Basal Ileal Endogenous Losses Research Articles

Determination of Plasma Metabolites and Basal Ileal Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Growing Pigs Fed a Nitrogen-Free or Casein Diet.

The nitrogen-free diet (NFD) method for determining basal ileal endogenous losses (BEL) of amino acids (AA) has been associated with different metabolic abnormalities that can affect the accurate determination of BEL. Consequently, the use of highly digestible proteins has been suggested. This study aimed to determine the metabolic status and BEL of AA in pigs fed either an NFD or a casein (CAS) diet. Eight cannulated, castrated male pigs (39.8 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 crossover design. An NFD diet based on corn starch, dextrose, cellulose, oil, vitamins and minerals was used. The CAS diet was equivalent, but 18% of the corn starch was replaced with casein. Pigs were fed one of the diets for a 7-day period, and blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each period to determine plasma metabolites. Ileal digesta samples were collected on Days 6 and 7 to estimate the BEL of the AA. Results indicated that plasma albumin was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the CAS diet, whereas creatinine and LDL levels were higher (p < 0.03) in pigs fed the NFD. No significant differences were observed in the levels of other plasma metabolites. The BEL of protein did not differ between diets. However, in pigs fed the CAS diet, the BEL of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, histidine, threonine, alanine, tyrosine and valine significantly increased (p < 0.05), while isoleucine showed a tendency to increase (p = 0.06). In conclusion, NFD did not significantly affect energy and lipid metabolism in pigs. However, the decrease in albumin synthesis and increase in plasma creatinine levels indicate that pigs fed NFD have a negative protein balance, affecting the estimation of the BEL of AA. Therefore, it is essential to consider the metabolic state of animals when estimating the BEL of AA.

Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility and performance indices in pullets and laying hens fed expeller-pressed Canadian prairie soybean meal

Soybean meals (SBM) from different locations differ in their protein content, subsequently influencing their amino acid (AA) profile. In this study, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and growth or production performance were evaluated in pullets and hens fed SBM derived from soybean grown in Western Canada, primarily Manitoba (MB) labelled as A-, B- and C-SBM compared with that from Eastern Canada (Ontario, ON-SBM) and contained 38.3 ± 0.44, 38.6 ± 0.61, 39.4 ± 0.49, or 44.0 ± 0.87% CP, respectively. A N-free diet was used to determine basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The study included the grower, developer, and layer phases (9-12, 13-16, and 44/59-64-wk old birds, respectively). Although a lower (P = 0.029) SID for cysteine was noted in the grower phase for the C-SBM compared with other SBM, the developer phase had higher (P < 0.05) SID for methionine, phenylalanine, cysteine (more by 4.4, 2.4 and 7.2% units, respectively) on average for SBM samples from MB compared with the ON-SBM. Regardless the source of the SBM, no difference in SID of AA was noted in the layer phase. Overall, in all phases the SID values of most AA in the SBM from MB were comparable with the ON-SBM, which may be linked to higher values of these AA per unit of protein content in the former source. In addition, the growth performance including feed intake, BW gain and feed conversion ratio in pullets, and egg production/quality in layers were similar between treatments. These findings show that the MB-SBM have a comparable feeding value with the ON-SBM, hence represent a suitable alternative protein source for poultry.

Autoclaving time-related reduction in amino acid digestibility of poultry meal in broiler chickens and growing pigs.

Poultry meal, a rendered byproduct of poultry slaughter, is a valuable protein source in swine and poultry diets because of its highly digestible protein content and balanced amino acid (AA) profile. Rendering of poultry meal may reduce its AA digestibility because of heat damage to the byproduct. The effect of heat damage on AA digestibility of poultry meal may be different between broiler chickens and growing pigs. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of autoclaving time on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in poultry meal fed to broiler chickens and growing pigs. Poultry meal from the same batch was autoclaved at 134°C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180min to produce seven heat-treated samples. Eight experimental diets were formulated. Poultry meal served as the sole source of nitrogen in seven diets that each contained one of the heat-treated byproducts and a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to assess basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. In experiment 1, 656 male broiler chickens (initial body weight = 719 ± 97g) at day 18 post hatching were assigned to the eight diets in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor. On day 23, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and dissected for the collection of ileal digesta. In experiment 2, 16 barrows (initial body weight = 23.3 ± 0.7kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to a duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with the eight diets and four periods. Each experimental period consisted of 5-day adaptation and 2-day ileal digesta collection periods. Data for experiments 1 and 2 were pooled and analyzed as a 2 × 7 factorial treatment arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., pigs and broiler chickens) and autoclaving time (i.e., 0 to 180min) as the two factors. Increasing autoclaving time decreased SID of nitrogen and all AA in both species, but the decrease in SID values except for leucine was greater (interaction, P < 0.05) or tended to be greater in pigs compared with broiler chickens. Given the species differences in AA utilization response to the severity of heat damage, target species should be considered when using SID of AA values of poultry meal in diet formulation.

