Effective Well Research Articles

Tes Kepribadian Online Membentuk Kepribadianku, Benarkah?: Barnum Effect Ditinjau Dari Perbedaan Jenis Kelamin

Online personality tests are commonly used by adolescents who are in the process of self-discovery. This leads to a tendency for teenagers to self-diagnose based on their personality feedback. This study aims to investigate whether female adolescents are more prone to experiencing the Barnum effect and self-diagnosis compared to male adolescents. The study used purposive sampling to select participants, consisting of 300 students from SMAN 16 Makassar, with an equal distribution of 150 female and 150 male students aged 15-18 years. The Barnum Statement was employed as the measurement tool. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test, processed with SPSS version 26 for Windows. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between genders in terms of the barnum effect, with a significance value of p = 0.339. This study provides insights into the differences in the barnum effect between adolescent girls and boys.

Getting Students Interested in Psychological Measurement by Experiencing the Barnum Effect

Background: Fake psychological tests tend to be viewed as completely believable (Barnum effect), meaning psychometric properties cannot be judged subjectively. Experiencing this effect first-hand could help get students interested in the science of psychological assessment. Objective: In a blended learning perspective, we created materials to elicit a Barnum effect with a brief online fake test and tested the benefits of this procedure for student engagement. Method: Five cohorts of undergraduate psychology students (total N = 2,269) completed the fake test online prior to their first psychometrics course. We collected single-item ratings of perceived effectiveness for the test, willingness to use it, and course engagement (interest and enthusiasm for the course). We also retrieved grades. Results: Eighty-five percent of students rated the effectiveness of the fake test above the neutral point; 77% were willing to use it as future psychologists. Experiencing the effect was related to significantly increased interest and enthusiasm, and higher grades. Conclusion: Having students experience the Barnum effect for themselves is a useful and effortless approach to get them interested in psychometrics. Teaching Implications: Teachers of introductory courses related to psychological measurement should consider having all students experience the Barnum effect. All materials are provided.

Personality Test Effect on Marketing in Digital Era: The Case of MBTI

Personality test such as MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) has started to become a viral topic lately that have brought up the trend of personality test worldwide. At the same time, it also has the assignable influence on the aspect of marketing especially in this digital era. This article describes how to evaluate the skyrocketing of the popularity of MBTI test by researching and analyzing the key word for the on Google trend. Also, this article also utilizes the comparing method of each personality to emphasize the importance of this trending in the perspectives of marketing in this digital era. Furthermore, this article illustrates the underlying reasons of this trending impact marketing by referring other theories such as the Barnum Effect. Finally, this article concludes that besides the idea that personality tests such as MBTI can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of marketing by allowing marketers gain better understanding about their targeted customers, they can also utilize this concept by creating the viral and trending topics which open a new market with their derivative products or even the memes that could be prevalent nowadays, especially while those younger generation socializing with each other. The significance of this study is to not only explain this personality test concept, but also to demonstrate how marketers can utilize it so that enable them to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of segmentation. In addition, this article also reveals the idea that how peoples daily life is being affect by the label of different personalities unconsciously.

The emotional intelligence of today's parents - influences on parenting style and parental competence.

The emotional intelligence of parents and parental competence become two premises of effective parenting. This study contributes to the understanding of how parents' emotional intelligence exerts its effect on both their parenting style and parenting competence. The present research also sought to identify the factors that determine the level of parental competence. The research method used is the questionnaire-based survey. The research sample, represented by 610 respondents, was determined by the sampling strategy based on convenience, respectively by the snowball method. The results indicated that the emotional intelligence of parents is associated with an increased level of parental competence (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and 15% of the variability of parental competence is determined by the level of parental emotional intelligence (R = 0.38, p < 0.00, R2 = 0.15). It was demonstrated that 6% of the variability of parental competence is determined by the level of parents' self-esteem (R = 0.24, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.06). The emotional intelligence and self-esteem of the parents contribute to the development of a high level of parental competence, while the level of education of the respondents according to this research partially influences the development of parental competence. Despite the fact that a high educational level of parents is assumed to give them access to quality information, the Barnum effect is experienced regardless of educational level. According to the field of parenting, the Barnum effect refers to consulting non-scientifically validated sources and trusting information that responds to parents' wishes, but not to children's educational needs.These results highlight the role of parents' emotional intelligence on the growth and education of children, but also the usefulness of training programs in the field of parenting with the aim of training parents in the necessary skills for effective parenting.

