Azadirachta Indica Bark Research Articles

Discovery of Alanomyces manoharacharyi: A Novel Fungus Identified Using Genome Sequencing and Metabolomic Analysis.

In this study, a new species of Alanomyces was isolated as an endophyte from the bark of Azadirachta indica from Mulshi, Maharashtra. The identity of this isolate was confirmed based on the asexual morphological characteristics as well as multi-gene phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) regions. As this was the second species to be reported in this genus, we sequenced the genome of this species to increase our knowledge about the possible applicability of this genus to various industries. Its genome length was found to be 35.01 Mb, harboring 7870 protein-coding genes as per Augustus and 8101 genes using GeMoMa. Many genes were annotated using the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), Swiss-Prot, NCBI non-redundant nucleotide sequences (NTs), and NCBI non-redundant protein sequences (NRs). The number of repeating sequences was predicted using Proteinmask and RepeatMasker; tRNA were detected using tRNAscan and snRNA were predicted using rfam_scan. The genome was also annotated using the Pathogen-Host Interactions Database (PHI-base) and AntiSMASH. To confirm the evolutionary history, average nucleotide identity (ANIb), phylogeny based on orthologous proteins, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were carried out. Metabolic profiling of the methanolic extract of dried biomass and ethyl acetate extract of the filtrate revealed a variety of compounds of great importance in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The characterization and genomic analysis of the newly discovered species Alanomyces manoharacharyi highlights its potential applicability across multiple industries, particularly in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics due to its diverse secondary metabolites and unique genetic features it possesses.

Relationship Between Age and Condensed Tannin Content in the Bark of Two Forest Species Grown in Northeast Brazil

Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the influence of tree age on the condensed tannins content in the bark of two forest species. Theoretical Framework: Tannins are phenolic compounds present in various parts of plants and have consolidated applications in the market. This way, silvicultural studies of different species with the potential to produce are relevant. Method: Barks of Azadirachta indica at 5, 6, and 7 years and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia at 6, 7, and 9 years were collected from an experimental plantation located in a forest area in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The barks were then air-dried and ground to obtain a material subjected to extraction. Total solids content, Stiasny index, and condensed tannin content were determined from the hot-water extracts. Results and Discussion: The condensed tannins content in A. indica bark did not vary as tree age increased, while for M. caesalpiniaefolia, the most productive age was determined to be six years old. Research Implications: The experimental approach showed that A. indica presented stable tannin content in the bark regardless of age, allowing continuous and flexible management to produce these extractives. In contrast, M. caesalpiniifolia presented condensed tannins, with their reactivity decreasing with age, indicating that younger trees are more suitable for high-quality extractions and commercial production. Originality/Value: Tannins content in Azadirachta indica bark remains stable over time, facilitating continuous management and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia bark, the concentration of tannins is higher in younger trees.

Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Study of "Azadirachta Indica" Bark Extracts

Azadiracta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) commonly known as Neem,is found throughout India and is known to have many wonderous properties from ancient times.These A.indica shows different medicinal properties like antiulcerogenic, hypoglycemic, insecticidal, spermicidal actions. The stem bark was studied for morphological as well as microscopical characteristics. The present work was carried out on bark of Azadirachta indica belonging to family Meliaceae. The study was done on pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological studies on stems bark of Azadirachta indica collected from Sangamner of Ahmednagar district. Preliminary phytochemical screening of extract was done.Some part of extract was then used to study pharmacological screening of anti-anxiety activity.From the study of phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Azadirachta indica bark it was found that different chemicals are present as glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, fats, steroids, proteins, etc. Azadirachta indica stem bark supports the elimination of related anxiety associated materials. Therefore, drawing conclusions from this research suggests that Azadirachta indica hydroethanolice etract were found to be with good antianxiety like activity in elevated plus maze model. Furthermore, this current study confirms the conventional utilisation of Azadirachta indica bark as a pain reliever by showing that its hydroethanolic determine has noteworthy analgesic properties for various dose amounts, with the greatest analgesic movement observed at a 60-minute time interval. More research is required, nevertheless, to determine how precisely it exerts its analgesic effects.

