Basal Swelling Research Articles

Assisted Migration of Sequoiadendron Genotypes for Conservation and Timber: Performance and Morphology in a Warmer Climate Outside of Their Range

Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia) has a fragmented distribution of 75 groves found along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, USA. Outplanting and range expansion or assisted migration of this iconic species for the objectives of genetic conservation and timber production would be supported by information on growth and morphology to guide seed-collection decisions. We measured and assessed giant sequoia planted as seedlings and clonal stock originating from 22 groves in two common-garden experiments at Foresthill, California, north of the current species range, after 29 growing seasons. Traits examined were tree-size parameters, fluting and asymmetry of the lower stem, basal swelling, fullness of the live crown, epicormic sprouting, and heartwood decay resistance in cut stumps. Performance in terms of tree size after 29 years varied widely among genotypes with different grove origins. Morphology and decay resistance also exhibited some variation according to grove origins. The seedling stock outperformed the clonal stock of the same grove origins in terms of size and is therefore recommended when faster early growth is desired to outcompete other trees or for other management objectives. However, more fluting was exhibited by the larger fast-growing giant sequoia, while fewer seedlings had epicormic sprouts than the clonal stock of the same grove origins. At our warm low-elevation study site, giant sequoia from Mountain Home, Giant Forest, and Converse Basin consistently exhibited above-average growth among other giant sequoia in a pure planting and in an intimate mixture with five common conifer associates. Therefore, seed collected from these three groves should perform relatively well at other locations with a similar climate. When conservation of the species and its genetic diversity is the primary objective, we recommend collecting from a wide range of groves and undertaking assisted migration by planting at multiple locations inside and outside giant sequoia’s range as a hedge against the loss of native groves.

Aphelenchoides koreanus n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from South Korea

Summary Aphelenchoides koreanus n. sp. isolated in Ningbo Port, P.R. China, from Pinus packaging wood from South Korea is described. It is characterised by the female length of 603 (511-687) μm, stout body shape (a = 24.4 (21.9-26.7)). The lateral field has four incisures. The slender stylet is 12.3 (11.7-13.4) μm long and has small basal swellings. The excretory pore is located posterior to the nerve ring. The hemizonid is immediately posterior to excretory pore, but sometimes invisible. The vagina is not sclerotised, and the vulva has strongly protruding lips and lacks a flap. The PUS is well developed and forms ca 30.6-41.9% of the vulva to anus distance. Tail sub-cylindrical, terminus bluntly rounded or slightly pointed, always bearing a very short mucron or a small projection, about 1 μm long. Males absent. The new species belongs to the group 1 category of Aphelenchoides species sensu Shahina. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences confirmed its status as a new species.

Description of Aphelenchoides persicus sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Iran

Abstract During a survey on the soil nematodes, a population of the genus Aphelenchoides was collected around the rhizosphere of persimmon in Guilan Province, Iran. The morphological and molecular characters confirmed the new species, namely A. persicus sp. n. The new species is characterized by a female body length (699–1068 μm), lip region offset from the rest of the body by a slight constriction, lateral fields with six incisures, stylet 12–13.5 μm long, with a clear basal swelling, excretory pore ca 1.5 metacorpal length posterior to base of the metacorpus, post uterine sac elongate, about 4–7 times than the vulval body diameter; conical female tail with a single centrally located mucron with tiny projection close to the tail tip, male body length (663–908 μm), and spicule well developed with rounded condylus, blunt conical rostrum, and a hook-like tip of dorsal limb. The new species belongs to the Group 2 category of Aphelenchoides species and was similar to seven known species with six lateral field incisures, including A. allius, A. chinensis, A. meghalayensis, A. nechaleos, A. paranechaleos, A. parasexlineatus, and A. sexlineatus. The molecular phylogeny based on 28S rDNA revealed that the new species stands close to A. hamospiculatus (MN931591; MN931592) and two unidentified Aphelenchoides (KY769057; LC583315). The measurements, line illustrations, LM photographs, and phylogenetic analysis are given for the new species.

