Baring Head Research Articles

Chemical precursors of new particle formation in coastal New Zealand

Abstract. To reduce uncertainties in climate predictions, we need to better understand aerosol formation in different environments. An important part of this is studying which chemical species are responsible for particle formation. While many advances have been made in this field, measurements are especially lacking from marine environments. Here, we measured the chemical composition of ambient anions over 7 months at Baring Head station, located in coastal New Zealand. This adds to our previous work which reported the aerosol size distribution measurements and investigated new particle formation and environmental conditions favouring new particle formation at the station. By combining the information on ion chemical composition with our previous work, we were able to study the chemical precursors of new particle formation. Our results showed that while over land new particle formation is likely driven by sulfuric acid and organic species, in clean marine air iodine oxoacids and sulfur species are likely important drivers of particle formation processes. These data were also used to characterise the diurnal and seasonal cycles of the most important anion groups and their geographical source regions. Bisulfate anions displayed a clear daytime maximum where as iodine oxoacids had morning and evening maximums. Highly oxygenated organic molecules, on the other hand, were most abundant during the night when the air was land-influenced. This data set is highly valuable and our results provide important information on the chemical species driving new particle formation at a remote Southern Hemisphere coastal site.

Causes of permanent vertical deformation at subduction margins: Evidence from late Pleistocene marine terraces of the southern Hikurangi margin, Aotearoa New Zealand

Theoretical studies of the seismic cycle at convergent plate boundaries anticipate that most coseismic deformation is recovered, yet significant permanent vertical displacement of the overriding plate is observed at many subduction margins. To understand the mechanisms driving permanent vertical displacement, we investigate tectonic uplift across the southern Hikurangi subduction margin, Aotearoa New Zealand, in the last ∼200 ka. Marine terraces preserved along the Wellington south coast have recently been dated as Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a (∼82 ka), 5c (∼96 ka), 5e (∼123 ka) and 7a (∼196 ka) in age. We use these ages, together with new reconstructions of shoreline angle elevations, to calculate uplift rates across the margin and to examine the processes responsible for their elevation. The highest uplift rate—1.7 ± 0.1 mm/yr–and maximum tilting—2.9° to the west–are observed near Cape Palliser, the closest site to (∼50 km from) the Hikurangi Trough. Uplift rates decrease monotonically westward along the Palliser Bay coast, to 0.2 ± 0.1 mm/yr at Wharekauhau (∼70 km from the trough), defining a gently west-tilted subaerial forearc domain. Locally, active oblique-slip upper-plate faults cause obvious vertical offsets of the marine terraces in the axial ranges (>70 km from the trough). Uplift rates at Baring Head, on the upthrown side of the Wairarapa-Wharekauhau fault system, are ∼0.7–1.6 mm/yr. At Tongue Point, uplift on the upthrown side of the Ōhāriu Fault is 0.6 ± 0.1 mm/yr. Dislocation and flexural-isostatic modelling shows that slip on faults within the overriding plate—specifically the Palliser-Kaiwhata Fault and the Wairarapa-Wharekauhau fault system—may dominate uplift in their immediate hanging walls. Depending on their slip rate and geometry, slip on these two upper-plate fault systems could plausibly cause >80% of late Pleistocene uplift everywhere along the south coast of North Island. Our modelling suggests that subduction of the buoyant Hikurangi Plateau contributes uplift of 0.1–0.2 mm/yr and uplift due to sediment underplating at Tongue Point and Wharekauhau is likely ≤0.6 mm/yr but could be significantly lower. Earthquakes on the subduction interface probably contribute ≤0.4 mm/yr of late Pleistocene uplift, with ≤10% of uplift due to each earthquake being stored permanently, similar to other subduction zones. These results indicate a significant contribution of slip on upper-plate faults to permanent uplift and tilting across the subduction margin and suggest that in regions where upper-plate faults are prevalent, strong constraints on fault geometry and slip rate are necessary to disentangle contributions of deeper-seated processes to uplift.