Amino acid standardized ileal digestibility together with concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and soybean meal for gestating sows.

The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) plus crude protein (CP), in addition to digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations, was assessed through two experiments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) combined with soybean meal (SBM) for gestating sows. SCY and SBM were subjected to experiment 1 for the determination of CP and AAs in terms of SID. Under a randomized complete block design, three dietary treatments were provided for a total of 24 Landrace × Yorkshire gestating sows (parity 2), with the distal ileum clipped by a T-cannula at gestational day 33 based on body weight (BW) (194.1 ± 7.1, 195.3 ± 8.5, and 195.3 ± 8.6kg). SCY and SBM were used as the only source of nitrogen to prepare two semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet was also utilized to examine CP plus AAs for basal ileal endogenous losses. The gestating sows were initially fed these diets for 5 d to allow for adaptation, and ileal digesta was collected 2 d later for analysis. CP and all AAs in SCY, except for Trp and Gly, showed significantly lower SID than those in SBM (P < 0.05). Among the essential AAs, the range of SID was 68.8% for Thr to 92.2% for Arg in dried yeast, and from 79.9% for Thr to 98.6% for Met in SBM. DE plus ME were measured via experiment 2 with a randomized complete block design on SCY and SBM. Eighteen day-35 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant sows (parity 3) were allocated to three diets based on BW (233.3 ± 16.0, 233.4 ± 9.6, and 233.4 ± 10.3kg). Three diets were adopted for the experiment, namely, a corn-based diet as well as two diets containing 20.2% SCY and 20.0% SBM samples. The full fecal collection method, comprising a 5-day adaptation period before a 5- to 6-d experimental period for quantitative urine and feces collection, was employed for metabolic trials. The DE and ME for SCY were remarkably decreased compared with those for SBM (3812 kcal/kg DM vs. 4264 kcal/kg DM and 3714 kcal/kg DM vs. 4157 kcal/kg DM), respectively (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter, CP, and gross energy between SCY and SBM, but ATTD was significantly reduced in SCY for acid detergent fiber, dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber by contrast with SBM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, most AAs and CP in SCY had lower SID, DE, and ME than SBM in this study. These findings can be applied to diet formulation with the aforementioned ingredients for sows.

Comparison of amino acid digestibility in soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and low-gossypol cottonseed meal between broilers and laying hens.

This study aimed to determine and compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) fed to broiler chickens and laying hens. Three semi-purified diets containing the identical crude protein concentration at 20% were formulated to contain SBM, CSM, or LCSM as the sole source of N. A N-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA for broilers and hens. A total of 300 male Ross 308 chicks at one-day-old and 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 30-week-old with initial egg production rate of 88.3 ±1.0% were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments, respectively. CSM and LCSM showed more Arg and Cys+Met while less Lys, Ile, Leu and Thr relative to SBM. Significant interactions existed between species and experimental diets for AID (except for Arg, Asp, Glu, Gly and Pro) and SID (except for Arg, His, and Phe) of most AA. Most AA in diets showed higher AID (except for Lys) and SID (except for Lys, Met, and Ser) in broilers relative to laying hens. The AID and SID of all AA were significantly different between the three diets. In broilers, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg in SBM and LCSM was higher than CSM. In laying hens, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg, Met+Cys, and Phe in SBM was higher than CSM and LCSM. The accurate determination of AID and SID of AA in CSM and LCSM for broilers and layers benefits the application of CSM and LCSM in chicken diets. The cottonseed by-products CSM or LCSM showed the species-specific AA digestibility values for broilers and layers.

