Barium Metaplumbate Research Articles

Performance assessment of synthesized conductive additive on lead acid battery formation

The present study mainly focuses on the plate preparation and the usage of the synthesized conductive additive (Barium MetaPlumbate BaPbO3). Formation efficiency and cycle life of the plates with different additives were evaluated. The formation efficiency of the pasted positive plates of the lead-acid battery was greatly enhanced by BaPbO3 addition during the paste preparation. The effects of loading level of the additives on formation efficiency and plate performance were examined in detail by SEM, XRD, and Gravimetric, Electro Chemical Analyzer techniques.

Performance assessment of synthesized conductive additive on lead acid battery formation

The present study mainly focuses on the plate preparation and the usage of the synthesized conductive additive (Barium MetaPlumbate BaPbO3). Formation efficiency and cycle life of the plates with different additives were evaluated. The formation efficiency of the pasted positive plates of the lead-acid battery was greatly enhanced by BaPbO3 addition during the paste preparation. The effects of loading level of the additives on formation efficiency and plate performance were examined in detail by SEM, XRD, and Gravimetric, Electro Chemical Analyzer techniques.

Electrocrystallization and Characterization of Polymorphic Forms of Barium Metaplumbate

The conducting oxide of BaPbO3 crystallized in KOH melt at various pH2O and voltage Ev values are systematically studied by the electrochemical method. For crystals prepared in a low pH2O environment, the electrolysis product displays the Pb3O4 phase, whereas the single phase of BaPbO3 can be produced under high pH2O condition. The grown phases are found to depend on the concentration of superoxide [O2−] and peroxide [O22−] intermediates in the melt. By adjusting the concentration of [O2−]/[O22−] intermediates via careful control of the pH2O and atmosphere of the electrochemical cell, the formation temperature of BaPbO3 can be reduced to as low as 200 °C, which is significantly lower than the temperature used in other synthetic techniques. The BaPbO3 crystals with cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic structures are grown at 450, 340, and 260 °C, respectively. The symmetry of crystalline BaPbO3 structure prepared under these temperatures can be sustained at ambient conditions to allow a detailed study of the distorted perovskite structure.

Highly filled polyethylene/barium metaplumbate composites for lead acid bipolar battery application

Barium metaplumbate (BMP) is proposed as a conducting filler of polymer composite materials, used for production of support of active materials in lead acid bipolar battery. The composites of BMP with polyethylene as a matrix polymer, were prepared by means of Brabender kneader mixer were the PE matrix was modified by an addition of a liquid crystal polymer PET/PHB with the aim to regulate the matrix viscosity. The BMP content in the composites was in the range between 92 and 94 wt. %. The electrical resistivity of the composites was found to be significantly dependent on BMP content, and an increase of the Vicat temperature was also observed for the composites. A homogeneous distribution of the barium methaplumbate particles in the polyethylene matrix was established by the SEM observation.

Electrochemical behaviour of barium metaplumbate as a lead carrier

Barium metaplumbate (BMP), known as a good electrical conductor, has been used as a matrix for the deposition of lead. This kind of electrode can be employed as a carrier and current collector in bipolar lead acid batteries.

BaPbO 3 conductive coating layers on platinized Si substrate for the growth of PbZr 1− xTi xO 3 thin films

Barium metaplumbate (BaPbO 3, BPO) thin films were prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO 2/Si substrates by a sol–gel method and a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the crystalline structure of the resultant films. It was shown that the formation of perovskite BPO greatly depends on the lead concentration and the final annealing temperature. In terms of the semi-quantitative energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) analysis, the ratio of Pb/Ba in the BPO ceramic films increases as the final heating temperature increases. Using BPO as buffer layers, PZT thin films with a pure perovskite structure were grown at a very low temperature of 500 °C by the sol–gel technique and the RTA process. The remanent polarization of Pt/PZT/BPO/Pt ferroelectric capacitors is about 17 μC/cm 2 at an applied voltage of 3 V.

Pulsed laser deposition of barium metaplumbate thin films for ferroelectric capacitors

Barium metaplumbate thin films were deposited in situ by pulsed laser deposition on Si/SiO 2 /Ti/Pt substrates with a high deposition rate. The temperatures used ranged between 400 °C and 700 °C. As the deposition temperature was increased, the films assumed a strong (222) preferential orientation. This orientation of the electrodes was reflected on the PZT films, having a very big influence on their ferroelectric behavior. The PZT films made over BPO deposited at high temperature presented high values of remanent polarization (43 μ C/cm 2 ) but indications of high leakage currents could be observed in the hysteresis loops. By using BPO bottom electrodes, a 30% improvement in the fatigue behavior of PZT capacitors when compared with the normal platinum electrodes was observed.