Lipopolysaccharide administration increases the susceptibility of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening via altering adenine nucleotide translocase conformation in the mouse liver.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, induces various biological reactions in vivo. Our previous study suggested that LPS administration disrupts respiratory chain complex activities, enhances reactive oxygen species production, especially in the liver mitochondria, and sensitizes mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening in rats. However, it is unknown whether LPS-induced MPT pore opening in rats is similarly observed in mice and whether the mechanism is the same. LPS administration to mice increased not only cyclosporin A-sensitive swelling (MPT pore opening) susceptibility, but also induced cyclosporin A-insensitive basal swelling, unlike in rats. In addition, respiratory activity observed after adding ADP was significantly decreased. Based on these results, we further investigated the role of adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). Carboxyatractyloside (CATR; an ANT inhibitor) treatment decreased respiratory activity after ADP was added in vehicle-treated mitochondria similarly to LPS administration. Additionally, CATR treatment increased MPT pore opening susceptibility in LPS-treated mitochondria compared to that of vehicle-treated mitochondria. Our study shows that ANT maintained a c-state conformation upon LPS administration, which increased MPT pore opening susceptibility in mice. These results suggest that LPS enhances MPT pore opening susceptibility across species, but the mechanism may differ between rat and mouse.

Bursaphelenchus taedae sp. n. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) – a new species of the eggersi-group in Loblolly pine logs from the USA

Summary Bursaphelenchus taedae sp. n. of the eggersi-group was detected in loblolly pine logs from the USA together with B. antoniae. It is characterised by a relatively small stylet with basal swellings, a lateral field with three lines, and the excretory pore located at the level of the nerve ring. The female has a very small extension of the anterior vulval lip over the vulva (= a ‘vulval flap’), a long PUS extending for 40.1-67.8% of vulva to anus distance, and hook-like tail conical, gradually tapering to a finely rounded or broadly rounded terminus. The male spicules are 17-22 μm long in chord, only slightly ventrally curved, condylus short, truncate, slightly dorsally bent to dorsally hooked, rostrum ca 3-4 μm long, close to the proximal spicule end, without cucullus. Seven genital papillae present. Bursaphelenchus taedae sp. n. can be distinguished from other species of the eggersi-group by morphological and molecular characters.

POTENSI DAN ANALISA BIAYA PENYEDIAAN BIBIT TEBU (Saccharum officinarum L.) UNGGUL SECARA IN VITRO DI PT. GUNUNG MADU PLANTATIONS

<p><em>Sugarcane productivity included cane yield and sugar extracted rate (rendemen) fluctuated annually. The main causes of low sugarcane productivity is quality of planting material with no high sugar extracted rate (sugar rendemen) potential, resistance to pests and diseases, stability production, tolerance to climate changed and early age of harvest. For increasing of the yield productivity and producing a superior sugarcane planting material with competitiveness cost, the vegetative propagation through in vitro culture technique via shoot tip culture was carried out. The objective of this research is to produce a superior sugarcane planting in vitro and analyze the costs required. The research was carried out at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, PT. Gunung Madu Plantations (GMP) in March-May 2021. The research stages started from the preparation of explant source plants, sterilization of explants and tools, manufacture of stock solutions and planting media, subculture, and analysis of the costs needed to provide superior sugarcane seeds. The results showed that the basal swelling of explants, increasing the number of shoots, root elongation, and the method of providing superior sugarcane seeds from apical shoot explants in vitro were relatively more competitive with the price of plantlets per culture tube contained 10 clones costly were Rp. 20,328, compared with conventional propagation methods. with the price of sugar cane seedlings material were Rp 1,603/stem.</em></p>

Bursaphelenchus suri n. sp.: A second Bursaphelenchus syconial parasite of figs supports adaptive radiation among section Sycomorus figs