Understanding physiological, elemental distribution and bioaccumulation responses of crustose and foliose lichens in the vicinity of coal-based thermal power plant, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India

Environmental pollution, especially from coal-based thermal power plants, poses significant risks to human respiratory health and the environment. This study evaluates the diversity of lichens in the areas. Physiological and bioaccumulation responses of two crustose lichens (Bacidia incongruens and Rindoina sophodes) and one foliose lichen (Pyxine cocoes) in the vicinity of the Feroz Gandhi Unchahar National Thermal Power Corporation, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India were also assessed. These lichens, exposed to emissions including fly ash, greenhouse gases, metals, and particulate matter were analyzed for metal accumulation and physiological responses. Changes in physiological parameters and metal profiles concerning distance from the coal-based thermal power plant to the outskirts were analyzed for B. incongruens, R. sophodes and P. cocoes by utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study identified 18 lichen species from 12 genera and 10 families in the area, with Pyxine sorediata newly recorded in Uttar Pradesh. The dominant species, B. incongruens, P. cocoes, and R. sophodes, preferred substrates like Mangifera indica, Acacia nilotica, and Azadirachta indica bark. Physiological analyses revealed variations in pigment concentrations, with significant differences in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll degradation, while protein content remained stable. Metal accumulation studies showed nine metals with distinct patterns, B. incongruens had higher concentrations in the west (52730.61 µg g-1) and P. cocoes in the east (23628.32 µg g-1). Correlation analyses indicated significant relationships between paired elements, suggesting specific sources of environmental contamination. This research highlights the significance of integrating physiological and environmental factors to understand lichen responses to coal based thermal power plant.

Assessment of Time and Dose-Dependent Killing Assay of Azadirachta Indica Bark Extract and Solanum Xanthocarpum Seed Extract Developed ZNO NPS against Dental Pathogens

Assessment of Time and Dose-Dependent Killing Assay of Azadirachta Indica Bark Extract and Solanum Xanthocarpum Seed Extract Developed ZNO NPS against Dental Pathogens

Design, synthesis and optimization of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica bark extract and its antibacterial application

The antibacterial effects of bio-inspired silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica bark were explored in this research work. Herein, the AgNPs were synthesized using aqueous extract of A. indica bark. The optimization of parameters was carried out using Box-Behnken Design using response surface methodology. The physicochemical characterizations of AgNPs were done by DLS, SEM, Zeta potential and FTIR. The DLS and SEM data revealed the average size of particles to be 76.35 nm and 30.6 nm, respectively. FTIR analysis has shown the involvement of conjugated alkenes in the biosynthesis and capping process. The antimicrobial activity was found to be increased in a dose dependent manner. Exploration of the mechanistic aspect of antibacterial activity suggested of cellular damages caused by AgNPs treatment due to membrane leakage. The binding of AgNPs with bacterial cell and cellular leakage were visualized by SEM. Further, in silico docking studies suggested of strong binding of BamA and PBP4 proteins found in E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, with β-sitosterol, salannin, nimbin etc. biomolecules found in the A. indica bark extract. The work can lead to further manufacturing innovation in the future.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nitrate Metallic Nanoparticle Using Azadirachta Indica Bark Extract, Characterization and Their Anticancer Activity

Green Synthesis of Silver Nitrate Metallic Nanoparticle Using Azadirachta Indica Bark Extract, Characterization and Their Anticancer Activity

Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Equilibrium Investigation of Activated Carbon Prepared from the Bark of Azadirachta indica L. Acid Dispersion to Remove Congo Red Dye

Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Equilibrium Investigation of Activated Carbon Prepared from the Bark of Azadirachta indica L. Acid Dispersion to Remove Congo Red Dye

Treatment effect on reactivity of Metakaolin using Azadirachta indica bark activated carbon

Metakaolin (MK) is a new family of mineral admixtures that can be utilized as supplemental cementitious materials in the construction industry. It has technical and environmental benefits and can be used as a partial substitute for cement in concrete mixtures when finely processed. The effect of Azadirachta Indica Bark Activated Carbon (AIBAC) on the reactivity of Metakaolin (MK) was investigated in this work. Hydrochloric acid was used to make chemically activated carbon from Azadirachta indica bark, and Metakaolin (MK) was made from Kaolin Clay (KC). AIBAC (5, 10, 15 and 20% proportioned according to MK weight) were measured into four conical flasks, 200 g of MK was added to each of them, mixed homogeneously and 125 mL of distilled water was added to encourage reaction between AIBAC and MK samples. The mixtures were oven dried at 110 °C after 24 h. The aforementioned steps were repeated with the exception of addition of water to produce AIBAC + KC mixed samples. The resulting mixed samples (AIBAC + KC) were calcined in a muffle furnace for one to two hours at 700 °C, thereafter cooled. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) were then used to characterize the prepared AIBAC, MK and their combined samples for surface morphology, mineralogical, and chemical contents, respectively. The AIBAC and MK samples were between 2 and 50 nm in size on SEM micrographs, and the intensity peaks of MK XRD plots ranged from 200 to 4000 cps. During calcination, the AIBAC (16.22%) was able to completely remove the undesirable compounds from MK while also increased the compositions of its major oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and CaO by 2.60, 64.00, 3.26 and 16.00 %, respectively). Finally, Azadirachta indica bark activated carbon can be employed efficiently in the treatment of metakaolin in the industrial setting.

