Xylocarpus Granatum Bark Research Articles

Extraction of a novel tanning agent from indigenous plant bark and its application in leather processing

The use of vegetable tanning materials in leather processing has drawn attention as an alternative to basic chromium sulphate for its natural abundance and environmental aspects. In this work, an attempt has been made to extract vegetable tannins from Xylocarpus granatum bark using different solvents (e.g., water, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform) and compare with conventional vegetable tanning agents such as mimosa and quebracho. The highest extraction efficiency was observed 31.22% by methanol. The presence of tannin content and polyphenolic compounds, e.g. (-)epicatechin (503 mg/100 g dry extract), catechin hydrate (218 mg/100 g dry extract), catechol (29 mg/100 g dry extract) were ensured by UV–Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy and HPLC. Again, condensed tannins, moisture content, and pH of the methanol extracted tannin were found 47.80%, 5.82%, and 3.97 respectively. The leather tanned by Xylocarpus granatum tannin showed a shrinkage temperature of 86.34 ± 1.52 °C. Other properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, grain cracking load, and distention at grain cracking were comparable to conventional vegetable-tanned leather. The cross-sectional morphology of the tanned leathers was also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which revealed a compact structure of the leather fibers. In light of the findings from the study, X. granatum bark tannin could be a well alternative to chromium and a new source of vegetable tannin for the leather industry.Graphical

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Tannin-Rich Extract and Coating onto Cotton Textiles for Catalytic Degradation of Congo Red

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized under ambient conditions from chloroauric acid in aqueous solution at pH 4. Tannin-rich extract from Xylocarpus granatum bark was used as both reducing and capping agent, rapidly converting Au (I) salt to AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy showed the as-prepared AuNPs to be predominantly spherical, with an average diameter of 17 nm. The AuNPs were tested for catalytic reduction of Congo red (CR), a carcinogenic azo dye, in aqueous sodium borohydride solution. Cotton samples were coated with the AuNPs, taking on a reddish-purple color. The samples showed significantly reduced tearing strength after coating, though tensile strength was unaffected. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to determine the dye concentration in the water. CR degradation was observed only when AuNPs were present, and the efficiency of degradation was strongly linked to the AuNP loading. The AuNP-coated fabrics left only a 4.7% CR concentration in the solution after 24 h and therefore promise as a heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of CR in aqueous solution.

Induction of apoptosis by selected Xylocarpus sp.,fractions in the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa

Cancer is unchecked growth of normal cells. The screening of new potential agents is vital to develop effective cytotoxic drugs with reduced side effects. Thecytotoxic effects, mode of cell death and screening of phytochemicals which induced cell death by the mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum extract on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was studied. The crude methanol extract of Xylocarpusgranatum(bark) partitioning produced the high yield in diethyl ether (54.08%)followed by butanol (37.12%) and aqueous (3.21%).The Xylocarpus granatum bark extract produced a cytotoxic effect with IC50 <30 µg/ml as compared to leaf and root (IC50> 100 µg/ml). The DNA fragmentation study done to determine the mode of cell death. The results attained by the colorimetric TUNEL system propose that Xylocarpus moluccensis extract induced DNA fragmentation in the HepG2 cell line. The darkly stained nuclei observed in HepG2cells treated with Xylocarpus moluccensis(diethyl ether) extract for 24 hours. The DNA fragmentation indicating that apoptosis was the mode of cell death on HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, The Xylocarpus moluccensis(diethyl ether) extracts phytochemical study confirms the presence of flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, phenols, tannins, glycoside, and saponin.Thus, thefurther study of potential phytochemicalsneed to done in order to confirm these phytochemicalsas a future therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.

A green and facile approach to durable antimicrobial coating of cotton with silver nanoparticles, whey protein, and natural tannin

Antimicrobial cotton textiles were fabricated via green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver nitrate, using whey protein isolate (WPI) as both reducing agent and stabilizer. Natural tannin-rich extract from Xylocarpus granatum bark (XGBE) was used to form insoluble complexes with the WPI through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. Cotton fabrics were coated using one-step padding of the AgNP/WPI/XGBE mixture, followed by air drying. Both WPI and XGBE served as an excellent natural binder for AgNPs with cotton. Transmission electron microcopy showed the AgNPs to be almost spherical, with a mean diameter of 31 nm. Antimicrobial treatment did not significantly alter the original color of the fabrics at low AgNPs loadings. The coated fabrics showed strong and durable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with 99.99% bacterial reduction. Treatment with only 50 ppm of silver nitrate and WPI maintained more than 90% bacterial reduction after 50 washing cycles. In a test of antifungal properties, at least 203 mg silver per kilogram of fabric was required to suppress the growth of Aspergillus niger. In-vitro cytotoxicity testing demonstrated the antimicrobial treated fabrics to be non-toxic to L929 cells. Antimicrobial treatment did not have significant negative effects on the drapeability and tearing strength of the fabrics. This approach is very attractive in terms of the safety and biocompatibility of the raw materials, the simplicity of the synthesis and the coating process, and the antimicrobial effectiveness of the treated fabrics.