The nematode genus Bursaphelenchus is a highly divergent group. This genus mainly consists of mycophagous entomophilic species, but some species have specialized as obligate or facultative plant parasites, facultative insect parasites, or exhibit feeding dimorphism (phenotypic plasticity) leading to mycophagous and predatory forms. In the present study, a new Bursaphelenchus species, B. suri n. sp. was isolated from fresh syconia (figs) of Ficus sur and is described and illustrated based on its typological characters and molecular phylogenetic status. The new species is characterized by its highly derived feeding structures found in obligate plant parasites, lip possessing a labial disc and a long and thick stylet with a long conus and extremely well-developed basal swellings. In addition, slender body of both sexes is characteristic of the species. The new species is phylogenetically and typologically closely related to B. sycophilus, i.e., these two species share the characteristic feeding structures and form a well-supported clade within the B. fungivorus group in the genus. Biologically, these two species are both isolated from fresh figs of the section Sycomorus. However, the new species differs from B. sycophilus by the length of the female post-uterine sac and the shape of the male spicule, i.e., the new species has a long post-uterine sac and spicule condylus without dorsal recurvature. Thus, the new species is the second obligate fig parasite of the genus, and the evolutionary relationship between the B. suri n. sp. and B. sycophilus clade and section Sycomorus figs is hypothesized as an example of adaptive radiation with more species to be discovered.

Note : Specialized wing scales in the male of the South African moth Leto venus (Cramer, 1780) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

The presence of erects rows of elongate rod-like scales on the ventral wing surface and hindwing dorsal surface of Leto venus is illustrated and described. The scales lack basal swellings that are indicative of pheromone secretion. The scales may be involved with pheromone dissemination, function in some other manner, or have no discernible function at all in the sense of an environmental interaction that directly affects survival. The form and arrangement of these scales in L. venus is compared with the specialized elongate wing scales of Puermytrans chiliensis (Chile) and Phassodes vitiensis (Fiji).

Eutetrarhynchus pacificus n. sp. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from Raja inornata Jordan & Gilbert (Batoidea: Rajiformes) off the coast of California with comments on congeners.

Eutetrarhynchus pacificus n. sp. is described from the spiral valve of Raja inornata Jordan & Gilbert off the coast of California, USA. The new species is distinguished from E. ruficollis (Eysenhardt, 1829) and E. leucomelanus (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) in having acraspedote rather than craspedote segments and a saccate rather than a branched uterus. It is distinguished from E. platycephali Palm, 2004 in lacking an enlarged hook in the eighth row of the basal armature and from E. beveridgei Schaeffner, 2013, which has a basal swelling and a distinctive basal armature. A partial redescription of E. ruficollis, the type-species of the genus, is provided based on available museum specimens, highlighting the need for a comprehensive redescription of this species to better define the characteristics of the genus. The presence of an undescribed species in museum collections is also noted. Based on the 28S ribosomal gene, the new species clustered with Dollfusiella in a molecular phylogenetic tree. The delimitation of Eutetrarhynchus and its relationship with Dollfusiella is discussed.

Bursaphelenchus paraleoni n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) intercepted in Loblolly pine logs imported into China from the USA

Summary Bursaphelenchus paraleoni n. sp. was isolated from Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, logs from the USA. The new species is characterised by a lateral field with three lines, 13-16 μm long stylet with small basal swellings, and the excretory pore located slightly posterior to the nerve ring. The male spicules are mitten-shaped, the lamina smoothly tapering towards the distal tip. The condylus is broadly rounded, with a small dorsally bent hook, rostrum triangular or conical with finely rounded tip, and cucullus absent. One midventral precloacal papilla, one adcloacal pair and two postcloacal pairs of genital papillae are present. The bursal flap is long and spade-like with the posterior margin truncate or irregular. Females have a small vulval flap 4-6 μm long, a post-vulval uterine sac extending for 34-49% of the vulva to anus distance, a very long tail with slight ventral curvature, mostly filiform and with a finely rounded terminus, occasionally bluntly rounded. Huge variation in the tails of males and females were observed in a culture. It is similar to species of B. eidmanni, B. leoni, and B. silvestris in the leoni-group but detailed phylogenetic analysis based on 18S, ITS and D2-D3 28S sequences confirmed it as a new species.

