Barium Oxide Research Articles

Investigation on Crystallization of CaO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐BaO Slag Using Differential Scanning Calorimeter and In Situ High‐Temperature Raman Spectroscopy

CaO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐based slag is among the most promising “nonreactive” mold fluxes for continuous casting of high‐aluminum steel. However, CaO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐based slag system exhibits a stronger crystallization ability compared to traditional mold fluxes. Herein, calcium oxide in CaO‐Al2O3‐10%B2O3 slag is partially replaced by the same mass of barium oxide (5 and 10 mass%) to adjust the crystallization ability. The crystallization of glassy slags is then investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter and their crystallization kinetics are analyzed using the Matusita–Sakka model. The structural evolution of glassy slags from room temperature to 1200 °C is also investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. The kinetic analysis shows that the crystallization process of CaO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐BaO glassy slags follows the surface crystallization mechanism. The predominant crystalline products are calcium monoaluminate (CaAl2O4) and calcium borate (Ca3(BO3)2). The partial replacement of calcium oxide by barium oxide inhibits the growth of CaAl2O4 in the slag by increasing the activation energy of crystal growth. The high‐temperature Raman spectroscopy study shows that the band between 700 and 900 cm−1 gets weaker relative to the band between 450 and 650 cm−1 at high temperatures. This indicates the strengthening of bending vibration of Al‐O‐Al, which is consistent with the precipitation of CaAl2O4 with full oxygen bridging.

Impact of barium oxide on the structural, thermal, and chemical properties of bismuth borate glasses for optical and thermal applications

Impact of barium oxide on the structural, thermal, and chemical properties of bismuth borate glasses for optical and thermal applications

Synthesis of NiO: BaO nano structure by chemical method with Antibacterial activity to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epedermidis andcandida spp

Nanostructured materials have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable chemical and physical characteristics. Because of their exceptional qualities and potential uses in technology. Nanostructured transition metal oxides are one of the many nanomaterials that need particular attention. The goal of this study was to synthesize nickel oxide and barium oxide nanostructures by the reaction of Nano powders: nickel sulphate NiSO4, barium chloride BaCl3, and molten sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide (NaOH: KOH) and examine their physical and biological properties. According to the results of UV–Vis, the gap band of the nanostructure was calculated with a range of 3.6–3.27 eV. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) pictures appear to create aggregated nanoparticles with particle size of 29 nm according to Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with a spherical shape. This results proved that NiO: Ba nanostructure an efficient and stable. It was observed that the diameter of the inhibition zone bacteria include E. coli and Klebsiella spp. (21,18) mm while inhibition zone of bacteria S. aureus,S. epidermidisgram positive bacteria and yeast candida spp.(19,19 and 21)mm. As can be shown, the antibacterial activity of the (NiO: BaO), nanostructure increases with decreasing concentration and is more effective against E. coli gram-negative than it is against S. aureus and S. epedermidis gram-positive. This finding might be explained by the fact that, due to differences in their cell wall composition, gram-negative bacteria are more vulnerable to antibacterial medications than gram-positive ones. The synthesized NiO: Ba nanostructures had the potential for higher inhibition and killing of gram-negative than gram-positive bacteria.

A simulation investigation of barium phosphate glasses enhanced with vanadium and tellurium ions for X- and gamma energies attenuation

Barium phosphate glass with fixed barium oxide (BaO) at 40 mol% and vanadium oxide (V2O5) at 1 mol% was successfully synthesized by the melt quenching process. Different concentrations of tellurium oxide (TeO2) were introduced at the expense of the phosphate groups (P2O5) to improve and modify the elastic and radiation shielding properties. The elastic parameters were calculated from the Makishima-Mackenzie model. The radiation shielding parameters were simulated and studied using the XCOM database to check the availability of such glass to withstand the X-ray and gamma energies.

