Barium Sulfate Crystals Research Articles

Understanding the production and reduction of barium sulfate crystals through the use of additives and a controlled stirring rate

Barium sulfate crystals are minerals responsible for scaling in piping systems. Controlling the growth of these crystals can use additives (FeCl2 and SrCl2) and varying agitation speeds. The research was to optimize the impact of additives and agitation speed on the results of crystal form using RSM through Minitab 19 with Box-Behnken Design. The optimum conditions using additive FeCl2 at a concentration of 25 ppm, a stirring speed of 120 rpm for 30 minutes, and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 90.995 provided 0.4485 gr of barium sulfate crystals. The optimum conditions, however, used SrCl2 additives at a concentration of 20.2049 ppm and a stirring speed of 459.394 rpm for 30 minutes, yielding 0.4345 g of barium sulfates with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 91.41%. The results of crystallizing barium sulfate without additives appear to be superior to those obtained with additives in terms of production. In contrast, additives of FeCl2 and SrCl2 can inhibit barium sulfate formation, resulting in a reduction in crystal mass

Water column barium sulfate dissolution and shielding by organic matter aggregates: Implications for the pelagic barite proxy

Pelagic barite (BaSO4) and related proxies are useful tools for reconstructing the marine carbon cycle. The factors controlling pelagic barite dissolution in the ocean water column are poorly understood, which adds uncertainty to Ba-based reconstructions. Here, we conducted static laboratory incubations to test the sensitivity of barium sulfate dissolution rate to a range of commonly occurring seawater pH, salinity, and temperature conditions. We observed relatively rapid dissolution rates ranging from 1.7 ± 0.4 to 3.4 ± 0.8 pg BaSO4 day−1 for these experiments, and we did not observe statistically significant differences in the rate of dissolution with varying pH, salinity, or temperature. The slowest dissolution rate observed in these experiments suggests that an average barium sulfate crystal would survive in the ocean water column just 6.2 ± 0.3 days. We estimate that an average isolated pelagic barite crystal would take 67 years to sink down through the water column, so our experiments imply that solitary pelagic barite crystals do not survive this transit. We conducted an additional experiment on a roller table to assess the impact of organic matter aggregates on barium sulfate dissolution. Free barium sulfate crystals incubated on the roller table dissolved even more rapidly than crystals in the static experiment (19 ± 7 pg BaSO4 day−1), but barium sulfate crystals incubated with organic matter aggregates showed little sign of dissolution over time. Our findings suggest that organic matter aggregates play a vital role in shielding pelagic barite from dissolution in the water column. This implies that pelagic barite in ocean sediments records the arrival of organic detritus to the seafloor, not just barite crystal formation in sinking organic matter in the upper water column. Additional work is needed to determine which aspects of the marine carbon cycle the pelagic barite proxy captures.

Inhibition of Barium Sulfat Crystal Formation in a Batch Method Crystallizer in the Presence of Cu and Zn

Deposits of barium sulfate are a common issue in the oil and gas industry. The presence of these crystals impacts oil and gas production, causing technical problems such as inhibiting flow rate, increasing pressure in the pipe, and causing the pipe to break and be damaged. The results of this study show the formation of barium sulfate (BaSO4) crystals with the batch crystallizer method at 300 °C under the influence of the stirring rotation speed (0 rpm, 120 rpm, 240 rpm, 360 rpm, 480 rpm) and the additive concentration (0 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 2atm). In this study, the BaSO4 crystallization experiment was performed in a glass beaker using a magnetic stirrer with a stirring rotation speed to react BaCL2 and Na2SO4. The results demonstrated that adding zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and copper (ii) chloride (CuCl2) additives reduced the mass of crystals formed. The amount of barium sulfate scale that forms can be affected by the rotational speed of the stirrer. According to SEM analysis, the crystal morphology of BaSO4 was orthorhombic, indicating that this crystal shape was typical of barite crystals. While XRD analysis confirmed the formation of barium sulfate (barite) crystals, it also demonstrated that the crystals formed were solid barite crystals.

Analysis of Sulfate (SO4) Concentration in Bittern as Raw Material for Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)

The investigation on traditional salt production had developed in the characterization of Bittern. Bittern is the dense residual liquor with specific gravity ≥ 1.28 gr/cm3 obtained after precipitation and harvesting of NaCl salt from seawater. In this research, the measurment of sulfate in the bittern was carried out. Sulfate is one of the raw materials for MgSO4. The determination of sulfate concentration is using a turbidimetric method according to SNI 6989 20:2009 using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 420 nm. In this process the Sulfate in an acidic environment reacts with barium chloride (BaCl2) to form barium sulfate (BaSO4) crystals. The light absorbed by the barium sulfate suspension is measured with a photometer and the sulfate content is calculated by comparing the readings with the calibration curve. The results of the analysis showed that at 31o Baume the sulfate content is 40.0 g/L, at 32o Baume the sulfate content is 42.6 g/L, at 33o Baume the sulfate content is 42.8 g/L. The sulfate concentration in the bittern showed a linear increase with increasing water concentration. The sulphate content of bittern with 31oBe levels has an average value of 40.028 g/L, at 32oBe levels the average sulphate content is 42.599 g/L and at 33oBe levels it is 42,825 g/L. Keywords: Bittern, Sulfate, oBe

Spontaneous formation of barium sulfate crystals at liquid–liquid interfaces

Interfacial ion transfer from organic phase to aqueous phase is employed as the basis for formation of barium sulfate crystals close to the interface.

