two types of irregularities as per IS – 1893 (Part-1)-2002. are a) plan or horizontal irregularities b) vertical irregularities. Irregularity in structure makes analysis of the seismic behaviour very complicated. The objective of present study is to analyze and compare the behaviour of T shape monolithic and independent RCC structure under seismic loading. The comparison of both structures is studied by calculating, finding and tabulating comparative values of displacement, base moments and shear values. The study reflects that with change in structure i.e. the behaviour of structure towards earthquake changes, nodal displacement, moment, and base shear values shows drastic changes towards resistivity against seismic forces. The soft computing tool and commercial software STAAD-Pro is used for modelling and analysis also the study done over here thus helps to understand effect of earthquake on both structures for achieving stable and safe structure

Comparison of capacity curves of reinforced concrete buildings using ADINA moment-curvature element and SAP2000 lumped plasticity model

One of the most important steps in the establishment of the capacity curve using pushover analysis is setting up reasonable member nonlinear properties that control the inelastic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members. The length of the plastic hinge is one of the major effective parameters in such type of analysis when using lumped plasticity models. In this study, the finite element program ADINA which has the capabilities in defining the non-linear properties through the moment-curvature for element, without the need to define the plastic hinge length, was utilized to obtain the capacity curve for three RC buildings. Also, the capacity curve was obtained using the user-defined non-linear hinge properties in SAP2000 software in which the nonlinear elements are defined by assigning plastic hinges at the ends of RC members. The potential differences between capacity curves obtained using the user-defined hinge properties by SAP2000 and the moment-curvature element in ADINA were investigated. Two four-storey and one eight-storey RC frames with different ductility were considered to represent low to medium rise buildings. The results of analysis showed that the base shear capacity obtained by SAP2000 model for different plastic hinge length values were almost identical and the base shear value obtained by ADINA model was little lower than that obtained by SAP2000 models, the variation in base shear capacity ranged between 3.55% and 6.53%. However, the displacement capacity was significantly affected by the value of the plastic hinge length.