Molecular Interactions of Barium Oxide Nanofluid at Different Temperatures

Molecular Interactions of Barium Oxide Nanofluid at Different Temperatures

An extensive inquisition on the impact of modifier oxides over the luminescent properties of Eu3+ embedded Li-Al tri-former glasses for photonic applications

A novel, tri-former glasses with the composition 45B2O3+12P2O5+8SiO2+3Al2O3+10LiF+20MO+1Eu2O3 with varying metal oxides have been fabricated following the melt-quenching technique. The absorption, luminescence and radiative decay measurements were carried out, and the specific colour emitted by the glass sample was determined employing the CIE chromaticity diagram. While monitoring the excitation at 393 nm, luminescence spectra of all the glass samples exhibit red emission pertaining to the 5D0→7F2 transition at around 615 nm. The local geometry around the Eu3+ ions site and the nature of the Rare Earth ion-ligand bond have been analyzed employing Judd-Ofelt theory and the R/O ratio spectral parameter. The intensity parameters follows the trend as Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6 and the results are co-related well with the R/O ratio spectral parameter values. Radiative properties such as σPE, βR and AR of every glass in the present series possess higher values, and the FWHM exhibits lower value, indicating the potentiality of the BPSAEu:M glasses for lasing applications. Among the prepared samples, BPSAEu:Ba glass exhibit higher values for σPE and AR as 42.3 × 10−22 cm2 and 641.71 s−1 respectively which are apt for laser applications. The quantum yield pertaining to the 5D0→7F2 transition exhibit more than 65 % for all the samples and particularly Barium oxide incorporated glass BPSAEu:Ba exhibits 84 %. The present study suggests that BPASEu:Ba glass is a promising luminescent material for photonic/LED applications.

Assessment of luminescent features on Sm3+ ions doped LiF assimilated lead-free borate glasses for visible photonic and optoelectronic applications

The distinctive set containing Sm3+ ions doped LiF incorporated Alkaline borate glasses have been synthesised via the melt quenching practice. 59B2O3+20LiF+(20–X)CaCO3+XBaCO3 +1Sm2O3 (where X = 5, 10, 15, 20 wt%) is the composition used for the glass preparation. The effect of samarium ions concentration dependency on the absorption and emission of barium and calcium oxide has been studied through several spectroscopic studies. The current set of glasses is ionic, determined by the bonding value. The hypersensitive absorption transition is found in the visible region of the absorption spectra, and the transition from 6H5/2 to 6P3/2 shows the highest oscillator strength of 14.87 × 10−6. The intensity parameters are denoted by Ωλ (where λ = 2,4,6) are assessed and discussed. The results indicate that Ω4 is higher when compared to the other two parameters. The lower Ω2 values further ensure the ionic nature of the glass samples. Moreover, the intensity parameters are utilised to predict some radiative properties for the lasing potential evaluation, which includes cross-sections of emission (σPE), probability of radiative transition (A), and experimental and radiative lifetime (τexp and τR). The decay profile was monitored for the 4G5/2 state, and consistently non-exponential behaviour was observed in all the glasses. Through the CIE colour chromaticity analysis, the CCT (colour-correlated temperature), dominant wavelength, colour, and purity of the emitted light have been evaluated. Concerning all aspects, the glass with 20 wt% of BaCO3 is found to be fit for photonic and optoelectronic applications.

Impact of barium oxide on the structure and surface properties of glass-crystalline glazes

The influence of barium oxide on glazes in the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO-K2O system was investigated. Samples were prepared with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt% of barium oxide added to this system. The glazes were fired at 1240 °C and the structure and surface properties were determined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phase composition, surface properties, structural mid-infrared analysis, and microstructure were performed.Diopside was detected in all glazes as the MgO content was higher than 2.5 wt%. Hyalophane crystals were observed when the BaO content increased to 5 wt%. Mid-infrared studies showed that the appearance of crystalline phases ordered the structure of the glazes; on the other hand, the amorphous phase increased its disorder related to the higher amount of modifying barium cations. The addition of barium oxide did not significantly affect the color of the surface but caused an increase in roughness due to surface crystallization. The microhardness increased with an increased amount of barium in the amorphous phase.