Mr. Kemal Questions God

Mr. Kemal Questions God Asnia Asim (bio) Keywords poetry, Asnia Asim, aging, God, Allah, marriage Maybe it was a reaction to old age; it could be thathe resented retired life. But the ex-neurologist,amateur collector of oriental coins, had recently taken to scolding his poor wife for all that prayingunder her breath, Mashallah-this and Inshallah-that.Last week, even as she tripped over the bathroom mat and almost broke her hip, he heard herthanking Allah for steadying her faltering step.Enough was enough. “So what’s the point of this God?” he flat out asked her one day.“There is a thing called the Big Bang, you know.”She sipped her tea in awe. “And by the way, there are no djinns in the attic.” His smile grew bitter.“And lightning won’t strike if I touch the Quranwith my unwashed hands. Look—” he picked up the book, his wife about to cry. But his gentle heartinterfered; he set down the holy text and stormed outof the house. It was not a complete surprise; Mrs. Kemal knew her man. He blasphemedmore arduously during the Monsoon, when his jointsflamed up in pain. The world brought itself to him in numbers. He adored patterns. The books in his studywere immaculately lined, and he took tea at exactly six amand eight pm. Neighbors had informed her about Friday, [End Page 13] when the good doctor had challenged the mosque clericto prove piety in the Prophet’s bedding a dozen women.But unlike her relatives, Mrs. Kemal was not disheartened. She was one of those who know they know moreby knowing less. When she touched a plant or lookeddeeply at a shawl it quickened with feeling— even the blank television, a phone blinking for chargecould move her to tears. The world was a sacred objectthat required no doing on her part, no proving. When she touched her head to the prayer mat, she foundin her imperfection a wholeness—. Unlike Mr. Kemal,she wasn’t afraid of paradoxes; they helped her sense the wound beneath her husband’s discontent. So, at nightwhen he finally took off his glasses, carefully arranged themon top of his book, when long umbelling snores wove out of his breath, she recited verses of protection and gentlyblew them on his bare head. From the opened windowshe stared at the sky and wondered about the Big Bang. Clouds came so near, lightning bent, dominion of heatat its end: jasmine, red mangoes, smells of the bazaar—the whole city flooding in to greet Mr. and Mrs. Kemal. [End Page 14] Asnia Asim asnia asim’s debut chapbook Quarantine with Rilke (Finishing Line Press) was listed by Ms. Magazine as “one of the most exciting and necessary collections published late last year and forthcoming in 2022.” Her poems have received multiple nominations for the Pushcart Prize and Best of the Net. Her latest work can be found in Apogee Journal, Michigan Quarterly Review, CALYX, Typehouse, and Cream City Review, among others. She is the recipient of the University of Chicago’s Humanities Fellowship and Brandeis University’s Allan Slifka Award. Copyright © 2023 The Massachusetts Review, Inc

New particle formation in coastal New Zealand with a focus on open-ocean air masses

Abstract. Even though oceans cover the majority of the Earth, most aerosol measurements are from continental sites. We measured aerosol particle number size distribution at Baring Head, in coastal New Zealand, over a total period of 10 months to study aerosol properties and new particle formation, with a special focus on aerosol formation in open-ocean air masses. Particle concentrations were higher in land-influenced air compared to clean marine air in all size classes, from sub-10 nm to cloud condensation nuclei sizes. When classifying the particle number size distributions with traditional methods designed for continental sites, new particle formation was observed at the station throughout the year with an average event frequency of 23 %. While most of these traditional event days had some land influence, we also observed particle growth starting from nucleation mode in 16 % of the data in clean marine air, and at least part of this growth was connected to nucleation in the marine boundary layer. Sub-10 nm particles accounted for 29 % of the total aerosol number concentration of particles larger than 1 nm in marine air during the spring. This shows that nucleation in marine air is frequent enough to influence the total particle concentration. Particle formation in land-influenced air was more intense and had on average higher growth rates than what was found for marine air. Particle formation and primary emissions increased particle number concentrations as a function of time spent over land during the first 1–2 d. After this, nucleation seems to start getting suppressed by the pre-existing particle population, but accumulation mode particle concentration keeps increasing, likely due to primary particle emissions. Further work showed that traditional NPF events were favoured by sunny conditions with low relative humidity and wind speeds. In marine air, formation of sub-10 nm particles was favoured by low temperatures, relative humidity, and wind speeds and could happen even during the night. Our future work will study the mechanisms responsible for particle formation at Baring Head with a focus on different chemical precursor species. This study sheds light on both new particle formation in open-ocean air masses coming from the Southern Ocean and local aerosol properties in New Zealand.