Suppressing Barium Sulfate Crystallization with Hydroxycitrate: A Dual Nucleation and Growth Inhibitor

Suppressing Barium Sulfate Crystallization with Hydroxycitrate: A Dual Nucleation and Growth Inhibitor

Kinetics of Barium Sulfate Deposition and Crystallization Process in the Flowing Tube

Barium sulfate deposition is one of the most serious problems in the flow assurance issues in the industry. The kinetics of barium sulfate deposition inside the flowing tubing has been studied. The...

Capturing an amorphous BaSO4 intermediate precursor to barite

In the work presented here, free-barium activity was monitored during the barium sulfate crystallization and we identified for the first time (in the absence of additives) a metastable BaSO4 amorphous phase that precedes barite formation.

Mineral Precipitation in Fractures and Nanopores within Shale Imaged Using Time-Lapse X-ray Tomography

Barite precipitation in fractures and nanopores within a shale sample is analysed in situ, in 3D, and over time. Diffusion of barium and sulphate from opposite sides of the sample creates a supersaturated zone where barium sulphate crystals precipitate. Time-lapse synchrotron-based computed tomography was used to track the growth of precipitates over time, even within the shale’s matrix where the nanopores are much smaller than the resolution of the technique. We observed that the kinetics of precipitation is limited by the type and size of the confinement where crystals are growing, i.e., nanopores and fractures. This has a major impact on the ion transport at the growth front, which determines the extent of precipitation within wider fractures (fast and localised precipitation), thinner fractures (non-localised and slowing precipitation) and nanopores (precipitation spread as a front moving at an approximately constant velocity of 10 ± 3 µm/h). A general sequence of events during precipitation in rocks containing pores and fractures of different sizes is proposed and its possible implications to earth sciences and subsurface engineering, e.g., fracking and mineral sequestration, are discussed.

Can macrocyclic phosphonate molecules inhibit barium sulfate crystallization?

Macrocyclic compounds such as DOTP and NOTP are found to inhibit precipitation of barium sulfate just as potently as their non-cyclic counterparts depending on the ionisation state of the molecule.

The impact of sulfite ions on barium sulfate crystallization

In this manuscript we investigate an inorganic, anionic promoter of barium sulfate crystallization. Sulfite ions are found to promote barium sulfate crystallization at low concentrations. Turbidimetric experiments show homogenous nucleation promotion and AFM results show possible 2D nucleation promotion in the presence of sulfite ions. Growth promotion appears to be mainly in the c-axis relative to the other faces according to morphology results at low S values. Analysis of the sulfite ion impact by assuming it completely oxidizes to sulfate did not adequately explain all experimental results, suggesting that these ions also interact in some other way. One mechanism by which sulfite might promote barium sulfate crystallization is by promoting de-solvation of the barium ion by weakly complexing with it.

The impact of oxalate ions on barium sulfate crystallization

In this manuscript we investigate the impact of oxalate ions on the crystallization of barium sulfate. The organic anion, oxalate, was found to inhibit both nucleation and growth according to atomic force microscopy measurements and dynamic light scattering data. Raman confocal imaging was used to try and determine how the oxalate interacts with the barium sulfate surface. It was found that barium oxalate is only seen at very high oxalate concentrations. At lower concentrations no direct evidence for the presence of oxalate was observed, however, the most probable mode of action for oxalate is via adsorption onto the barium sulfate surface including into key kink or step sites, impacting growth.

Crystallization of Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) in a Flowing System: Influence of malic acid on Induction Time and Crystal Phase Transformation

Barium sulfate scaling usually occurs in pipelines of offshore oil drilling wells, which has become a persistent problem. This scale can create technical problems, including the increased energy in consumption and unscheduled equipment shutdown. This paper presents the crystallization of barium sulfate and this experiment was focused on evaluating the effect of solution concentration and malic acid to the induction time and barium sulfate crystallization. In this research, the experiments on the growth of barium sulfate scale in the pipe test was conducted by reacting BaCl2 and Na2SO4 at concentrations of 3500, 4000, 4500 and 5000 ppm Ba2+, flow rate (40 ml / min), temperature (50 °C), while malic acid (0, 5, 10 ppm) was added to the solution as a scale inhibitor. BaSO4 scale formation was observed with the declining value of the conductivity of the solution. BaSO4 crystal shape was observed from the results of morphological studies performed using SEM, further analysis of the micro-crystal composition using EDX and XRD analysis was used to prove the crystal produced. The SEM imaging shows that the morphology crystals have a star-like particle, while XRD analysis confirmed that the pure barite crystal (barite) was produced during the experiments. Obviously, the malic acid inhibited the crystal growth of barite.