Utilization of waste protein from Antarctic krill oil production and natural dye to impart durable UV-properties to cotton textiles

Cleaner production in the textile industry may be realized by replacing certain synthetic substances with natural materials, especially those that are industrial by-products, which offer the added benefit of increasing the value of the textiles. Since natural materials generally pose a low risk to both the human health and the environment owing to their biodegradability, the wastewater released from their manufacturing processes is less polluting, and therefore, it requires less resources and energy for treatment compared to wastewater loaded with synthetic substances. Herein, we report the use of a protein by-product recovered from the oil extraction process of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) to replace traditional mordanting agents in the dyeing of cotton with tannin-rich natural dye extracted from the bark of Xylocarpus granatum. Antarctic krill protein pretreatment successfully improved the dyeability of the fabrics through the formation of insoluble complexes between the protein and tannin. The color parameters of the dyed samples were measured based on the CIE L*a*b* system. The obtained reddish-brown fabrics exhibited mostly good to excellent color fastness ratings in response to washing and other wet treatments. They also displayed durable UV protection properties, with the UPF rating reaching the maximum (50+) level, despite being washed for 50 cycles. Both the Antarctic krill protein and tannin contributed to improved UV protection efficiency due to the presence of UV-absorbing moieties and slight changes in the resulting fabric thickness and cover factor.

Natural dyeing of cotton with Xylocarpus granatum bark extract: Dyeing, fastness, and ultraviolet protection properties

In this research we investigated the dyeing of cotton fabrics with extracts of Xylocarpus granatum, a mangrove plant with a long history of use in leather tanning and textile dyeing. X. granatum bark was extracted and spray-dried, yielding a tannin-rich, reddish-brown powder. This powder proved a suitable colorant for the natural dyeing of cotton with promising color fastness properties to wet treatments (washing, water, sea water, and perspiration), hot pressing, crocking, and light exposure. However, the dye alone produced only weak levels of coloration and therefore metallic salt mordants were employed to improve the color strength, through the formation of insoluble tannate complexes. The resulting fabric K/S values were dependent on the mordant used and exhibited the following trend: ferric sulfate > sodium dichromate > copper sulfate > potassium aluminum sulfate > no mordant, for fabrics exposed to mordants before and after dyeing. Mordanting resulted in slight variations in shade and color fastness. In most cases, the color fastness properties were preserved, except for color fastness to light and hot pressing, for which lowered ratings were found for some mordants. Stiffness and mechanical performance were not greatly affected by dyeing or mordanting, except for sodium dichromate mordanting which significantly stiffened and weakened the fabric. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of all the dyed samples achieved the maximum (50+) level, highlighting the excellent UV shielding properties of the fabric. Overall, X. granatum bark extract is a promising, effective colorant for the natural dyeing of cotton in terms of appearance, fastness, and physical characteristics.

Improving the dyeability of cotton with tannin-rich natural dye through pretreatment with whey protein isolate

Cotton fabrics were pretreated with whey protein isolate (WPI) to improve their dyeability toward a tannin-rich natural dye obtained from Xylocarpus granatum bark. Comprehensive studies were conducted on these fabrics assessing their dyeability, color fastness, physical characteristics, and ultraviolet protection level. All dyed samples were reddish-brown with a significant enhancement in the sample color strength (K/S) being observed for the pretreated samples. This is due to insoluble complex formation between WPI and tannin, stabilized through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Dyeing at elevated temperatures and with longer times resulted in higher color strength values. Acidic pH values favor dye absorption with pH 5 yielding the highest color strength, probably due to tannin forming complexes with proteins most efficiently near the protein isoelectric point. Padding cotton with WPI at only 0.35% solid content afforded dyed fabrics having an approximately 50% increase in the K/S value in comparison to untreated fabrics. The color strength of the WPI-treated cotton was enhanced relative to that treated with soy protein isolate (SPI), under the same dyeing conditions. For protein-treated cotton fabrics, except for color fastness to light and crocking, all other fastness properties (washing, water, sea water, perspiration and hot pressing) were rated as good to excellent. After protein pretreatment, the tensile strength and tearing strength of fabrics were slightly reduced whereas a small increase in fabric stiffness was obtained. Measurements of the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) indicated better fabric shielding against ultraviolet radiation on treatment with either natural dye or WPI.

Removal of Natural Dyes from Tie Dye Effluent by Coagulation Process

The aim of this research was to find the efficiency ways to treat wastewater from dye tie dye technique by using an effective wastewater treatment system and find out how to implant the technology of the waste water treatment system to help the problems of the community activities which the tie-dye fabric were the major product of their area. The wastewater from the tie-dye industry were collected and were treated with physical, chemistry and biological treatment by using local materials such as sea shell, alum and clay in a laboratory scale. The data from the treatment were used in the designing the small scale water treatment and apply to the study area. Moreover, the treatment technique knowledge will transfer to the community and establish guidelines for community Wastewater treatment. The COD of wastewater from the dying materials of Bark of Xylocarpus granatum, Bark of Sea almond and Bark of Ebony tree seed were 479.2, 428.5, and 564.2 mg/l, respectively. The water quality were improved better up to 83.61% after were treated with the treatment technique. The satisfaction of the community that participate in the training, technology transfer and adoption of guidelines for therapists to use in the community were found that 86 percent had gained the knowledge in wastewater treatment, 95 percent were satisfied and 85 percent of knowledge were benefit to the community, respectively.