IRIS analyser assessment reveals sub-hourly variability of isotope ratios in carbon dioxide at Baring Head, New Zealand's atmospheric observatory in the Southern Ocean

Abstract. We assess the performance of an isotope ratio infrared spectrometer (IRIS) to measure carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and report observations from a 26 d field deployment trial at Baring Head, New Zealand, NIWA's atmospheric observatory for Southern Ocean baseline air. Our study describes an operational method to improve the performance in comparison to previous publications on this analytical instrument. By using a calibration technique that reflected the principle of identical treatment of sample and reference gases, we achieved a reproducibility of 0.07 ‰ for δ13C-CO2 and 0.06 ‰ for δ18O-CO2 over multiple days. This performance is within the extended compatibility goal of 0.1 ‰ for both δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2, which was recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Further improvement in measurement performance is desirable to also meet the WMO network compatibility goals of 0.01 ‰ for δ13C-CO2 and 0.05 ‰ for δ18O-CO2, which is needed to resolve the small variability that is typical for background air observatories such as Baring Head. One objective of this study was to assess the capabilities and limitations of the IRIS analyser to resolve δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2 variations under field conditions. Therefore, we selected multiple events within the 26 d record for Keeling plot analysis. This resolved the isotopic composition of endmembers with an uncertainty of ≤ 1 ‰ when the magnitude of CO2 signals is larger than 10 ppm. The uncertainty of the Keeling plot analysis strongly increased for smaller CO2 events (2–7 ppm), where the instrument performance is the limiting factor and may only allow for the distinction between very different endmembers, such as the role of terrestrial versus oceanic carbon cycle processes.

Protective Performance of Helmets and Goggles in Mitigating Brain Biomechanical Response to Primary Blast Exposure

The current combat helmets are primarily designed to mitigate blunt impacts and ballistic loadings. Their protection against primary blast wave is not well studied. In this paper, we comprehensively assessed the protective capabilities of the advanced combat helmet and goggles against blast waves with different intensity and directions. Using a high-fidelity human head model, we compared the intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cavitation, and brain strain and strain rate predicted from bare head, helmet-head and helmet-goggles-head simulations. The helmet was found to be effective in mitigating the positive ICP (24–57%) and strain rate (5–34%) in all blast scenarios. Goggles were found to be effective in mitigating the positive ICP in frontal (6–16%) and lateral (5–7%) blast exposures. However, the helmet and goggles had minimal effects on mitigating CSF cavitation and even increased brain strain. Further investigation showed that wearing a helmet leads to higher risk of cavitation. In addition, their presence increased the head kinetic energy, leading to larger strains in the brain. Our findings can improve our understanding of the protective effects of helmets and goggles and guide the design of helmet pads to mitigate brain responses to blast.

Decorated Busts of the Antonines: New Bust Variants of Denarii from AD 138 to AD 188 (Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, Commodus, Faustina II, Lucilla)

Modern numismatists often face a lack of comprehensive information concerning the attribution of Roman denarii with decorated busts of the rulers of the Antonine dynasty. The standard reference works on the coinage of the Antonines include RIC IIIA and RSC IIB, which catalog denarii for Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius as Caesar. RSC II’s cataloging of later coinage for the Antonines is not always complete because it lacks information from those volumes of German numismatist Paul Strack on Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, which he never published due to his death in WWII. As a matter of fact, RIC III and RSC II (when concerned the Antonines) provide information that is far from complete for almost all types in terms of bust variants, mainly citing only common types with ‘bare head right’ and ‘laureate head right’. In the past decade, the popularity of metal detecting coupled with the development of international internet selling platforms provided new opportunities for discovering new bust variants not listed in RIC and RSC.