Oriented Crystallization of Barium Sulfate Confined in Hierarchical Cellular Structures

Biomineralization involves the controlled formation of inorganic matter within hierarchical biological scaffolds. Mimicking the crystallization of biominerals in such confinement is an important goal in the field of crystal engineering. Natural porous materials offer an interesting platform for studying mineral morphogenesis and texturing through template-directed mineralization. In this paper, we precipitate barium sulfate from aqueous salt solutions in the constrained micro- and nanoenvironment of pristine wood cells and cell walls. By employing spatially resolved characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopic imaging, and scanning wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), we gain important insights into the deposition pattern, morphology, and crystallographic orientation of Barite crystals in the plant cell anatomy. The experimental findings suggest directed crystallization of BaSO4 at different hierarchical levels. SEM shows elongated, dendritic BaSO4 crystals g...

小型連続晶析装置の開発

Recently chemical reactors are on the way to downsizing and getting continuous in order to be transportable by truck. We have developed a small continuous crystallizer. The apparatus utilizes good micro-mixing ability for crystalization by applying taylor-vortex to reaction cylinder. It has millimeter-order gap between inner cylinder and outer cylinder to avoid obstruction. In addition, the tip of solution port is shaped into conical and discharging port is placed at the end of the cylinder closely. It is helpful for continuous operation with plug flow and stable crystallization. We examined crystallization of sodium chloride, barium sulfate and L-Arginine hydrochloride.

Barium Sulfate Crystallization from Synthetic Seawater

Barium sulfate was crystallized in a synthetic seawater mixture that was chosen to better reflect ocean conditions. The synthetic seawater contained monovalent ions, magnesium, strontium, and calcium as well as bicarbonate and boric acid. The natural pH of the synthetic seawater is 8.1, and this seawater was used to determine the impact on morphology, nucleation rates, and incorporation of foreign ions. It was found that dendritic and diamond-shaped particles are both formed. The main parameters influencing the formation of dendritic particles were the saturation index and the ion ratio, but there was also a significant synergistic effect with the other ions present. The diamond-shaped particles formed later at a lower saturation index. The nucleation rate in synthetic seawater was found to be higher than expected based on an ion ratio basis. This is most probably because the divalent ions induce a higher nucleation rate by lowering the surface free energy. Strontium was found to be the dominant ion subst...

Green Synthesis of Barium Sulfate Particles Using Plant Extracts

The biological molecules in the extracts of four fruits or vegetables: kiwifruit, oranges, tomato and carrot, were used as templates to synthesize barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ) particles. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray power diffractometry. The results showed that, leaf-shaped barite BaSO 4 crystals with toothed edge were obtained with kiwifruit extracts; thorn spherical barium sulfate crystals with diameter of 2-4 micrometers were produced with tomato extracts; rod-like or quasi-spherical BaSO 4 crystals with size of several hundred nanometers to several micrometers were gained with orange extracts; while quasi-spherical BaSO 4 nano-crystals were obtained with carrot extracts. The formation mechanism of BaSO 4 is also discussed, showing that the proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and organic acids in above four kinds of fruits or vegetables may provide nucleation sites, controlling the growth of BaSO 4 crystals with different morphologies.

Ionic liquid-functionalized crystals of barium sulfate: A hybrid organic–inorganic material with tuned hydrophilicity and solid–liquid behavior

A hybrid organic–inorganic material composed of barium sulfate (BaSO4) crystals embedded within a hydrophobic ionic liquid (ILs) matrix has been synthesized. The contact between the inorganic solid and the organic coating is created by chemical interactions between the crystal surface and the ionic liquid. The material exhibits higher affinity to lipophilic media than the non-modified BaSO4. Increased hydrophobicity is a property often sought for inorganic particles to be applied in non-polar formulations. Immobilization of water-immiscible ILs on a hydrophilic solid carrier enables their application in aqueous solutions and the creation of appreciable hydrophobic-IL/water interfaces on the dispersion of solid-like material in aqueous media.

The many roles of mellitic acid during barium sulfate crystallization

The various roles of mellitic acid during barium sulfate crystallization from nucleation to mesocrystal formation are explored and elucidated.

Study in Kinetics of Barium Sulfate Crystallization Process of Oilfield Injection

With conductivity measurement in different concentrations of barium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride solution, their concentration-conductivity equation is obtained. Through mathematical conversion, the relation between sulfuric acid root ion in the solution, barium ion conductivity and the concentration is showed as: X=4.1744×10-6Y-6.8544×10-5,which is used to reflect the undissolved salt barium sulfate crystallization in the solution. Conductivity online measuring device is established, which can Intermittently test barium chloride, sodium sulfate solution of different concentrations, and detect the change of electrical conductivity in the process of crystallization of homogeneous barium sulfate in real-time. the different stages of crystallization process is determined by analysis of the conductivity curve. Through data processing to concert concentration into conductivity, so that the kinetic equation of barium sulfate crystallization process are obtained.