Does cognitive biased knowledge influence investor decisions? An empirical investigation using machine learning and artificial neural network

Purpose Current research in the field of behavioural finance has attempted to discover behavioural biases and their characteristics in individual investors’ irrational decision-making. This study aims to find out how biases in information based on knowledge affect decisions about investments. Design/methodology/approach In step one, through existing research and consultation with specialists, 13 relevant items covering major aspects of bias were determined. In the second step, multiple linear regression and artificial neural network were used to analyse the data of 337 retail investors. Findings The investment choice was heavily impacted by regret aversion, followed by loss aversion, overconfidence and the Barnum effect. It was observed that the Barnum effect has a statistically significant negative link with investing choices. The research also found that investors’ fear of making mistakes and their tendency to be too sure of themselves were the most significant factors in their decisions about where to put their money. Practical implications This research contributes to the expansion of the knowledge base in behavioural finance theory by highlighting the significance of cognitive psychological traits in how leading investors end up making irrational decisions. Portfolio managers, financial institutions and investors in developing markets may all significantly benefit from the information offered. Originality/value This research is a one-of-a-kind study, as it analyses the emotional biases along with the cognitive biases of investor decision-making. Investor decisions generally consider the shadowy side of knowledge management.

Personality assessment usage and mental health among Chinese adolescents: A sequential mediation model of the Barnum effect and ego identity.

Adolescence is a crucial period for establishing ego identity and becoming a social individual. However, numerous adolescents suffer from mental health problems, especially after the conditions surrounding the COVID-19 outbreak. Personality assessments are often used when adolescents look for psychological self-help services. However, the meaning and mechanism of these personality assessments remain unknown. Taking the increasingly popular MBTI personality assessment as an entry point, the current study examined the potential sequential mediation relationship of Barnum effect - ego identity on the link between personality assessment usage and mental health. The current study surveyed 308 Chinese high school students, including 109 males and 199 females. MBTI use, Barnum effect, ego-identity, and mental health (subjective well-being, depression, and anxiety) were measured by seven questionnaires, respectively. Sequential mediation models were constructed to analyze the relationship. The results indicate that the Barnum effect and ego identity together function as a sequential mediation path between personality assessment use and teenagers' mental health, including subjective well-being, depression, and anxiety. Specifically, a higher level of MBTI use triggers a stronger Barnum effect. The Barnum effect then promotes adolescents' ego identity, ultimately increasing subjective well-being levels and reducing anxiety and depression. Our findings suggest that by properly using personality assessment and stimulating the Barnum effect, we can enhance adolescents' mental health. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

How well do we know ourselves? Disentangling self-judgment biases in perceived accuracy and preference of personality feedback

Despite personality measurement and feedback being pervasive practices, there are self-judgment biases that may impair their usage. We set out to analyze the differences between two kinds of false feedback and real feedback on personality regarding perceived accuracy and preference. We propose that there would be no differences between false and real feedback regarding perceived accuracy, but we expect differences regarding feedback preference. A sample of 146 students completed the IPIP-50 instrument that measured the Big 5 Factors and received three kinds of feedback - a general one (Barnum effect as false feedback), a positive one (Better-than-average effect as false feedback), and a real one. They rated each regarding accuracy and preference. Results indicate differences regarding both dependent variables. Participants perceive false feedback as more accurate than the real one. Moreover, they prefer positive feedback over the other two, and general feedback compared to the real one. We discuss both theoretical and practical implications, alongside a series of limitations and future research directions.

Who falls for fake news? Psychological and clinical profiling evidence of fake news consumers

Awareness of the potential psychological significance of false news increased during the coronavirus pandemic, however, its impact on psychopathology and individual differences remains unclear. Acknowledging this, the authors investigated the psychological and psychopathological profiles that characterize fake news consumption. A total of 1452 volunteers from the general population with no previous psychiatric history participated. They responded to clinical psychopathology assessment tests. Respondents solved a fake news screening test, which allowed them to be allocated to a quasi-experimental condition: group 1 (non-fake news consumers) or group 2 (fake news consumers). Mean comparison, Bayesian inference, and multiple regression analyses were applied. Participants with a schizotypal, paranoid, and histrionic personality were ineffective at detecting fake news. They were also more vulnerable to suffer its negative effects. Specifically, they displayed higher levels of anxiety and committed more cognitive biases based on suggestibility and the Barnum Effect. No significant effects on psychotic symptomatology or affective mood states were observed. Corresponding to these outcomes, two clinical and therapeutic recommendations related to the reduction of the Barnum Effect and the reinterpretation of digital media sensationalism were made. The impact of fake news and possible ways of prevention are discussed.

The reason of people believe horoscopes

Horoscopes are very popular and common discussed today in people’s daily life. The purpose of this essay is to explore what types of people are more likely to believe in horoscopes since there were about 10 research paper in studying different types of people who believe horoscopes.The essay explains some reasons that people believe in horoscopes can be explained by locus of control and Barnum effect. By studying women's role in propaganda magazines, individual’s education level, and the frequency of people reading horoscope forecasts, the following conclusions were drawn: young, less-educated women were more likely to believe in horoscopes than men.

МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ

The concept and causes of self-deception are considered The "Barnum Effect" and the main defense mechanisms are described. A mechanism that does not cause distortion of reality is identified – sublimation

THE FALLACY OF PERSONAL VALIDATION (THE FORER EFFECT) IN THE SYSTEM OF BEHAVIORAL FINANCE BIASES

The main purpose of the research paper is to understand the interrelation of the fallacy of personal validation also called The Forer effect or The Barnum effect with one of the main biases of behavioral finances – the money illusion. During the last years we explored some personal factors which force and determinate the manifestation of money behavior such as subjective control, aspiration level etc. All of data force us to suppose that one of regulators of money behaviour is the belief in authority and obedience to expert opinion which could be measured by the level of manifestation of the fallacy of personal validation. This means that people are gullible because they think the information is about them only when in fact the information is generic. The research design is aimed to study and understand the manifestation of the money illusion among the people affected by the fallacy of personal validation (The Forer effect). This can help us to understand more deeply the phenomena of money illusion which nowadays affect more extensively our financial behaviour.

Understanding the Impact of Barnum Effect in Astrology: An Eye-tracking Study

The Barnum effect refers to a psychological phenomenon in which people tend to believe personality descriptions that are vague and general. For instance, believers in astrology attribute themselves to astrological categorization and descriptions. This study leverages the eye-tracking method to explore the impact of the Barnum effect in astrology. In the experiment, 12 participants were randomly recruited at a shopping mall in China. The description of the western zodiac was used as stimuli. Participants read 12 zodiac descriptions without labeling the corresponding zodiac signs. And they were asked to choose items that they considered fit their personalities afterward. Participants were divided into two groups. In group one, there was no limit to the number of items they could choose. In group two, participants could choose only one item. During the experiment, an eye-tracker was used to capture their gaze patterns, which could provide quantitative data. According to the results, in group one, most participants chose at least two items, which is inconsistent with the zodiac rule. Meanwhile, group two participants showed significantly higher revisit counts than group one. This indicates it is more difficult for people to choose only one item. The finding indicates that zodiac descriptions are vague and general, which is consistent with the Barnum effect.

Social Contagion of Astrology in the Social Media amid COVID-19 Pandemic

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the associations of the extent of Social Contagion - Conscious Behavioral Response (CBR) towards Astrology on social media among Filipino Post-Millennial university students aged 18 to 23 years old with their demographics, Stress Level (SL), and Level of Susceptibility to Barnum effect (LSB) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 406 respondents participated in the online survey and data were analyzed using descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics. Findings showed that respondents have high SL, moderate CBR level, and high LSB. Female respondents were found to have significantly higher CBR Factor Scores compared too males (p&lt; 0.000). Thus, the females tended to be more consumers of Astrology in the social media. Other variables tested (religion, p=0.128; residence type, p= 0.736; age, p= 0.339) showed no statistical significant difference between the sample’s CBR Factor Scores. Also, a person’s stress level during the COVID-19 pandemic (in terms of the situation’s manageability and uncertainty) revealed a statistical significant association with their susceptibility to the Barnum effect (odds ratio 1.252686, p= 0.002). Thus, the more stressed a person is, he tend to manifest higher consumption of Astrology related information in the social media due to high uncertainty and less capacity to control the situation despite high management capacity score. Furthermore, activities involved in the consumption of Astrology through social media revealed a positive moderate significant association with their level of susceptibility to the Barnum effect (r=0.603, p&lt;0.000). In a pandemic situation, the females consumed more Astrology related information even if the information is vague and may be to general to absorbed. Overall, the higher the SL and the higher the CBR, the higher the LSB. Thus, in this period of COVID-19 pandemic, females are more susceptible to higher level of Barnum Effect as they consumed higher level of Astrology related information triggered by higher level of stress brought by the high level of uncertainty and low level of individual’s control to thee current pandemic situation.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА БЕЗПЕКА ОСОБИСТОСТІ В КОНТЕКСТІ МОВНОЇ ГРИ

Досліджується феномен мовної гри (Вітгенштайн, 1958; Остін, 1964), як базис інформаційно-психологічної безпеки особистості в сучасних умовах. Обґрунтовується доцільність використання феномену семантичного триплету через синтез засобів психології, лінгвістики та онтологічного моделювання. Наведені у статті підходи дозволяють виявляти джерела інформаційно-психологічного (перформативного) впливу на свідомість адресата, встановлювати психологічні чинники домінуючої семантики тексту та рівень його перформативності.

Factors of the Barnum effect: analysis and prospects

Factors of the Barnum effect: analysis and prospects

BARNUMISM OF PUZZLES, or HOW TO FOOL WISELY?