Cardiotonic Activity of Alcoholic Bark Extract of Xylocarpus Granatum with Emphasis on Its Mechanism of Action

The aim of the present study was to scan and evaluate cardiotonic activity of alcoholic bark extract of Xylocarpus granatum and to establish its mechanism of action. The alcoholic extract of the bark of Xylocarpus granatum was prepared by the process of continuous extraction (soxhlation). The cardiotonic activity of the extract was evaluated on isolated normal and hypodynamic frog heart using Syme’s technique. Potassium loss was estimated in the effluents collected from the isolated perfused hypodynamic heart (control and inhibitory activity of the extract was estimated using the same frog heart muscle. The extract showed dose dependent positive ionotropic effect on normal and hypodynamic frog heart, loss of potassium ions and the percentage inhibition of Na, K ATPase activity. The percentage inhibition of Na, K ATPase activity with digoxin at a dose of 300 μg was found to be 93.80 ± 1.98%. Similarly, the extract also showed dose dependent (2, 20, 200 mg) percentage inhibition of Na, K ATPase activity and was found to be 35.20 ± 4.96%, 40.10 ± 1.27%, 56.74 ± 3.01% respectively. Results clearly indicated that the bark extract of Xylocarpus granatum possesses significant cardiotonic activity and follows the similar mechanism of digoxin (inhibition of Na, K ATPase enzyme activity).

Sedative, Neuropharmacological And Antinociceptive Effect Of The Crude Extract Of Xylocarpus Granatum Stem Barks

The ethanol extract of the stem bark of Xylocarpus granatum collected from mangrove forest significantly prolonged the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time in mice. It showed mild to moderate central nervous system depressant activity when assessed by the hole cross and the open field test models in mice when given at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. At the same dose levels, the extract dose-dependently inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing assay in mice. Keywords: Neuropharmacological effects, pentobarbitone, analgesic, Xylocarpus granatum, Meliaceae.Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine Vol. 11 2007 pp. 53-57

Gedunin, a limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum, inhibits the growth of CaCo‐2 colon cancer cell line In Vitro

Xylocarpus granatum J. König (Meliaceae), commonly known as 'dhundul', is a Bangladeshi mangrove tree, and well distributed in a number of other countries of south-east Asia, Australia and east Africa. Traditionally, X. granatum has been used as an astringent and febrifuge, and also for the treatment of fever, malaria, thrush, cholera, dysentery and diarrhoea in many countries including Bangladesh. Two limonoids, gedunin and 1alpha-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrogedunin, the latter being new, have been isolated from the bark of Xylocarpus granatum by reversed-phase preparative HPLC, and the structures were confirmed by spectroscopic means. The cytotoxic potential of gedunin has been evaluated by the Promega's CellTiter 96 non-radioactive cell proliferation assay using the CaCo-2 colon cancer cell line (IC(50) = 16.83 microM). A summary of the biological activities of gedunin reported to date is also presented.

Assessment of antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum bark in mice model

The methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum bark was studied for its antidiarrhoeal properties in experimental diarrhoea, induced by castor oil and magnesium sulphate in mice. At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg per oral, the methanol extract showed significant and dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity in both models. The extracts also significantly reduced the intestinal transit in charcoal meal test when compared to atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg; i.m.). The results showed that the extracts of Xylocarpus granatum bark have a significant antidiarrhoeal activity and supports its traditional uses in herbal medicine.

Xyloccensin M and N, Two New B, D‐seco Limonoids from Xylocarpus granatum.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Xyloccensin L, a Novel Limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum.

The isolation and structure elucidation of xyloccensin L from the stem bark of Xylocarpus granatum is described. Xyloccensin L is a highly oxidized heptacyclic A, B, D-seco limonoid with an alpha-8, 30-epoxy ring and a rare 1, 29 oxygen bridge. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Xyloccensin L, a novel limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum

The isolation and structure elucidation of xyloccensin L from the stem bark of Xylocarpus granatum is described. Xyloccensin L is a highly oxidized heptacyclic A, B, D- seco limonoid with an α-8, 30-epoxy ring and a rare 1, 29 oxygen bridge.

Xyloccensin M and N, Two New B, D-seco Limonoids from Xylocarpus granatum

Two new mexicanolide-type B, D-seco limonoids named xyloccensin M(1) and N (2) were isolated from the stem bark of Xylocarpus granatum. Their structures were elucidated with the help of modern spectroscopic techniques.