Clergyman's Sore Throat

Clergyman's Sore Throat Kimberly Broadwater (bio) PROVENANCE prov·e·nance (prǒv´ ə nəns) n. Place of origin, source. [Lat. Provenire, to originate.] Merriam-Webster dictionary declares Clergyman's Sore Throat (CST) is the "chronic inflammation of the pharynx often occurring in persons who habitually overstrain or misuse the voice (as in public speaking)."1 The Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health defines CST as "loss of the voice from overuse, as by clergymen; called also dysphonia clericorum."2 Wiktionary opines that CST is "chronic pharyngitis."3 I unearthed the topic of CST by happenstance while researching a different topic. That is not unusual; I often begin researching one topic, only to be sidetracked and become more curious about another, much as when I go to a department store to purchase one item and leave the store with a full basket. But with a term like CST, I had to know more. I investigated with enthusiasm this nebulous topic thinking that I may have found the "holy grail" of stories. The more I looked, however, the more confused I became. Each source seemed to have its own interpretation. The only similarity was that this illness included overuse of the voice. Thomas Whipham discussed how CST is an irritation that comes from overexerting the voice while the head is in an incorrect position (excessive tension).4 John Hullah suggested that it occurs in speakers that exclusively use the "weak" register of the voice.5 Charles Wesley Emerson asserted that CST "is caused by making too close a chamber of resonance in the pharynx while speaking. This is a confirmed habit with a very large number of persons; in fact, it might almost be said to be a prevailing difficulty, but it does not always cause a sore throat until the voice is more constantly used than it ordinarily is in private life."6 In magazines you could find "cures" for CTS in advertisements (Figure 1).7 Others consider CST to be associated with an inflammation of the follicles of the mucous membrane lining the pharynx and larynx. Homer M. Thomas stated, "It occurs in those who strain the voice or misuse it. It consists of the mucous membrane and muscles of the many of the minute glands which secrete fluids that keep the surfaces of the throat moist and pliable."8 In 1879, Jacob Solis Cohen offered the medical name of Chronic Folliculitis Sore Throat for CST. It consists not only in disease of the mucous membrane, but, also, and especially, in disease of the glands (or follicles) which are imbedded in the mucous membrane. [End Page 113] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. A magazine advertisement addressing CST. Its prevalence among clergymen seems to be in part due to the inequalities of temperature to which they are often subjected in the performance of their duties, with bare head exposed to draughts from open windows or in the open air. It has often been stated that clergymen who preach extemporaneously or without manuscript, are less liable to the complaint; and this may be so, as far as the constrained position of reading from a desk interferes with the freedom of respiratory movement so essential to the favorable use of the voice without sensible effort. It occurs very often in wine-bibbers. It is not confined to the structures mentioned in connection with the simple catarrhal form of chronic sore throat, but is apt to involve the glands at the posterior portions of the nasal passages, the roof or vault of the pharynx, the glands in the base of the tongue and floor of the mouth, and those in the outer and inner mucous membrane of the larynx. It often occurs in scrofulous persons, in those subject to diseases of the skin, in those predisposed to consumption, gout, rheumatism, and other hereditary maladies, but is by no means confined to these classes of individuals. It is more frequent in the delicate than in the robust. City life seems to favor the development of this affection, the evil results being due to inhaling the dusts, chemicals, and decomposing emanations, and so on, in...