P92 Effect of increasing level of calcium on basal ileal endogenous amino acid losses in cannulated pigs fed nitrogen-free diets

P92 Effect of increasing level of calcium on basal ileal endogenous amino acid losses in cannulated pigs fed nitrogen-free diets

Nutrient digestibility of heat- or heat plus citric acid-pretreated dried distillers grains with solubles for pigs

A study was conducted to determine the effects of pretreating whole stillage (WS) with heat or heat plus diluted citric acid on nutrient digestibility of the resulting dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) for growing pigs. The WS was untreated or pretreated with heat (160 °C at 70 psi for 20 min) alone (heat) or with the heat plus citric acid (12 g/L; heat+CA) at 70 psi for 20 min. Untreated and pretreated WS were paddle-dried before their inclusion in diets. Five diets were fed. The diets were cornstarch-based containing DDGS, untreated WS, heat-pretreated WS, or heat+CA -pretreated WS as the sole source of protein; and N-free diet, which was included for estimation of basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The DDGS diet was included for comparison. The 5 diets were fed to 10 ileal-cannulated barrows (57 ± 1.53 kg body weight) in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square to give 10 replicates/diet. On dry matter basis, DDGS contained 307 g/kg crude protein (CP), 37.1 g/kg starch, 31.1 g/kg ether extract (EE), and 342 g/kg neutral detergent fiber; whereas untreated WS contained 369.4 g/kg crude protein, 45.1 g/kg starch, 90.4 g/kg EE, and 364.6 g/kg neutral detergent fiber. Pretreatment of WS with heat or CA improved (P < 0.05) coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of gross energy (GE) in diet from 0.742 to 0.823 or to 0.797, respectively; and CAID of CP in diet from 0.782 to 0.847 or to 0.820, respectively, respectively. Pretreatment of WS with heat or heat+CA did not affect coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of GE in diet. The untreated WS diet had lower (P < 0.05) CAID and CATTD of GE by 4% and 2% compared to DDGS, respectively. Pretreatment of WS with heat or heat+CA increased (P < 0.05) DE value of the WS. Pretreatment of WS with heat or heat+CA reduced (P < 0.05) CAID of all indispensable amino acids (except threonine) by at least 2.91%. In conclusion, pretreatment of WS with heat or heat+CA improved energy digestibility, but reduced amino acid digestibility. Thus, pretreatment and drying of WS at conditions employed in the current study can improve energy value, but reduce amino acid availability of the resulting DDGS for pigs.

Digestibility of amino acids in fish meal and blood-derived protein sources fed to pigs.

ObjectiveAn experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fish meal (FM) and blood-derived protein sources including spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), porcine red blood cells (PRBC), and blood meal (BM) fed to growing pigs.MethodsTen barrows (mean initial body weight of 22.1±1.54 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicated 5×4 incomplete Latin square design with 5 experimental diets and 4 periods. Four experimental diets were prepared to contain FM, SDPP, PRBC, or BM as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was prepared and included to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. For the 7-day experimental period, pigs were fed for 5 days as adaptation, and ileal digesta samples were collected for 9 hours on days 6 and 7.ResultsThe SID of crude protein in BM (48.0%) was less (p<0.05) than in FM, SDPP, and PRBC (83.4%, 83.9%, and 87.3%, respectively). Pigs fed the diet containing BM had less (p<0.05) SID of AA, except isoleucine and proline, than those fed the diet containing FM, SDPP, or PRBC. Among FM, SDPP, and PRBC, there was no difference in the SID of crude protein and all AA, except isoleucine. The SID of isoleucine in PRBC and BM (62.7% and 48.3%, respectively) was less (p<0.05) than in FM and SDPP (88.0% and 84.9%, respectively). The SID of lysine in FM, SDPP, PRBC, and BM was 85.4%, 84.9%, 89.7%, and 51.9%, respectively.ConclusionThe SID of most AA was not different among FM, SDPP, and PRBC, but BM had lower SID of most AA than FM, SDPP, and PRBC.