The study examines the contradictory nature of the culture of intellectual leisure, attention is paid to the conflict between the rational nature of cognitive procedures for solving tasks and the intuitive-emotional side of the creative nature of a person. The subject of attention is those methods of creating the context of laughing, which are themselves based on an intellectual foundation. The effect of the organic conjunction of imaginary antagonists - culture and intellectuality - is examined using the example of puzzles, which exemplify one of the most obvious specimens of the culture of intellectual leisure. The principal barnumism (funny cheating, humbugs) of puzzles considered on the example of puzzles associated with the name of Samuel Loyd, the American author of numerous entertaining tasks and one of the coryphaei of intellectual leisure. These puzzles not only clearly demonstrate the arsenal of the barnumism – gimmicks, trickery, they retain an intellectual foundation, remaining, for example, good illustrations of aspects of covering the plane with circles (“Barnum”s Magic Donkeys”), mathematical analysis (“Teddy and Lions”), or permutation theory and combinatorics in general (“The 14–15 Puzzle”). The term “barnumism” (like the “Barnum effect”) originated from the name of Phineas Taylor Barnum – the showman, the entrepreneur, the founder of the American circus “The Greatest Show on Earth”. The potential of the barnumism of puzzles of to overcome of the conflict between the rational and entertaining sides of intellectual leisure is substantiated.

Phineas T. Barnum, Gardner Q. Colton, and Painless Parker Were Kindred Princes of Humbug

Phineas T. Barnum (1810-1891) and Gardner Q. Colton (1814-1898) both entered the laughing gas show business in Manhattan in 1844. With Horace Wells (1815-1848), Colton introduced inhaled nitrous oxide for dental anesthesia in December 1844. The Barnumesque nature of laughing gas exhibitions may have contributed to the initially negative reception of nitrous anesthesia as humbug. Colton continued laughing gas shows after 1844, and he performed in a Barnum forum in Boston in 1862. In 1863, Barnum encouraged Colton to establish a flourishing painless dentistry practice in Manhattan.Barnum designated himself to be the Prince of Humbug. He embraced humbug for entertainment purposes but decried medical humbug. Notwithstanding, Barnum explicitly evinced awareness of the power of the placebo response. Accordingly, the proneness of individuals to deem impersonal all-purpose assessments to be personally applicable is dubbed the Barnum effect. Barnum was indirectly connected to Painless Parker (1872-1952), a dentist who exploited sensational advertising and humbug and ran a circus.

RELEVANCE OF INTERPRETATION AS THE DETERMINANT OF THE BARNUM EFFECT

The current research features the relevance of the psychological portrait as a factor of influence on the Barnum effect. The article contains some definitions of the phenomenon in question, as well as some other relevant concepts. It offers a brief review of the literature on the matter. The subjects of the research were full-time students of the Far East Federal University and the Admiral Nevelskoy Maritime State University, who were offered to relate a trivial personal description to their self-concept. The study was carried out in accordance with the standard procedure used in empirical studies of the Barnum effect. The processing of the obtained data was carried out with the help of the Pearson statistical criterion χ2 . Based on the results of the study, a statistically significant difference in the assessment of the accuracy of the trivial personal description was found. The difference depends on the type of relevance, which clarifies the current understanding of the Barnum effect. The conclusion features some further ways of investigating the Barnum effect and using the obtained data.

Handedness and religious beliefs: Testing the two possible accounts of authoritarianism and belief updating

The purpose of the current investigation is to test two rival accounts for why consistent-handed individuals (that is, those who are strongly right- or left-handed) are more religious. Consistent-handed individuals are less likely to update their beliefs, thus they are likely to maintain religious beliefs that may be uncritically-held. However, consistent-handed individuals are likewise more authoritarian, which strongly predicts religiosity. We measured Americans' belief in God and in traditional religious teachings, their authoritarianism, magical ideation, and their susceptibility to the Barnum Effect. Consistent-handed participants were more religious on both measures. Both outcomes were mediated by authoritarianism, not magical ideation. Susceptibility to the Barnum Effect only mediated the effect for belief in God. We suggest that authoritarianism would better explain why consistent-handed individuals are more religious. We discuss some possible reasons why, the limitations of our study, and directions for future research.

A short educational intervention diminishes causal illusions and specific paranormal beliefs in undergraduates.

Cognitive biases such as causal illusions have been related to paranormal and pseudoscientific beliefs and, thus, pose a real threat to the development of adequate critical thinking abilities. We aimed to reduce causal illusions in undergraduates by means of an educational intervention combining training-in-bias and training-in-rules techniques. First, participants directly experienced situations that tend to induce the Barnum effect and the confirmation bias. Thereafter, these effects were explained and examples of their influence over everyday life were provided. Compared to a control group, participants who received the intervention showed diminished causal illusions in a contingency learning task and a decrease in the precognition dimension of a paranormal belief scale. Overall, results suggest that evidence-based educational interventions like the one presented here could be used to significantly improve critical thinking skills in our students.