Barium Metaplumbate Thin Film Electrodes for Ferroelectric Devices

Barium metaplumbate thin films were deposited in situ by pulsed laser deposition on Si/SiO2 and Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt substrates between 400°C and 700°C. Films prepared at low temperature (≤500°C) over platinum were randomly oriented. For depositions made at 2 × 10−2 mbar of oxygen, the films were oriented (110) for all temperatures, while at 0.1 mbar the films were oriented (110) at 500°C, changing to a mixed (222)/(200) orientation above 550°C. The conductivity of BaPbO3 reached values of 5.6 × 10−5 Ω cm. The films deposited directly over silica were polycrystalline for temperatures above 500°C, having a strong (110) orientation only at 700°C. The orientation of BaPbO3 deposited either on silica or platinum, was reflected on the PZT films deposited at room temperature over BaPbO3 and crystallized by different thermal treatments. PZT capacitors made over BaPbO3 presented high values of remnant polarization (up to 44 μC/cm2).

Preparation of BaPbO3 Electrode Thin Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering

For electrode materials of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films in ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM), various materials have been studied. As new electrode material with which the polarization and fatigue properties are improved, we take notice of barium metaplumbate BaPbO3 (BPO). Because the BPO contained lead (Pb) and oxygen is conductor that adopted same perovskite structure as PZT. BPO thin films were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering on various substrates. (SiO2/Si, MgO, Al2O3 and Pt-coated substrates), and influence of growth conditions (sputtering gas, rf power, the substrate-heating temperature and post anneals) on crystallization and conductivity were investigated. In case of post anneal after sputtering at room temperature, perovskite single phase was obtained above 400°C. In case of substrate heating while sputtering, without post anneal, perovskite single phase was obtained at 350–500°C on SiO2/Si substrates (110) preferred orientation BPO films obtained at low temperature, and resistivity of the films decreased at decreasing sputtering temperature. Resistivity of the film at substrate temperature 350°C was 3 × 10−3 Ω cm. In the case of single crystal substrate, the BPO films were epitaxially grown. Orientation of the films was varied with the sputtering condition. The epitaxial PZT thin films were also grown on the BPO, revealing that PZT(111)[011] //BPO(111)[011] //Pt(100)[011] //MgO(100)[011] and PZT(111)[011] //BPO(111)[011] //Pt(111)[011] //Al2O3(001)[100] structures were obtained, and their ferroelectric properties were also evaluated.

Erratum: “Formation Enhancement of a Lead/Acid Battery Positive Plate by Barium Metaplumbate and Ebonex®” [J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, 1907 (1997)

not Available.

Formation Enhancement of a Lead/Acid Battery Positive Plate by Barium Metaplumbate and Ebonex®

The formation efficiency of lead/acid battery positive plates, with and without conductive additives, including barium metaplumbate and a titanium suboxide known as Ebonex®, was compared. The conductive additives significantly enhanced formation, even at a loading level as low as 1%. The enhancement was more pronounced at the early stage of formation when the overall plate conductivity was low. Beyond about 80% theoretical input capacity, the advantage of additives gradually diminished because a conductive network of active material in the plate was established. Formation efficiency, reserve capacity, and cycle life of the plates with and without additives were evaluated. The effects of loading level and particle size of the additives on formation efficiency and plate performance were examined.

507842 Process for converting lead and lead oxides to barium metaplumbate

The present invention provides improved processes for forming anti-corrosion layers, particularly barium metaplumbate, on lead, lead alloy-, and lead oxide-containing substrates. The processes of the invention are used to form corrosion-resistant current collectors which are assembled into lead-acid batteries. The inventive methods used to form barium metaplumbate employ a salt solution which includes a barium compound and a solvent salt. In a first embodiment, a substrate material having at least a surface comprising elemental lead reacts with a salt solution to form barium metaplumbate. The salt solution includes a barium compound and an oxidizing agent. The solvent salt or barium compound may themselves be oxidizing agents, or an additional oxidant may be added to the solution. The molten salt solution is applied to the substrate in any known manner such as dipping, spraying, and brushing. Advantageously, a lead or lead alloy-containing substrate is dipped into a molten salt solution heated to a temperature at which a portion of the lead-containing substrate is directly converted to barium metaplumbate. In a further embodiment of the invention, barium metaplumbate is formed on a lead oxide-containing substrate. This process employs a salt solution comprising a barium compound and a solvent salt to convert lead oxide to barium metaplumbate.

Preparation of conductive barium metaplumbate thin film using solution method

Barium metaplumbate (BaPbO 3) thin films were prepared using a chemical solution method. Films with different thicknesses, ranging from 100 nm to 1 μm, were deposited by the spin coating technique. After drying at 300 °C and firing between 600–700 °C in air, a room-temperature resistivity about 1 mΩ-cm was obtained, which is comparable to that of ceramic bulk. The chemical reaction sequence during heating was investigated using XRD and thermal analysis. It was found that several reactions were involved in a temperature range from 200 °C to 600 °C. The crystallized films tended to be decomposed by subsequent deposition, which resulted in the loss of conductivity of the films. However, the conductivity could be recovered by firing at higher temperatures. In addition, a thickness threshold about 1200 Å was observed below which the resistivity of the films increased rapidly. This phenomenon is discussed in this study.