141 Relationship Between Dietary Fiber and Basal Ileal Endogenous Losses of Amino Acids in Growing Pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of sources or concentrations of dietary fiber in nitrogen-free diets (NFD) on basal ileal endogenous losses (BEL) of amino acids (AA) and subsequent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in feed ingredients for pigs derived from such BEL. In Exp. 1, 20 pigs (initial body weight = 46.5 ± 2.97 kg) were assigned to five diets in a quadruplicate 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with two periods. Three NFD containing cellulose (insoluble and fermentable fiber), inulin (soluble and fermentable fiber), or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC; soluble and non-fermentable fiber) at 40 g/kg plus two diets containing soybean meal (SBM) or wheat distillers’ dried grains (WDDG) as the sole source of nitrogen were prepared. Pigs fed NFD containing CMC had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) BEL of AA, except for Arg and Pro, than those fed the other NFD. The SID of most AA in SBM and WDDG corrected by BEL of AA from NFD containing CMC were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than those corrected by BEL of AA from the other NFD. Experiment 2 was conducted with 21 barrows (initial body weight = 34.1 ± 2.57 kg) assigned to seven diets in a triplicate 7 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 3 periods. Seven diets consisted of three NFD containing 4, 8, or 12 g/kg cellulose and four diets containing corn, wheat, SBM, or canola meal as the sole source of nitrogen. There was no difference in the BEL of AA, except for Pro, among pigs fed NFD with increasing concentration of cellulose. The SID of AA in test ingredients were not affected by BEL of AA from NFD containing increasing concentration of cellulose. In conclusion, chemical characteristics of dietary fiber, but not concentration, affect the BEL of AA in pigs.

170 Energy values and digestibility of amino acids in dried yeast and soybean meal fed to pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.7 ± 1.01 were assigned to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A basal diet was prepared to contain corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 or 10 g/kg DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet to estimate the DE and ME in test ingredients by regression analysis. On a dry matter basis, estimated DE and ME in DY were 4,022 and 3,352 kcal/kg, respectively, and those in SBM were 3,876 and 3,601kcal/kg, respectively. There was no difference in estimated DE or ME between DY and SBM. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (initial BW = 20.0 ± 1.31 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two diets were prepared to contain DY or SBM as the sole source of nitrogen, and a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to determine the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The SID of AA, except for Gly and Pro, in SBM were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in DY. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.7% for Thr to 86.1% for Arg, whereas those in SBM ranged from 84.8% for Thr to 92.3% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values in DY was comparable with SBM, but the SID of most AA in DY were less than in SBM.

Digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations and amino acid digestibility of dried yeast and soybean meal for growing pigs.

Energy values and amino acid (AA) digestibility of dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) were determined in 2 experiments with growing pigs. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in DY and SBM. Thirty barrows with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.6 kg (SD = 1.04) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A reference diet was prepared with corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5% and 10% DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the reference diet. The ratio of corn, canola meal, and soybean oil was kept consistent across the experimental diets. Each experimental period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 5-d quantitative collection of feces and urine. Test ingredient-associated DE or ME intake (kcal/d) was regressed against test ingredient intake [kg dry matter (DM)/d] to estimate the DE or ME in test ingredients as the slope of linear regression model. The DE in DY was estimated at 3,933 kcal/kg DM, which was not different from the estimated DE in SBM at 4,020 kcal/kg DM. Similarly, there was no difference between DY and SBM in the estimated ME (3,431 and 3,756 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in DY and SBM. Twenty-one barrows with a mean initial BW of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.31) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two semi-purified diets containing DY or SBM as the sole nitrogen source and one nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were prepared. The NFD was used to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Pigs were fed the 3 diets for 5 d as adaptation, followed by 2 d of feeding with ileal digesta collection. The SID of AA, except Gly and Pro, in DY was less (P < 0.05) than in SBM. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.1% for Thr to 85.2% for Arg, and those in SBM ranged from 83.9% for Thr to 91.8% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values of DY are not different from those of SBM, whereas AA in DY is less digestible than in SBM. The estimated DE and ME as well as the SID of AA in DY and SBM can be used in diet formulation for growing pigs using these ingredients.

Additivity of apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of phosphorus in corn and canola meal mixed diets; basal endogenous loss of phosphorus responses to phytase and age in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT 1. The additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of phosphorus (P) in mixed diets containing corn and canola meal (CCM) with or without phytase supplementation and the impact of age on the basal ileal endogenous loss (BEL) of P were investigated in broiler chickens. 2. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial with two ages (13 d or 21 d post hatching), three diets (corn, canola meal, or CCM), and two phytase levels (0 or 1,000 FYT/kg diet) in a randomised complete block design. There were eight or six birds per cage at 13 d and 21 d of age, respectively, and six replicate cages per treatment, with a total of 588 birds. A P-free diet (PFD) treatment was included at each age to determine the basal endogenous loss (BEL) of P. 3. Birds were fed a commercial starter diet from d 1 to d 10 or d 18 and then fed the experimental diets for 3 d until d 13 or d 21, respectively. Predicted digestibility values calculated from the individual feed ingredients were used to test additivity in the mixed diets. Chromium oxide was included in diets as an indigestible marker. 4. The ileal digesta, collected from birds at d 13 or d 21, was used to determine nutrient digestibility. 5. The AID and SID of P at d 13 was higher (P < 0.01) when compared with older birds at d 21, regardless of dietary phytase supplementation. Regardless of age or phytase supplementation, AID and SID of P were additive, as there were no differences between predicted and determined values in the mixed diets. The BEL of P (g/kg DM intake) in birds at d 13 was higher (P < 0.05) than birds at d 21 (0.197 vs. 0.159). 6. In conclusion, age had an impact on the BEL of P and the utilisation of minerals in the diets. The apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of P in the mixed diet containing corn and canola meal were additive, regardless of age or phytase supplementation.