Bursaphelenchus parayongensis n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from China

Summary Bursaphelenchus parayongensis n. sp. was isolated from packaging wood of a consignment from China exported to Germany. The new species is characterised by the lateral field with three lines, 9-13 μm long stylet with small basal swellings, and the excretory pore located near the posterior part of metacorpus. The male spicules are mitten-shaped, the lamina smoothly tapers towards the distal tip. The condylus is broadly rounded, with a small dorsally bent hook, rostrum triangular with sharply pointed tip, and without cucullus. One precloacal papilla, one adcloacal pair and two postcloacal pairs of male papillae present, with the posteriormost pair forming ‘gland papillae’. Bursal flap long, spade-like with posterior margin truncate or irregular. Females have a small vulval flap of 2-3 μm long, and a post-vulval uterine sac extending for 55-77% of the vulva to anus distance. Tail cylindrical, mostly (about 70%) with a robust mucron, very short to less than 3 μm, but occasionally tail terminus bluntly rounded, without mucron. It is similar to species in subgroup 3 of the eggersi group including B. carpini, B. clavicauda, B. cryphali and B. yongensis, but morphologically different. Detailed phylogenetic analysis based on partial 18S, ITS and D2-D3 region of 28S sequences has confirmed the status of this nematode as a new species.

Morphological and molecular characterization of two species of Neothada Khan, 1973 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from Iran, with notes on N. cancellata.

Three species of the genus Neothada, including N. cancellata, N. hades and N. major, collected from the rhizosphere of mosses in Khuzestan, southwestern Iran, are redescribed and illustrated. Neothada hades and N. major are new records from Iran. Neothada hades has 14 longitudinal incisures excluding the lateral field, body length of 586 (505–674) µm, stylet 10.5 (10.0–10.8) µm in length bearing distinct basal knobs, and an elongated-conical tail 70.4 (65–74) µm long with a finely to bluntly rounded terminus. N. major possesses 18–20 longitudinal incisures excluding the lateral field, body length of 657 (600–728) µm, stylet 10.9 (10.3–11.7) µm long with basal swellings but not distinct knobs, and an elongated-conical tail 78.2 (70–83) µm long ending to a finely to bluntly rounded terminus. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the two species (N. hades and N. major) with 664 bp of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28 S rDNA revealed that they form a clade with N. cancellata.

Supplementary characterisation of Bursaphelenchus leoni Baujard, 1980 (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Pinus massoniana from Zhejiang Province, China, with proposal of B. borealis Korentchenko, 1980 as a junior synonym

Summary Bursaphelenchus leoni is redescribed, using morphology, morphometrics and molecular data, based on a population isolated from dead Pinus massoniana in Zhejiang Province, China. It is characterised by a lateral field with three lines, a 12-15 μm long stylet with small basal swellings, excretory pore located one body diam. posterior to nerve ring, spicules mitten-shaped, dorsally and ventrally arcuate, with lamina smoothly tapering towards broadly rounded distal tip without hook-like process in the Chinese population, condylus broadly rounded with a small dorsally bent hook, rostrum triangle or conical with finely rounded tip. The bursal flap is long, spade-like with posterior margin truncate or irregular. A 2-3 μm long vulval flap is present. The female tail is long and conical (c′ = 5.3-6.9), with the terminus finely rounded, or occasionally pointed. The Zhejiang population of B. leoni is close to B. eidmanni and B. silvestris, which all belong to the leoni-group sensu Braasch et al. (2009). Comparison with the description of B. borealis led to the conclusion that B. leoni and B. borealis are conspecific, the latter being regarded as a junior synonym of the former.