Pharmacognostic and physico chemical study of stem bark of Azadirachta Indica

Pharmacognostic and physico chemical study of stem bark of Azadirachta Indica

Assessment of tannins extracts of Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonii pods and Azadirachta indica bark on leather processing

Despite the fact, world leather industries are built on chromium tannage system, there is a growing interest of metal free tannages (chrome). This is primarily owing to the rising demand for chromium free tanning in the leather industry. The goal of this research paper was to evaluate the influences of vegetable tannins materials on the retannage of leather, by using Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonia pods (hydrolysable tannins) and Azadirachta indica bark (condensed tannins), and estimating the absorption and physico-mechanical properties of leather. The results indicated that this system of free chromium tannage give us products with tear strength of 80 N/mm, tensile strength of 55.5 N/mm2, and elongation at break (75.3%). A vegetable re-tanning produced strong leather with durable properties. On other hand, vegetable pre-tanning (condensed tannins) probably stiffens the fiber network of collagen molecules, blocking the bigger molecules from diffusing into the fibers of collagen.

Assessment of tannins extracts of Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonii pods and Azadirachta indica bark on leather processing

Assessment of tannins extracts of Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonii pods and Azadirachta indica bark on leather processing

The Azadirachta Indica Bark and Cow Urine for the Treatment of Urticaria (Hives)

The Aim of the study was to investigate the use of Azadirachta Indica bark in combination with Cow urine for the External Treatment of Urticaria.
 Neem Has been used for the treatment of various diseases both in modern and Traditional Systems of medicine. Over 96 patents have been granted based on different use of the plant. It gives a clear view of the importance of the plant and its daily life use in society. Cow Urine is Widely used as a therapeutic agent and additive in India, for the treatment of infections cuts, and burns. Cow urine has been considered sacred a used in many rituals. cow urines are also used in purification and disinfecting houses.
 Cow urine and neem bark powder 41mm against urticaria while cow urine alone shows 32 mm inhibition zone diameter and the Suspension produced by Neem bark and cow urine shows positive changes in the patient. It proves that the combination of the neem bark powder with the cow urine has very high antimicrobial activity that speeds up the healing process of the rashes. It shows the antibacterial property has been boosted in combination. With additional antioxidant properties of the cow urine play a significant role in treatment.

COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL, PROXIMATE, AND in vitro ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC ANALYSES OF THE ROOT BARK EXTRACTS OF Nauclea latifolia Smith AND THE STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic metabolic disorder caused by relative or absolute insulin secretion deficiency or resistance, characterized by hyperglycemia. It has affected 5% of the world’s population and accounts for about 10 % of total health care expenditure in many countries. The present investigation was carried out to explore the proximate, phytochemical compositions and antihyperglycemic potentials of Nauclea latifolia Smith and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. The selected plant parts were subjected to solvent extraction using three solvents of varying polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol), followed by phytochemical screening. Some of the extracts were analyzed for their antihyperglycemic activity using in vitro assays such as α-amylase inhibition assay and glucose uptake by yeast cells. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides in various amounts. The proximate composition revealed the following: moisture content (9.00 %); ash content (5.33 – 8.00 %), crude fiber (23.75 – 33.75 %); oil content (12.50 – 12.86 %) and carbohydrate (6.00 – 31.49 %). The results of the assays suggest that the methanol extract of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss showed the highest value of inhibition (87.61 %) at 0.1 mg/ml concentration when compared to acarbose (56.0 %) used as the control/standard drug. It is noteworthy that various levels of inhibition are not concentration-dependent. The percent glucose uptake of methanol extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss was recorded highest (49.49 %) at 1.0 mg/ml. This study’s finding favors the use of these medicinal plants for the management of diabetes which might be due to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents inherent in them.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss bark extract and its Nimbin isomers restrict β-coronaviral infection and replication.

Emerging mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome pose a challenge for vaccine development and antiviral therapy. The antiviral efficacy of Azadirachta indica bark extract (NBE) was assessed against SARS-CoV-2 and m-CoV-RSA59 infection. Effects of in vivo intranasal or oral NBE administration on viral load, inflammatory response, and histopathological changes were assessed in m-CoV-RSA59-infection. NBE administered inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and m-CoV-RSA59 infection and replication in vitro, reducing Envelope and Nucleocapsid gene expression. NBE ameliorates neuroinflammation and hepatitis in vivo by restricting viral replication and spread. Isolated fractions of NBE enriched in Nimbin isomers shows potent inhibition of m-CoV-RSA59 infection in vitro. In silico studies revealed that NBE could target Spike and RdRp of m-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity. NBE has a triterpenoids origin that may allow them to competitively target panoply of viral proteins to inhibit mouse and different strains of human coronavirus infections, suggesting its potential as an antiviral against pan-β-Coronaviruses.