Additivity of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of phosphorus in mixed diets containing corn and soybean meal fed to broiler chickens

Phosphorus (P) is an integral part of diet formulation for broiler chickens as P is required for various biochemical processes essential to life. A study was designed to examine the additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P in mixed diets containing corn and soybean meal (SBM) with or without phytase supplementation. Birds were fed a commercial starter diet from day 0 to 21 after hatching and then allotted to 7 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with the BW as a blocking factor. Four semipurified diets were prepared to contain corn or SBM as the sole source of P with or without the addition of phytase at 1,000 phytase units/kg of diet. Two mixed diets were also prepared to contain corn and SBM with or without the addition of phytase at 1,000 phytase units/kg diet. A P-free diet (PFD) was formulated to determine the basal ileal endogenous loss of P. There were 16 replicate cages of the PFD and 8 replicate cages of the 6 experimental diets, with 8 birds per replicate cage for a total of 512 birds. Diets were fed for 3 d. The ileal digesta of birds were collected from the distal two-thirds of the ileum on day 24 after hatching. The SID of P in corn and SBM were 52.2 and 65.4%, respectively (SEM = 1.37). The addition of phytase improved (P < 0.05) both the AID and SID of P in the corn, SBM, and mixed diets. The determined AID or SID in the corn and SBM with or without phytase was used to predict the AID or SID in the mixed diets. There were no differences between the predicted and determined digestibility values in the mixed diets for either AID or SID of P and thus additive. Phytase supplementation of the mixed diet did not influence the additivity of AID or SID. In conclusion, the AID or SID of P in the corn and SBM was additive in the mixed diets containing corn and SBM with or without the addition of phytase.

Basal ileal endogenous losses of amino acids in pigs determined by feeding nitrogen-free diet or low-casein diet or by regression analysis

The aim of this study was to compare the basal ileal endogenous losses (BEL) of amino acids (AA) in pigs determined by feeding nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or low-casein diet (LCD) or by regression analysis. Barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 50.5 ± 4.46 kg were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum prior to the experiment. A triplicate 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design was applied with 3 blocks of BW, 6 pigs per block, 6 dietary treatments, and 3 experimental periods. Four of the 6 dietary treatments were used in the current study. The NFD was prepared based on cornstarch and dextrose, and casein was added at 0, 60, 100, or 140 g/kg to NFD at the expense of cornstarch. The diet containing 60 g/kg casein was considered as LCD in further analysis. In each experimental period, pigs were adapted to the experimental diets for 5 days followed by 2 days of ileal digesta collection. The BEL of AA in pigs fed NFD and LCD were estimated based on the assumption that the contents of AA in ileal digesta samples completely originated from pigs. The concentration of ileal apparent digestible AA in diets containing casein was determined and regressed against the concentration of AA in diets to estimate the BEL of AA as y-intercept. The BEL of isoleucine, glutamate, and serine in pigs fed LCD were greater (P < 0.05) than those in pigs fed NFD but were not different from the values estimated by regression analysis. There was no difference in the BEL of the other AA among the 3 methods. In conclusion, the BEL of AA, except isoleucine, glutamate, and serine, could be estimated by feeding NFD or LCD or by regression analysis.