Research on anti-shockwave performance of the protective equipment for the head of a soldier based on shock tube evaluation

In order to optimize the structure and improve the performance of the head and face protective equipment for an individual soldier, firstly, the blast wave resistance tests of the bare-head model were carried out in real explosion field and shock tube environments, respectively. On this basis, the forward and lateral blast shockwave protective performance tests for helmet-head systems with different structures and protection levels were carried out by using the shock tube method. Finally, the peak values and durations of shockwave overpressure in the front, forehead, top, back, ear and eye areas of the helmet-head systems were compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that the blast shockwave test using a shock tube can be a substitute for the real explosion field test. When subjected to the effect of frontal shock wave, the peak value of the shockwave overpressure measured at the top measuring point of the two-half-helmet head model is about 1/6 compared with that of the nozzle outlet and 1/3 of the bare-head model as well as the integrated-helmet head model. The shockwave splits and relieves pressure at the split structure on the top of the two-half helmets and forms a superimposed reflection, resulting in a prolonged action time (5.5−8.5 ms), but a significantly decreased peak overpressure. For the rear measuring points, the peak overpressure (365 kPa) of shockwave measured by the integrated-helmet head model is slightly higher than that (303 kPa) measured by the two-half-helmet head model, and about 2.5 times as high as that (148 kPa) measured by the bare head model. By improving the structural airtightness of individual head and face protective equipments (such as wearing glasses, earmuffs or protective masks), shockwaves can be effectively prevented from entering the helmet-head systems, the stacking convergence effect can be weakened, and the protective performance of individual head and face equipments can be improved.

A cluster of changes: Norwegian word order

Among the syntactic changes that can be observed in the transition from Old Norwegian to Modern Norwegian are the following word order changes: loss of OV order, object shift from a VP containing a verb (non-finite verb or any verb in a subordinate clause), preverbal preposition, and topicalization of a bare head. The fact that these changes all seemto occurat the same timeis not accidental. Old Norwegian was arguably a VO language, like Modern Norwegian, but unlike Modern Norwegian, OV order was also possible.It can be shown that it is possible to derive sentences with object shift with a verb in VP, sentences with preverbal prepositions, and with topicalized heads only from an OV structure. Therefore, when the OV order was no longer available, the other three structures could no longer be derived.

Aerodynamics Analysis of Speed Skating Helmets: Investigation by CFD Simulations

In this work, we investigate the flow field around speed skating helmets and their associated aerodynamic drag by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. An existing helmet frequently used in competition was taken as a baseline. Six additional helmet designs, as well as the bare-head configuration, were analysed. All the numerical simulations were performed via 3D RANS simulations using the SST k-ω turbulence model. The results show that the use of a helmet always reduces the aerodynamic drag with respect to the bare head configuration. Besides, an optimised helmet design enables a reduction of the skaters aerodynamic drag by 5.9%, with respect to the bare-head configuration, and by 1.6% with respect to the use of the baseline Omega helmet.

Nitrogen isotopes in nitrate aerosols collected in the remote marine boundary layer: Implications for nitrogen isotopic fractionations among atmospheric reactive nitrogen species

The nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) of atmospheric nitrate aerosols is determined by both the δ15N of its precursor, NOx emissions, and the isotopic fractionations during the atmospheric oxidation of NOx. However, the latter has not been well-understood nor quantified by field observations. In addition, the seasonal variations of this isotopic fractionation have not been determined. To better understand this isotopic fractionation process, in this study, we analyzed the δ15N of nitrate aerosols collected from June 30, 2015 to August 6, 2016 at Baring Head, New Zealand, where the sources of NOx are well-studied. Our results showed that the δ15N values in nitrate aerosols display a clear seasonal variation, with lower δ15N values (−12‰ to ~ -9‰) in the summer (January to March) and higher δ15N values (0‰ to 3‰) in the winter (June–August), while the δ15N values of NOx sources exhibit a narrow range of variation from −10.7 ± 1.4‰ to −9.8 ± 1.4‰. We attribute this discrepancy to the significant and variable isotopic fractionations during the oxidation processes of NOx. We then quantified the isotopic fractionation during 1) the equilibrium and kinetic isotopic fractionations between NO and NO2; and 2) the oxidation of NO2 to nitrate. Our calculations suggest that at Baring Head, the seasonal variations in the oxidation pathways of NO2 are the main driver of the seasonal variations of nitrate δ15N values. Furthermore, the overall isotopic fractionation factors of the oxidation process determined by two models (Kinetic fractionation model and Equilibrium fractionation model) are generally lower in the summer (from +6.3 ± 1.7‰ to +9.5 ± 5.2‰)and higher in the winter (from +15.8 ± 1.9‰ to +17.0 ± 2.4‰).