On the thermodynamics of Barium Oxyfluoride precursor in YBCO growth via the MOD process

Abstract Barium Oxyfluoride plays an important role, as a precursor species, in the nucleation and growth of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) via the low fluorine metal organic decomposition (MOD low-fluorine) route. In this contribution, we present a study on the thermodynamics of oxyfluoride by processing experimental data on YBCO growth on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates. The analysis allows one to determine the standard enthalpy and the standard entropy changes for oxyfluoride formation from barium oxide and barium fluoride. To identify the thermodynamically more favorable route to oxyfluoride formation in the MOD low-fluorine process, the free energy change for the formation of the precursor, through reactions involving gas water, has been determined. The free energy of formation via fluoride and water indicates higher stability of oxygen rich oxyfluoride for P HF 2 P H 2 O < 10 − 6 . In the framework of nucleation theory, the present results are needed to study the effect of precursor composition on film orientation.

Photon and thermal neutron shielding behaviors of aluminum calcium fluoroborate glass modified with barium oxide: FLUKA Monte Carlo, XCOM and experimental investigations

The borate glass system was prepared using the melt-quenching method. The XRD was used to confirm the amorphous structure of present samples, the FTIR was utilized to observe vibration modes, and the UV–Vis-NIR spectrophotometer was employed to measure transmittance spectra. The radiation shielding properties were examined by FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation, XCOM programs, and experimental methods. The density increased, while the molar volume decreased as the BaO content increased. For the X-ray and gamma-ray radiation, indicate that the addition of BaO instead of B2O3 improve the shielding properties, while the Σ is decreased for thermal neutron radiation. According to the results, adding BaO enhanced the X-ray and gamma-ray shielding properties. However, adding BaO led to the reduces its ability of shielding the thermal neutrons of the glass samples. These data are expected to be accommodate to considering for any applications which requires high efficiency of photon or thermal neutrons shielding.

Enhancing bioactivity, radiopacity, and structural properties of borophosphate glass through barium oxide modification and controlled thermal treatment

This study explores the impact of replacing P2O5 and B2O3 with varying amounts of barium oxide (BaO, 0–10 mol%) in borophosphate glasses. The investigation focuses on the structural, bioactivity, and radiopaque properties of the resulting materials. Four glass samples were prepared using a melt-quench technique. Their bioactivity was assessed through immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 days. Additionally, a 24-h thermal treatment at 530 °C was employed to induce crystallization and evaluate the bioactivity of the resulting glass-ceramics. Initial X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the glasses. Conversely, crystalline phases were identified after the thermal treatment. Increasing BaO content led to higher volumetric density while altering the molar volume and structure as revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Lower pH values were observed with increasing BaO content, suggesting its influence on controlling the release of ions from the material. Both XRD and FTIR analyses detected the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and fluorapatite (FAp) phases in all samples. Notably, the glass-ceramic containing 10 mol% BaO exhibited the most significant apatite formation. Radiopacity measurements improved with increasing BaO content, indicating potential applications in bone replacement materials due to enhanced visibility in X-ray imaging. Cell viability tests confirmed the non-toxic nature of the samples, with higher BaO content promoting cell proliferation, suggesting potential for tissue regeneration. Overall, these findings suggest promising biomedical applications for all the studied compositions.

Efficacy of barium and calcium additives in lithium silicate glasses for nuclear shielding applications