TLC-Based Metabolite Profiling and Bioactivity-Based Scientific Validation for Use of Water Extracts in AYUSH Formulations.

We aimed to develop a chromatographic method for scientific validation of water extract of some important Indian traditional plants used in AYUSH-based formulation as immunomodulator and to evaluate their bioactive potential. Fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Piper nigrum L., stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, rhizome of Curcuma longa L., leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. and Achillea millefolium L., roots of Withania somnifera L., and stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. were coarsely powdered and extracted in three different solvents (water, ethanol, and hydroethanol). The antioxidant potential was determined through 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing capacity methods. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out for the comparative metabolite profiling of the extracts using toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5 : 4 : 1, v/v/v) as a solvent system. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of the extracts has been tested on splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic assay. Hydroethanolic extract (HEE) of most of the plant materials has the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by water extract (WE) and ethanolic extract (EE), whereas the water extracts of most of the plant material showed better antioxidant activity. Almost all extract exhibited splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. But water extract showed significantly higher splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity as compared to the other two extracts. TLC analysis resulted in detection of totally 63 and 56 metabolites at 254 nm and 366 nm, respectively. Through principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that metabolite pattern of different extracts from same plant materials may be different or similar. This preliminary result can be used for quality evaluation and to develop a synergy-based polyherbal combination of water extracts of selected plant materials.

Assessment of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous Ethanol Extract and Fractions of Azadirachta indica Stem Bark

In this study, the aqueous ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into different solvents. The extract and fractions were then assessed for their phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that saponins, flavonoids, phenol, and tannins were present in all the samples. Also, the ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid (281.15 mgQE/g), phenolic (714.82 mgGAE/g), and tannin (156.54 mgTAE/g) contents, as well as the highest DPPH scavenging activity (95.71%) and total reducing power (1.27). However, among the fractions, butanol fraction showed the highest contents of flavonoids (235.20 mgQE/g), phenolics (413.42 mgGAE/g) and the highest DPPH scavenging activity (93.87 %) while the highest tannin content (86.90 mgTAE/g) and total reducing power (1.06) was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction. The lowest concentration of flavonoid (34.60 mgQE/g) and lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for the hexane fraction while lowest contents of phenolics (102.32 mgGAE/g) and tannins (41.21 mgTAE/g) were both observed in the water-soluble fraction. The most active fraction against both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae was ethyl acetate. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and water-soluble fractions showed the highest activity against Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, respectively. This research reveals that the stem bark of Azadirachta indica contains notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a promising source for developing potent therapeutic drugs and functional foods.

Optimization study of biosorption of toxic metals from mining wastewater using Azadirachta indica bark adsorbents.

The effectiveness of two Azadirachta indica bark activated carbons (ABAC) for the removal of selected toxic metals from mining wastewater and the attendant challenge of multivariate factors in the process were enhanced through optimization studies. Experimental design was carried out using adsorbent dosage, agitation rate, contact time, grain size, pH and temperature as independent variables. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using the experimental design result, then the experimental data obtained were optimized using Design-Expert software and the results validated. Optimum values for ABAC-NaOH adsorbent were 1.999 g of adsorbent dosage, 149.73 rpm agitation rate, 119.55 min contact time, 2 mm grain size, pH of 7 and 30 °C temperature; while for ABAC-HCl adsorbent the optimum values were 3.993 g of adsorbent dosage, 150 rpm agitation rate, 120 min contact time, 2 mm grain size, pH of 7.001 and 30 °C temperature. These resulted in 100% removal efficiencies for all the selected toxic metals with standard errors of between 0.02 and 2.72%. So the optimization process is a very useful tool in adsorption studies. It has the merits of being economical, energy and time saving, and is therefore strongly recommended for the biosorption of toxic metals from mining wastewater using Azadirachta indica adsorbent.

Melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of limonoids and tricyclic diterpenoids from Azadirachta indica.

The chemical constituents of the roots and bark of Azadirachta indica were investigated, leading to the isolation of six tricyclic diterpenoids and four limonoids including a new compound, azadirachtin J (4). The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic techniques, mass spectrometry as well as comparison with the literature. Furthermore, melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. As a result, compounds 1-3 and 10 exhibited superior inhibitory activities against melanogenesis with no, or almost no, toxicity to the cells (86.5-105.1% cell viability). Western blot analysis showed that compounds 1 and 3 exhibited melanogenesis inhibitory activities in α-MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma cells due to, at least in part, inhibition of the expression of MITF, followed by a decrease in the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory activities (IC50 values of 44.86μM and 69.85μM respectively). Docking results confirm that the active inhibitors strongly interact with tyrosinase residues.

The Effects of Extraction Methods of Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica Bark on in vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy and Performance of Broiler Chickens.

The Effects of Extraction Methods of Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica Bark on in vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy and Performance of Broiler Chickens.