Too Rough for Bare Heads: The Adoption of Helmets and Masks in North American Ice Hockey, 1959–79

On November 1, 1959, a flying hockey puck broke the nose of goalie Jacques Plante. Thereafter, he insisted on wearing a face mask, a decision that signaled a broader introduction of safety equipment into North American ice hockey. This paper examines how head and facial protection became a standard requirement for playing hockey in North America at amateur and professional levels of the sport. During the mid-twentieth century, national governing bodies confronted growing safety concerns amid rising participation in organized hockey. Yet in the absence of league-wide mandates, players generally did not sustain helmet use. From the 1950s through the 1970s, masks for goalies and helmets and facial protection for skaters were mandated to protect against injuries. In the context of contemporary concussion concerns, the history of debates over hockey head and face protection illustrates the array of social, cultural, and organizational factors behind measures to protect athletes’ health.

Archaeology and the built environment of early medieval England

The bulk of people we can now be assured, were content with something that hardly deserves a better title than that of a hovel […] in such cabins, with bare head room, amid a filthy litter of broken bones, of food and shattered pottery […] lived the Anglo-Saxons (Leeds 1936: 25–26). This quote from E.T. Leeds, a pioneer of Anglo-Saxon archaeology during the first half of the twentieth century, was inspired by his excavation of settlement remains at Sutton Courtenay, then in Berkshire. Leeds's excavations were actually a breakthrough moment, resulting in the first identification of early medieval settlement structures other than those associated with ecclesiastical sites. In spite of this, the frustration and disappointment with the character and quality of the Sutton Courtenay site are all too apparent in Leeds's assessment. As an expert in Anglo-Saxon artwork, how could he reconcile the skill and craft of fine metalwork, with the ephemeral and impoverished settlement with which he was now dealing? Likewise, where were the great charismatic halls of monumental construction that populated such literary sources as Beowulf? The excavation of the graves of Sutton Hoo, two years after investigations at Sutton Courtney came to a close, served only to amplify the disparity between settlement and burial archaeology—put simply, burials were viewed as richer, grander and far more interesting.

PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) GENOTYPES

An experiment was conducted at Hill Crops Research Program (HCRP), Kabre, Dolakha under Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal (NARC), during rainy season of 2018 with objective to identify the level of genetic difference present in the finger millet genotypes being cultivated for selecting genotypes in different agroclimatic region in Nepal using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. P value of REML procedure revealed that significant variation was observed in 16 finger millet genotypes for baring head, days to 50% flowering, days to 50 % heading, days to 75 % maturity, finger length, flag leaf length, plant stand, plant height, number of finger, peduncle length, no of productive tiller, thousand grain weight, grain yield and straw yield showed selection and development of suitable varieties for different agro-climatic region of Nepal. Traits baring head, finger length, number of finger, flag leaf length, peduncle length, productive tiller, thousand kernel weight, plant stand, straw yield were positively correlated with grain yield revealed that se lection within this is importance for improvement grain yield. Cluster I consists up six early mature genotypes named as KLE-178,GE-0383, ACC#6022,GE-0382,KLE-0150,ACC#0124 can be used to development of early mature genotypes for mountain regions where chilling stress occurs at maturity period whereas similarly cluster II, III and IV consisted up 10 late mature genotypes named as ACC#2843, ACC#2860, ACC#8827-1,Sailung- Kodo-1,NE-1703-34,KLE-236,ACC#2311,GE-0356, farmer’s variety, GE-0480 can be used to develop high yielding late mature varieties for mid hill and terai regions these genotypes may be of interest to researcher for selection of materials for breeding program in different agro-climatic region of Nepal.