This study presents a detailed investigation into the nuclear radiation shielding capabilities of lithium silicate (Li2O-SiO2) glass systems, specifically examining the impact of doping with barium oxide (BaO) and calcium oxide (CaO). Utilizing advanced simulation tools, including PAGEX and SRIM for charged particle interactions, and Phy-X/PSD for gamma-ray attenuation analysis, the radiation shielding effectiveness of BaO-based and CaO-based lithium silicate glasses were systematically compared. The gamma attenuation parameters (LAC, MAC, TVL, HVL, EBF, EABF, MFP, Zeff, Neff, FNRCS, and Zeq) of investigated glass samples were computed via the Phy-X/PSD program (15 keV-15 MeV energy). The HVL values vary between 0.007–14.203 cm, and the TVL values vary between 0.054–47.182 cm for all samples in the selected energy range. The highest and lowest values of FNRCS were observed for samples BaO20 and CaO5, with the values 0.093 and 0.1 cm−1, respectively. KERMAs were calculated using PAGEX software between the 1.5 keV and 20 MeV energy range, with the highest KERMA obtained for the BaO20 sample at 0.05 MeV and the lowest KERMA obtained for the CaO5 sample at the lowest density. The mass stopping power quantities were computed between 1 keV-10 GeV energy with PAGEX. The projected range values were calculated with SRIM codes. The lowest projected range values for both alpha particles and protons were obtained for the BaO20 sample with maximum density (3.391 g cm−3). The sample with BaO20 code showed better shielding potential for alpha and proton particles with lower values of projected range and mass stopping power. Findings reveal that the Li2O-BaO-SiO2 glass composition exhibits superior gamma-ray attenuation properties compared to its CaO-doped counterpart, with the BaO20 sample demonstrating particularly enhanced performance.

The hazardous protective glass material for gamma, neutrons, and behaviors of charged particles: Results of adding barium oxide concentrations

The objective of this research is to examine the effectiveness of gamma and neutron shielding, as well as to investigate the behavior of charged particles in glass compositions with the formula xBaO:5SnO2:10Na2O:10CaO:10Li2O: (65-x)SiO2. These glass compositions will be created using the melt quenching technique (MQT). The findings indicated that the physical characteristics, such as density and molar volume, exhibited a comparable pattern. The gamma-ray shielding capacity of the glass system was assessed by comparing it with theoretical, simulation, and experimental values obtained using WinXCom, PHITS (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System) Monte Carlo simulation, and Compton scattering technique (CST), respectively. The results revealed that the total attenuation (μm), effective atomic number (Zeff), and electron density (Nel) exhibited a consistent increase with higher BaO contents. Additionally, this increase led to a decrease in scattering energy within the Compton energy range. The half-value layer (HVL) exhibited superior shielding characteristics compared to alternative substances. Furthermore, the addition of more BaO atoms in the glass structure results in an increased ability of the material to stop the motion of charged particles with larger mass. Conversely, lower concentrations of BaO demonstrate an efficient barrier against fast neutrons. The simulation revealed that BaO can be utilized as an additive in glass materials to enhance their radiation shielding properties in environments with high levels of radiation.

Optimizing the composition of barium-borate glasses for enhancing thermal neutron shielding efficiency: Monte Carlo simulation

A transparent window with thermal neutron shielding properties was an important part of the stations of the nuclear reactors and the particle accelerators. The borate glass with a high neutron cross section was a candidate as a glass network for the neutron shielding window. In order to slow down thermal neutrons, they were trapped by boron and subsequently emitted secondary radiation, such as alpha particles and gamma-ray radiation. This work was to optimize the content between a ratio of borate with a high cross-section neutron interaction and barium for shielding alpha and gamma ray. The barium-borate glasses were successfully synthesized using the melting technique in the atmosphere. Measurements of mechanical and optical glass properties were presented. The measured results showed that an increase in barium oxide content in the glass ratio enhanced the glass density and the transmittance at a visible wavelength. In the calculation of radiation shielding properties, FLUKA code based on Monte Carlo Simulation was demonstrated. The calculated results revealed that an increase in the barium oxide content in the glass composition reduced the thermal neutron shielding properties of the glass samples. In contrast, the glass with barium contents enhanced the photon-shielding efficiency, as indicated by the mass attenuation coefficient and half-value layer. Not only the ratio of the barium and borate contents affected the shielding properties, but the increased glass thickness also enhanced the shielding properties. Thus, the utilization of cooperative borate glasses and barium with appropriate thickness could potentially serve as a viable option for simultaneously protecting against thermal neutrons and photons. The barium-borate glasses with our composition might be used as a window in a thermal neutron station as well as for photon radiation.