Amino acid digestibility in housefly and black soldier fly prepupae by growing pigs

An experiment was conducted with the objectives of determining the coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) and the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of amino acids (AA) in housefly (HF) and black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae meal by growing pigs. Ten pigs fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum with an average initial body weight of 25.05 kg were housed individually in metabolism cages equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. The pigs were randomly assigned each to one of two diets formulated to contain 976.7 g/kg of HF or BSF as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free (N-free) diet was also formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous loss (BEL) of AA. All experimental diets contained 2 g/kg titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. The daily feed allowance was offered in three equal meals that were fed at 0830, 1400 and 1930 h. Each experimental period lasted for 7 days, the initial 4 d for diet acclimation, followed by 3 d for ileal digesta collection and the digesta samples were collected continuously for 12 h. The CIAD of all AA for HF and BSF are more than 0.726 and 0.641, respectively. The values for the CISD of all AA range from 0.870 to 1.608 and from 0.767 to 1.177 for HF and BSF, respectively. Moreover, the values for the CIAD of all AA in HF are greater (P < 0.05) than in BSF. The dispensable AA account for the most proportion of the endogenous fraction and the BEL of proline is the greatest. The values for the CISD of all AA except methionine and cysteine in HF are also greater (P < 0.05) than in BSF. It is concluded that the digestibility of all AA in HF is greater than in BSF in pig.

PSIV-24 Comparison of amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients for mini and commercial pigs

Abstract The objectives were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating SID of feed ingredient for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Six 11-week-old crossbred commercial pigs (31.5 ± 1.6 kg of BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and six 20-week-old mini pigs (31.0 ± 3.2 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were individually housed in pens and all pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Each pig breed was assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a 5 × 10 incomplete Latin square design involving 10 periods, respectively. Four diets were prepared to contain soybean meal, corn gluten feed, copra meal, and sesame expellers as the sole source of N. An N-free diet was formulated to estimate basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. There were no interactions between breed and feed ingredient for the digestibility of CP and AA. The digestibility of CP and AA, except Arg, His, Val, and Pro, were not different between mini pigs and commercial pigs. Prediction equations for SID CP and AA of commercial pigs using SID value of mini pigs were: SID of CP (%) = (1.02 × SID of CP in mini pigs) – 5.20 with r2 = 0.97 and P &lt; 0.05; SID of Lys (%) = (1.12 × SID of Lys in mini pigs) – 9.10 with r2 = 0.98 and P &lt; 0.05; and SID of Met (%) = (1.08 × SID of Met in mini pigs) – 4.27 with r2 = 0.96 and P &lt; 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating AA digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in corn condensed distiller’s solubles and whole stillage for pigs

The immense growth in global bioethanol production has greatly increased the supply of by-products such as whole stillage and condensed distiller’s solubles, which could be potentially used for animal feeding. The objective of this experiment was to determine apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SID) of crude protein and amino acids in corn condensed distiller’s solubles (CCDS) and corn whole stillage (CWS) when fed to pigs. A total of 18 finishing barrows with an average initial body weight 79.4 ± 4.5 kg and a simple T cannula in the distal ileum were used in this experiment. Two test diets were formulated with CCDS or CWS as the sole source of amino acids, and a nitrogen free diet was used for estimation of basal ileal endogenous losses of crude protein and amino acids. The direct procedure was employed for calculation of AID and SID in the two by-products. Compared with CWS, CCDS had higher SID of crude protein (0.864 vs. 0.796; P = 0.03) and lysine (0.821 vs. 0.743, P = 0.10), but lower SID of methionine (0.730 vs. 0.831, P = 0.009), and similar SID of threonine (0.762 vs. 0.710, P = 0.26), tryptophan (0.862 vs. 0.863, P = 0.98), and cysteine (0.675 vs. 0.686, P = 0.74). The information generated from this experiment can be used for formulation of swine diets containing these two ethanol by-products.

Amino acid digestibility in plant protein sources fed to growing pigs.

ObjectiveThe objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 11 plant protein sources fed to growing pigs.MethodsEleven feed ingredients used were sesame meal, two sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced in the Republic of Korea, a source of SBM produced in India, high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), perilla meal, canola meal, copra meal, corn germ meal, palm kernel expeller, and tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG). Experimental diets were prepared to contain each test ingredient as a sole source of AA, and a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Twelve barrows surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum with an initial body weight of 29.0 kg (standard deviation = 3.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A 12×9 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 experimental diets, 12 animals, and 9 periods. After a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 in each experimental period.ResultsValues for apparent ileal digestibility of most indispensable AA in three sources of SBM were greater compared with other test ingredients except HPDDG and canola meal (p<0.05). Pigs fed diets containing SBM sources had also greater SID of most indispensable AA compared with those fed diets containing other test ingredients (p<0.05) except for HPDDG and canola meal. There was no difference in the apparent ileal digestibility and SID of AA among sources of SBM. The TDDG had the least value for the SID of methionine among test ingredients (p<0.05).ConclusionThe SID of most AA in SBM, HPDDG, and canola meal were greater than those in sesame meal, perilla meal, copra meal, and TDDG.