Ektaphelenchoides shiroodensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Ektaphelenchinae) a new member of the genus

Summary Ektaphelenchoides shiroodensis n. sp. is described and illustrated based upon morphological, morphometric and molecular data. It was recovered from the bark samples of a dead alder tree (Alnus sp.) from countryside around Shirood city, Mazandaran province, in the north of Iran. The new species is characterised by 768-985 μm long females, its lip region separated from the body contour by constriction, lateral field with three barely visible lines, forming two weak bands, 26-29 μm long stylet with wide lumen without conophore and basal swellings, excretory pore always at the level with median bulb, post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) 43-76 μm long, elongate conoid posterior body region ending to a long filiform part with pointed tip, males common with dorsally convex conical tail ending to a short narrower region with pointed tip, seven precloacal + cloacal + caudal papillae and arcuate spicules with wide condylus, blunt rostrum and simple end. Based upon the similar posterior body region (‘tail’) and comparable PUS length, the new species was compared to three known species, viz., E. attenuata, E. hunti and E. pini. Comparisons with the aforementioned species and similar species under the genus Seinura are discussed. The phylogenetic affinities of the new species, based upon two partial small and large subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU and LSU rDNA D2-D3) sequences, are discussed. Furthermore, several ektaphelenchid and seinurid species previously described from Iran were recovered in the present study, sequenced for their aforementioned genomic markers, and included in the phylogenetic analyses.

Molecular and morphological characterization of Ektaphelenchoides maafiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae) from northern forests of Iran

AbstractEktaphelenchoides maafiae n. sp. was isolated during a survey of nematodes associated with bark samples of an oak tree (Quercus castaneifolia) in Gorgan, Golestan Province, northern Iran. The new species has a body length of 480–546 μm (in females) and 431–480 μm (in males). The cuticle is weakly annulated, with three lateral lines. Lip region offset. The stylet is 13–15 μm long without basal swellings. The excretory pore is located at the level of the metacorpus base to slightly posterior, and hemizonid is at 15–17 μm posterior to the excretory pore. The post‐uterine sac is short, 6–8 μm long. Spicules having rounded condylus, rostrum short, conical with bluntly pointed tip, a cucullus (apophysis) presented on the dorsal distal end. Male tail bearing four (2 + 2) caudal papillae, conical, with sharply pointed terminus. The new species is close to four known species of the genus, including E. hunti, E. ruehmi, E. caspiensis and E. poinari, but differs from them by body size, shape of tail terminus, stylet length, shape and size of spicules, length of post‐vulval uterine sac and number of caudal papillae. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit (SSU) and partial large subunit (LSU) sequences of rDNA confirmed its status as a new species.

Bursaphelenchus pterocarpi n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Pterocarpus sp. imported into China from Ghana

Summary Bursaphelenchus pterocarpi n. sp. isolated from Pterocarpus sp. logs imported from Ghana to Ningbo, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterised by a female body length of 630-946 μm, lateral field with four lines, a short 12.6-13.9 μm long stylet with small basal swellings, excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring, outstretched reproductive system with amoeboid sperm inside the spermatheca, a well-developed vulval flap, tail conical and straight with a 1.9-4.8 μm long mucron at the tip, and lacking males in both the wild type and fungal-cultured populations. In a concatenated tree, reconstructed on the basis of the partial 18S, full length ITS and partial 28S rDNA D2-D3 sequences, the new species occupied a basal placement to the clade of xylophilus-group and africanus-group species.

Description of Ektaphelenchus cupressi n. sp. (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae) from Iran

Summary Ektaphelenchus cupressi n. sp. was isolated during a survey of nematodes associated with bark samples of a dead cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirens) in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The new species is characterised by a female body length of 612 (520-693) μm, stylet 17-19 μm long with wide lumen and lacking basal swellings, head region hemispherical in lateral view and slightly offset from the body contour by a shallow constriction, three incisures in the lateral field, excretory pore situated anterior to level of metacorpus valve, hemizonid not seen, post-uterine sac 29-35 μm long, shape of the tail terminus, and arrangement of the male caudal papillae. By a combination of morphological characters, e.g., stylet without knobs or swellings at the base, short conical tail, PUS length, and only a vestigial anus and rectum in most individuals, the new species shares similarities with species belonging to three genera, i.e., Anomyctus, Ektaphelenchus, and Seinura. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit (SSU) and partial large subunit (LSU) sequences of rDNA confirmed its status as a new species.