Tailoring Work Functions of Heterostructures by Varying the Depth of a Buried Monolayer

AbstractThe work function is a critical parameter for device design and understanding of materials properties, but contemporary experimental literature on tailored work functions is rather scarce. This paper presents a promising new approach to work function design that uses pulsed laser deposition (PLD) growth with unit cell precision. It is shown that a monolayer buried within a material can influence the work function as a function of the layer depth. This method can preserve properties of the original material's surface, and furthermore, a sensitive material can be used as the monolayer, both of which are beneficial for device design. Proof of concept is demonstrated by inserting a nominal monolayer of barium oxide (BaO) into strontium titanate (SrTiO3) (001) at different depths, revealing a previously unknown work function trend. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, surface characterization, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) studies verify the quality of the heterostructures and help to understand how charge transfer, slight barium diffusion, and termination effects account for the observed work function trends. This work function tunability is a promising approach for future devices that require a tailored work function, which can easily be extended to a wider variety of materials.

Improvement of the Photocatalytic and Biological Activities of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by Coupling with Barium Oxide Nanoparticles

Improvement of the Photocatalytic and Biological Activities of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by Coupling with Barium Oxide Nanoparticles

Deep insight into physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose-barium oxide nanocomposites

Nanocomposites, blending the unique properties of inorganic nanoparticles with polymers, are gaining momentum in various industries. This study delves into the synthesis and characterization of barium oxide (BaO)-doped carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanocomposites, focusing on their structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties. Using an in-situ polymerization method, CMC films were doped with 5 % and 10 % BaO nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the doped samples exhibited enhanced crystallinity compared to pure CMC, with crystallinity percentages measured at 37.95 % and 28.86 % for 5 % and 10 % BaO, respectively, indicating the successful incorporation of BaO. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated the distribution of BaO nanoparticles, showing spherical agglomerations on the film surface. SEM analysis reveals emergence of spherical agglomerations and bright spots on nanocomposite film surface upon BaO introduction, indicating BaO nanoparticles presence. Further, the BaO nanoparticles act as catalytic and nucleating agents, influencing crystalline structure nucleation and growth, potentially enhancing film homogeneity and structural integrity. In addition, UV–visible spectroscopy elucidated the optical properties, indicating a shift in the bandgap from indirect to direct with BaO addition. The bandgap values decrease upon the addition of BaO, indicating a transition from an amorphous to a nanocrystalline structure, with respective reduction percentages of 22.73 % and 10.71 % for the 5%BaO/CMC and 10 %BaO/CMC samples compared to CMC. Electrical conductivity measurements showed enhanced conductivity in 10 % BaO/CMC due to improved charge carrier mobility, supported by dielectric studies demonstrating increased dielectric. The introduction of 5 % and 10 % BaO resulted in reductions of approximately 62.06 % and 65.77 %, respectively, compared to the pure CMC sample. This decrease in dielectric loss indicates an enhancement in the electrical properties of the nanocomposites. This comprehensive investigation could give further insights into the different properties of BaO-doped CMC nanocomposites, offering insights into their potential applications in various fields such as electronics, energy storage, and optoelectronics.

Development of HDPE/natural fiberboard nanocomposite reinforced Bi2O3/BaO and H3BO3: A sustainable approach for gamma and neutron shielding application