Digestibility of amino acid in full-fat canola seeds, canola meal, and canola expellers fed to broiler chickens and pigs1

Canola products including full-fat canola seeds (FFCS), canola meal (CM), and canola expellers (CE) have been used in diets for both broiler chickens and pigs. However, their ability to utilize the AA in canola products might be different from each other. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in broiler chickens and growing pigs fed FFCS, CM, and CE. Three diets were prepared to contain FFCS, CM, or CE as a sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was prepared. In Exp. 1, a total of 272 twenty-one-day-old male broiler chickens with an initial BW of 932 ± 80.6 g were assigned to diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. After 5 d of feeding, birds were euthanized by sodium pentobarbital, and ileal digesta samples were collected from distal two-third of the ileum. In Exp. 2, 16 barrows were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum. After 8-d recovery period, pigs (initial BW = 18.9 ± 1.17 kg) were divided into 4 blocks based on BW and assigned to a quadruplicate 4 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 4 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement with effects of species (broiler chickens or pigs) and diets (FFCS, CM, or CE). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between species and experimental diets in the AID of all indispensable AA except for Lys. The AID of indispensable AA in FFCS for broiler chickens was greater (P < 0.05) than for pigs. Broiler chickens also had greater (P < 0.05) AID of Arg, His, Leu, Phe, and Val in CM compared with pigs; however, there were no differences in the AID of indispensable AA in CE between broiler chickens and pigs. The basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA, except Trp, in pigs were greater (P < 0.05) than in broiler chickens. There were also interactions (P < 0.05) between species and experimental diets in the SID of all indispensable AA except for Lys. Broiler chickens fed the diet containing FFCS had greater (P < 0.05) SID of indispensable AA compared with pigs fed the same diet; however, the SID of indispensable AA in CM or CE were not different between broiler chickens and pigs. In conclusion, differences in digestibility of AA in canola products were affected by nonruminant animal species.

Additivity of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acid determined by chromic oxide and titanium dioxide in mixed diets containing wheat and multiple protein sources fed to growing pigs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in mixed diets containing wheat, canola meal (CM), meat and bone meal (MBM), and sorghum distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as digestibility index markers. Four diets were prepared to contain wheat, CM, MBM, or DDGS as a sole source of nitrogen; three mixed diets were prepared to contain wheat, CM, and MBM; wheat, MBM, and DDGS; or wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS; also, a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses (BEL) of CP and AA. Both Cr2O3 and TiO2 were incorporated at 5 g/kg into each diet. Sixteen barrows (initial body weight = 34.7 ± 0.6 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicate 8 × 4 Youden square design with eight experimental diets and four periods. During each 7-d period, the ileal digesta was collected for 2 d after a 5-d adaptation, and the AID and SID of CP and AA were determined using Cr2O3 or TiO2 as marker. There was no interaction between diet and marker type for both AID and SID of CP and AA. Similar BEL, AID, and SID of CP and AA were determined by Cr2O3 and TiO2. In the wheat-CM-MBM diet, the measured AID of CP and most AA determined with Cr2O3 or TiO2 were not different from the predicted values, which was determined based on the measured AID values in wheat, CM, and MBM. In the wheat-MBM-DDGS diet, the measured and predicted AID of CP and seven indispensable AA differed (P < 0.05) using Cr2O3 as marker, and the measured and predicted AID of CP and four indispensable AA differed (P < 0.05) using TiO2 as marker. The measured AID of CP and most indispensable AA were greater (P < 0.05) than predicted AID regardless of marker type for the wheat-CM-MBM-DDGS diet. The measured SID of CP and indispensable AA were consistent with the predicted values, except Lys in the wheat-CM-MBM diet using either marker and His in the wheat-MBM-DDGS diet with Cr2O3 as marker. In conclusion, more accurate prediction of ileal digestibility of CP and AA was achieved using SID rather than AID in mixed diets containing wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS. The determination of endogenous loss, AID, and SID of CP and AA were not affected by marker type in this study. In addition, the additivity of AID and SID of CP and most indispensable AA in mixed diets was not affected by marker type.