Description of Aphelenchoides tabarestanensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Pinus brutia in Northern Iran

Summary Aphelenchoides tabarestanensis n. sp. was isolated during a survey of nematodes associated with bark samples of pine trees (Pinus brutia) in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The new species is characterised by body length of 656 (580-786) μm (females) and 490 (480-500) μm (males), weakly annulated cuticle, four lines in the lateral field, and an offset lip region. The stylet is 10.5 (10-11) μm long and has small basal swellings. The excretory pore is located at nerve ring level and the hemizonid was not seen. The post-vulval uterine sac is 40.8 (38-43) μm long, the spicules are relatively short (18-19 μm in dorsal limb), and the male tail has the usual three pairs of caudal papillae (2 + 2 + 2). The female tail is subcylindrical with two or three minute processes at the tip. The new species belongs to the Group 3 category of Aphelenchoides species and is close to seven known species of the genus, namely: A. asteromucronatus, A. besseyi, A. fujianensis, A. goodeyi, A. ritzemabosi, A. siddiqii, and A. stellatus, but differs by body size, shape of tail mucron, stylet length, size of spicules, and length of post-vulval uterine sac. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit (SSU) and partial large subunit (LSU) sequences of rRNA supported the morphological results.

Hispidorhynchus styracurae n. sp. (Trypanorhyncha: Eutetrarhynchidae) From the Chupare Stingray, Styracura schmardae (Werner), from the Caribbean Sea, Including New Records of Oncomegas wageneri (Linton, 1890).

Species of the eutetrarhynchid genus Hispidorhynchus Schaeffner and Beveridge, 2012 possess an uncinate macrohook on the bothrial surface of the basal swelling of each tentacle. This unique feature of the oncotaxy is only shared with the closely related genus Oncomegas Dollfus, 1929 . A new species of Hispidorhynchus is described from specimens infecting Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904) (Potamotrygonidae) from the western Caribbean Sea off the coast of Belize and Panama. Hispidorhynchus styracurae n. sp. differs from its 3 congeners in the possession of smaller and narrower bulbs, fewer principle hooks in the metabasal armature, size of the macrohook, and different scolex proportions. Scanning electron microscopy reveals new information on the microthrix morphology of the genus. A diagnostic key for the differentiation of species of Hispidorhynchus is provided. In addition, new host and locality records are reported for Oncomegas wageneri ( Linton, 1890 ) Dollfus, 1929 , collected from Hypanus guttatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) (Dasyatidae) off the coast of Maceió, Alagoas (Brazil). This considerably expands the geographical distribution of this species in the western Atlantic Ocean.

On the morphology and phylogeny of Robustodorus Andrássy, 2007 and two ‘Aphelenchoides’ species (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidinae)

SummaryIn a survey of nematode damage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) (Fabaceae) production areas in the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, a nematode was recovered and initially believed to be a member of the genusRobustodorus,i.e., the species has a characteristic robust stylet with very well-developed teardrop-shaped (garlic bulb-like) basal swellings. The specimens were recovered in large numbers from damaged hulls and kernels of field-collected groundnuts and, after thorough morphological and molecular studies, were subsequently identified asAphelenchoides arachidis. Molecular analysis based on near-full-length small subunit (SSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA genes supported the monophyly ofA. arachidis,A. subtenuisandR. megadoruswithin the subfamily Aphelenchoidinae. Based on the typological characters observed in the present study compared with descriptions in the literature, these three species are considered as congeneric,i.e., they share very well-developed basal swellings of the stylet. Accordingly, these twoAphelenchoidesspecies are transferred toRobustodorusasR. arachidisn. comb. andR. subtenuisn. comb. In addition, the male tail characters ofRobustodorusandAphelenchoidesare discussed.