Laboratory and on-field results of athlete head impact monitoring

BackgroundAlthough concussion continues to be a major source of acute and chronic injury in automotive, athletic and military arenas, concussion injury mechanisms and risk functions are ill-defined. To overcome this knowledge gap, we have developed, tested and deployed a head impact monitoring mouthguard (IMM) system. The IMM system was first calibrated in 731 laboratory tests against Hybrid III and NOCSAE headforms with Reference kinematic sensors. Next, during on-field play involving n = 54 amateur American athletes in football and boxing, there were tens of thousands of kinematic signatures collected by the IMM. A total of 890 true positive head impacts were confirmed using a combination of signal processing and NINDS/NIH Common Data Elements methods [1].MethodsLaboratory tests were conducted using an American football helmet (n = 451), padded headform (n = 99) or bare head (n = 181). The IMM included kinematics sensors, along with associated microprocessor, battery and data transmission. Peak linear acceleration (PLA) at headform center of gravity (cg) was compared in each test between Reference and IMM.54 athletes in football and boxing aged 11 to 22 were consented. Impact with cg PLA as low as 7 g were collected during practices/games.Results/discussionLaboratory data fit a linear model close to ideal y = x + 0, R2 = 1. There were >100,000 triggering events, with 890 true positives. “False positives” contained high frequency data not indicative of head motion. The median/99th percentile of (PLA) and (PAA) were 20/50 g, and 1700 rad/s2/4600 rad/s2. There were no diagnosed concussions. One athlete was removed by athletic training staff after a significant head impact.ConclusionsIn the future, head impact dynamics data must be correlated with sensitive and specific assessments of cognitive, executive, vision and balance parameters in order to determine the concussion assessment threshold.Disclosures: Dr. Bartsch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dama has nothing to disclose. Dr. Samorezov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alberts has received personal compensation for activities with Boston Scientific Corporation. Dr. Benzel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miele has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Humm has nothing to disclose. Dr. McCrea has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stemper has nothing to disclose.

Inertial Properties of Football Helmets.

The inertial properties of a helmet play an important role in both athletic performance and head protection. In this study, we measured the inertial properties of 37 football helmets, a National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) size 7¼ headform, and a 50th percentile male Hybrid III dummy head. The helmet measurements were taken with the helmets placed on the Hybrid III dummy head. The center of gravity and moment of inertia were measured about six axes (x, y, z, xy, yz, and xz), allowing for a complete description of the inertial properties of the head and helmets. Total helmet mass averaged 1834±231 g, split between the shell (1377±200 g) and the facemask (457±101 g). On average, the football helmets weighed 41±5% as much as the Hybrid III dummy head. The center of gravity of the helmeted head was 1.1±3.0 mm anterior and 10.3±1.9 mm superior to the center of gravity of the bare head. The moment of inertia of the helmeted head was approximately 2.2±0.2 times greater than the bare head about all axes.

Investigating Source Contributions of Size‐Aggregated Aerosols Collected in Southern Ocean and Baring Head, New Zealand Using Sulfur Isotopes

AbstractMarine sulfate aerosols in the Southern Ocean are critical to the global radiation balance, yet the sources of sulfate and their seasonal variations are unclear. We separately sampled marine and ambient aerosols at Baring Head, New Zealand for 1 year using two collectors and evaluated the sources of sulfate in coarse (1–10 μm) and fine (0.05–1 μm) aerosols using sulfur isotopes (δ34S). In both collectors, sea‐salt sulfate (SO42−SS) mainly existed in coarse aerosols and nonsea‐salt sulfate (SO42−NSS) dominated the sulfate in fine aerosols, although some summer SO42−NSS appeared in coarse particles due to aerosol coagulation. SO42−NSS in the marine aerosols was mainly (88–100%) from marine biogenic dimethylsulfide (DMS) emission, while the SO42−NSS in the ambient aerosols was a combination of DMS (73–79%) and SO2 emissions from shipping activities (~21–27%). The seasonal variations of SO42−NSS concentrations inferred from the δ34S values in both collectors were mainly controlled by the DMS flux.