ChemInform Abstract: Barium Metaplumbate for Lead/Acid Batteries.

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Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of Metallic Conductive BaPbO<sub>3</sub> Thin Films by Metal-Alkoxide Method

Dense barium metaplumbate (BaPbO3) (BPO) thin films with good metallic conduction have been produced by a metal-alkoxide method. Addition of a small amount of triethyleneglycol was effective to obtain smooth films. Thin films were deposited on either cleaved MgO (100) single crystal substrates (MgO (100)) or oxidized single crystal Si (100) wafers (SiO2/Si) by spin coating. Single-phase BPO films were obtained by firing at 500°C in O2 flow when a combination of Ba(OCH2CH2OCH3)2, Pb(OCH2CH3)2 and CH3CH2OH was used as the raw materials and solvent. Dense BPO thin films deposited on MgO (100) and SiO2/Si substrates had a room-temperature resistivity of about 2.6 and 0.7mΩ·cm, respectively, comparable to a typical value of 0.5mΩ·cm in bulk BPO ceramics produced by powder processing. The electrical property of the obtained films is indicative of their potential use as an electrode material for ferroelectric thin film devices.

Barium Metaplumbate for Lead/Acid Batteries

Addition of to positive plates in a lead/acid battery improves formation efficiency and current acceptance of a deeply discharged battery. The battery containing 1% in the positive plates can be formed three times faster with 12% less input capacity than that without the additive. The improvement in formation efficiency is more pronounced in the early stage of formation and is more significant for plates containing difficult‐to‐form materials. As formation proceeds, the contribution by the additive becomes less significant because the plate becomes more conductive due to formation of active materials. When attacked by sulfuric acid decomposes to yield which is an active material in the positive plate, and which is detrimental to the cycle life. The half‐life of in the battery acid at room temperature, determined from the rate constant of decomposition, is about 4 years. The rate of decomposition, however, increases with increasing temperature, acid concentration, and applied potential. The threshold of content to be detrimental to cycle life of a lead/acid battery is estimated to be about 0.3%. With 1% , appreciable formation enhancement can be obtained. At this level, decomposition of to is not detrimental to the service life of the battery.

Preparation of Dense BaPbO<sub>3</sub> Ceramic Electrode Materials for Ferroelectric Thin Films and Their Electrical and Thermal Properties

Dense barium metaplumbate (BaPbO3) ceramics with relative sintered densities>99% have been prepared with the addition of 0.5mol% ZnO by a conventional method. The electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient were measured at room temperature to 600°C, which were found to be typically 6×10-4Ω⋅cm, 4.19W/m⋅K and 15×10-6/°C, respectively, at room temperature. The obtained ceramic materials with these physical properties have been evaluated from the view point of utilizing as an electrode material for ferroelectric thin-film devices.

Preparation and Basic Properties of BaTiO3-BaPbO3 Multilayer Thin Films by Metal-Alkoxides Method

Preferentially oriented barium titanate (BTO)-barium metaplumbate (BPO) multilayer thin films were prepared by the metal-alkoxides method on MgO single crystals. The BPO layer is an electrode for the BTO layer. Thin films were deposited on cleaved MgO (100) substrates by spin coating. A BTO film of 0.4 µm thickness on the BPO layer shows a dielectric constant of about 400 at room temperature. No formation of reaction phases between BTO and BPO, fired at 800°C to yield a well-crystallized BTO film, was detected in X-ray diffraction analysis.

Corrosion Resistant Coating for a Positive Lead/Acid Battery Electrode

Barium metaplumbate, a conductive ceramic having the perovskite structure, was successfully applied to the surface of a lead grid. A layer of lead metal was plated on the coated for further protection. A lead/acid battery constructed with the coated grids showed a better float life compared to that without the coating. At the end of an 18 week accelerated float life test, the area of the control grid increased by about 15% while no visible change on the coated grid was noticed. The cross‐sectional micrographic analysis of the tested grid revealed much less corrosion for the coated one. A lead/acid battery designed for a long service life, such as an uninterrupted power system in which the grid creep is the major failure mode, can be benefited from the barium metaplumbate coating.

A Conductive Additive to Enhance Formation of a Lead/Acid Battery

Barium metaplumbate, a conductive ceramic having the perovskite structure, is relatively stable in sulfuric acid. Addition of this material in positive plates in a lead/acid battery significantly improves formation efficiency. The formation mechanism is changed when the conductive particles are dispersed in the plate. Formation not only proceeds from the grid toward the center of the pellet but also slowly around the conductive particles in the plate. The conductive paths of grow and make connection with each other during formation to establish a network which further facilitates the formation.