AbstractRadiation shielding materials significantly contribute to various fields. In this research, a new eco‐friendly nanocomposite shielding material based on high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and natural fiberboard (NF) with different concentrations of barium oxide nanowires (BaO), bismuth oxide nanorods (Bi2O3), and boric acid (H3BO3) is constructed and investigated for 137Cs, 60Co gamma ray, and 142Am–Be neutron sources. Mechanical and physical testing and thermal analysis were conducted to assess the impact of nanostructure incorporation on the structural integrity and thermal stability of the nanocomposite. The 60Co gamma and neutron attenuation properties were evaluated using the appropriate radiation sources. The transmission and absorption coefficients of the nanocomposites were measured. The results demonstrated that HDPE/NF filled with BaO, Bi2O3 nanostructure, and boric acid has higher tensile strength and thermal stability than unfilled HDPE/NF. The results displayed that the HDPE/NF filled with 1.5% Bi2O3 and 1.5% BaO improved gamma attenuation and also HDPE/NF/10% boric acid had a high value. The outcomes of this research provide valuable insights into the design and fabrication of radiation shielding materials by understanding the relationship between nanoparticle concentration, radiation attenuation properties, and the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the nanocomposite. This study aims to optimize the performance and applicability of HDPE/NF nanocomposites for radiation protection applications.Highlights Synthesis of BaO nanowires and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanorods by hydrothermal simple method. Fabrication and characterization of a new HDPE/natural fiberboard (NF) nanocomposite containing BaO/Bi2O3/H3BO3 as an eco‐friendly additive. The HDPE/NF/1.5% BaO/1.5% Bi2O3 nanocomposite has better tensile strength and more thermal stability. Usage of HDPE/NF/1.5% BaO/1.5% Bi2O3 nanocomposite that should be utilized for radiation shielding. Usage of HDPE/NF/1.5% BaO/1.5% Bi2O3/10% H3BO3 nanocomposite that should be utilized for neutron attenuation performance.

Advantages and disadvantages of barium oxide addition to bimetallic Pd-Rh three-way catalysts supported on zirconia-doped alumina

Due to enhanced high-temperature stability, zirconia-stabilized alumina is widely used as a support of three-way catalysts. The addition of barium oxide is known to improve the catalytic performance of the composition. In order to go in-depth about the effects of BaO addition, a series of samples was prepared using nitrates and complex salts as a precursor. The interaction of BaO with alumina was found to change dramatically the metal-support interaction of the latter with metals. Thus, the presence of BaO resulted in the sintering of Pd with the formation of agglomerated Pd0 species, which explains a lower activity in CO oxidation of the BaO-doped samples after thermal treatment. Contrarily, the addition of barium nitrate showed a positive effect, inhibiting the collapse of the porous structure of the support, which was the most crucial and accompanied by the formation of the α-Al2O3 phase when no barium nitrate was added.

Strontium oxide–Barium oxide–Aluminium oxide ternary nanocomposite: Photoluminescence and electrochemical analysis for display and supercapacitor applications

indent In the present communication, a ternary nanocomposite (NCs) of Strontium oxide (SrO), Barium oxide (BaO), and Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were synthesized and their photoluminescence and electrochemical analysis were performed for display and supercapacitor applications. The NCs were synthesized by solution combustion method using both chemical (SBA-U) and green extract as a fuel/reducing agent (SBA-A). The synthesized sample is subjected to calcination at 600 ° C for 3 h. The Bragg reflections of the synthesized NCs can be attributed to hexagonal SrO, tetragonal BaO and spinel cubic γAl2O3. The SEM image clearly shows the presence of agglomerated irregular size and shaped NPs. The agglomeration was found to be more in SBA-U NCs rather than SBA-A NCs. The direct energy band gap was determined from UV-visible absorption spectra using Wood and Tauc’s relation. The estimated energy band gap was found to be less in SBA-A (3.81 eV) than that of SBA-U NCs (3.88 eV). Further, photoluminescence emission spectra recorded at 300 nm excitation wavelength consist of the high-intensity peak in the green region whereas satellite peaks in blue and red regions. However, the CIE plot and color-correlated temperature confirm the present synthesized NCs are promising candidates for display technology as a green phosphor material. Further, electrochemical studies were performed and the supercapacitance value was determined, which varied within the range of 97.2 to 59.6 F/g at different scan rates. Even though the fuel/reducing agent shows their effect on the intensity of photoluminescence spectra, no such variations are observed in the electrochemical studies. The synthesized samples from both methods might find an application in display and supercapacitor applications.