Occlusion effects of hearing protection device on ear canal transfer function and cochlear injury from impulse noise exposure

The objective of this paper is to present a new finding on the effects of hearing protection devices (HPDs) on the ear canal (EC) transfer function (TFEC2ED). Specifically, we show that when an earmuff is worn, the TFEC2ED is not the same as that for the bare head, leading to a significant difference in cochlear injury prediction. We used shock tube blast with an acoustical test fixture (ATF) fitted with the recovered earmuffs from the historic blast overpressure project (BOP) to measure the TFEC2ED. A microphone was placed at the EC entrance under the earmuff (undermuff) to measure the pressure at the EC entrance, while the built-in ATF’s microphone was used to measure the eardrum (ED) pressure. The TFEC2ED is defined as the ratio of the pressure at the ED to the pressure at the EC entrance. We compared the cochlear integrated energy (ICE) values, when the TFEC2ED obtained from bare head (Case-1) and that measured using the ATF fitted with an earmuff (Case-2), respectively are used in the ICE-model, to estimate the effects of the difference between the TFEC2EDs on injury. The human BOP undermuff pressure data were used as model input. For Case-1, the input was at the EC. The ED pressure, reconstructed using the undermuff pressure and the TFEC2ED measured using the ATF, was used for Case-2. We found significant differences in the ICE-values as the result of the difference between the TFEC2EDs. We conclude that hearing protector models must correctly model the occlusion effects of HPDs by incorporating the change in the TFEC2ED.

Jeffrey S. Doty, Shakespeare, Popularity and the Public Sphere

Refreshingly, Jeffrey S. Doty writes like an historian. In the tradition of Christopher Hill, Keith Thomas, and Keith Wrightson, he seeks to master complexities, rather than to exacerbate them through fashionably oblique postulation and self-regarding intricacies of hypostatization. His clean prose pursues with honest clarity the topics outlined in his title, Shakespeare, Popularity and the Public Sphere, to produce a slim, but learned, and perhaps seminal volume. Elizabeth I and James I, he reminds us, each remarked disconsolately that monarchy occupied a public stage, recognizing thereby the vulnerability of supreme power to assessment by the ogling multitude. ‘Public performance could win assent and adoration; publicity could also stain, degrade, and produce resistance’ (4). Officially, the commoners’ political role was reverential passivity; they were ‘things created’, in Coriolanus’ exasperated words (3.2.9–12), ‘to show bare heads, / In congregations, to yawn, be still, and wonder’ (169). Peter Lake and Steven Pincus have shown, however, that through the sixteenth century, elite incitements of commons support cumulatively created a post-Reformation public sphere, establishing the widespread recognition that authority might be buttressed by ‘popularity’ (The Politics of the Public Sphere in Early Modern England, Manchester University Press, 2007). ‘Popularity’ remained nonetheless a dirty word, stigmatizing those who courted it illegitimately as pandering to the potential many-headed monster. Thus, whilst Elizabeth’s calculated showcasing of ‘love’ to her people on progresses comprised an unprecedented and successful stratagem, the Earl of Essex’s competitive street-wooings had him proclaimed in Star Chamber in 1601 ‘a popular traytor’ (16). The trick, for non-royal political actors, was to grasp the substance without incurring the stain. Prince Henry’s wiles in the Henry IV plays succeed here deftly: determinedly sullying himself at Eastcheap, his reformation upon accession glitters o’er his fault, to win him the popularity that he appears, falsely, not to have courted (74). It was Shakespeare’s prescient and timely achievement, argues Doty, to dramatize the political imperative of popularity for any regime: a phenomenon whose ubiquity today obscures recognition that ‘Shakespeare’s integration of publicity into political action has no precedent in early modern drama’ (3, 191).