Bar Workers Research Articles

Hospitality workers and gentrification processes: Elective belonging and reflexive complicity.

This paper contributes new understandings of the dynamics and processes of gentrification that contribute to wider transformations of class relations. We argue that the hospitality sector, specifically the tastes, dispositions and practices of young hospitality workers, are central in how gentrification processes currently function. We extend concepts of elective and selective belonging, and reflexive complicity, to analyse how young hospitality workers understand their own labouring practices as contributing to gentrification in their local areas. We show how their aesthetic and ethical orientations to place, especially their workplaces, make their experience of hospitality work more palatable. At the same time, their tastes are 'put to work' in venues that contribute to the vibes and aesthetics aimed at middle class consumption practices, while creating symbolic boundaries for long-term residents who are being ostracised in the process. In this way, the high cultural capital bar workers possess thus become spatial bouncers for high economic capital property developers, where reflexive complicity is instrumentalised as a process of symbolic violence. We propose that hospitality labour, and the everyday relationalities and working practices of young workers, are crucial for understanding the contemporary processes of gentrification and class formation.

Workplace-related determinants of mental health in food and bar workers in Western, high-income countries: A systematic review.

This review synthesizes evidence from etiologic and intervention studies of workplace-related determinants of mental health in workers in food and bar workers in the hospitality industry in Western high-income countries. Peer-reviewed literature published between January 2000 and August 2023 was gathered from five bibliographic databases. Any study design was eligible. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools for appraisal. A narrative analysis was conducted for 26 included studies (total n = 15,069 participants) across Australia (3), Ireland (1), Norway (1), Spain (2), the United States (17) and the United Kingdom (2). Individual and task-related factors such as high emotional job demands and low job control were associated with high burnout and depression. Uncivil and hostile interpersonal interactions with customers, management, and colleagues were found to contribute to poor mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and burnout. Findings from included studies highlight the impact of workplace culture, including management practices and workplace social support, on mental health. Organization-level interventions may therefore be most effective for addressing individual, interpersonal, and organizational determinants of mental health in food and bar occupations, particularly when implemented as part of broader organizational efforts to support health and wellbeing. Industry-wide policy changes may also be necessary to address structural concerns, including job and financial insecurity, job strain and access to benefits, such as secure sick leave and minimum contract hours.

HIV epidemiologic trends among occupational groups in Rakai, Uganda: A population-based longitudinal study, 1999-2016.

Certain occupations have been associated with heightened risk of HIV acquisition and spread in sub-Saharan Africa, including female bar and restaurant work and male transportation work. However, data on changes in population prevalence of HIV infection and HIV incidence within occupations following mass scale-up of African HIV treatment and prevention programs is very limited. We evaluated prospective data collected between 1999 and 2016 from the Rakai Community Cohort Study, a longitudinal population-based study of 15- to 49-year-old persons in Uganda. Adjusted prevalence risk ratios for overall, treated, and untreated, prevalent HIV infection, and incidence rate ratios for HIV incidence with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression to assess changes in HIV outcomes by occupation. Analyses were stratified by gender. There were 33,866 participants, including 19,113 (56%) women. Overall, HIV seroprevalence declined in most occupational subgroups among men, but increased or remained mostly stable among women. In contrast, prevalence of untreated HIV substantially declined between 1999 and 2016 in most occupations, irrespective of gender, including by 70% among men (12.3 to 4.2%; adjPRR = 0.30; 95%CI:0.23-0.41) and by 78% among women (14.7 to 4.0%; adjPRR = 0.22; 95%CI:0.18-0.27) working in agriculture, the most common self-reported primary occupation. Exceptions included men working in transportation. HIV incidence similarly declined in most occupations, but there were no reductions in incidence among female bar and restaurant workers, women working in local crafts, or men working in transportation. In summary, untreated HIV infection and HIV incidence have declined within most occupational groups in Uganda. However, women working in bars/restaurants and local crafts and men working in transportation continue to have a relatively high burden of untreated HIV and HIV incidence, and as such, should be considered priority populations for HIV programming.

Going entrepreneurial: the dark side of donors and trade union support to informal workers in Accra, Ghana

This article analyses donor-funded aid programmes to support trade unions’ work in the informal street food sector in Accra, also known as ‘chop bars’. It reviews the programmes that this aid entailed, against the backdrop of socioeconomic stratification in the sector. The article reviews the achievements and blind spots of such initiatives and underlines the disconnect between donors’ aid and the reality on the ground. It argues that this is rooted in the market fundamentalist notion of the informal economy being promoted through such aid, with its focus on small-scale enterprises. The article shows that the supply-side solutions to support chop bar operators, under the broad umbrella of the promotion of entrepreneurship, are unfit to address the structural barriers causing the employment crisis in African cities. The study also stresses the neglect by such programmes of wage workers in chop bars, the most vulnerable category of workers in the industry.

Demonstrating service delivery models for effective initiation and retention on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among female bar workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A double randomized intervention study protocol.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has demonstrated efficacy in preventing HIV infection. Female Bar Workers (FBWs) often act as informal sex workers, placing them at risk of HIV infection. Despite expressing interest in PrEP, FBWs face barriers to accessing public-sector clinics where PrEP is delivered. We developed a study to compare the effectiveness of workplace-based PrEP provision to standard-of-care facility-based provision for PrEP initiation, retention and adherence among FBWs. In this double-randomized intervention study, FBWs aged 15 years and above will be screened, consented and initiated on PrEP (emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil), and followed for six months. Participants will be randomized at the bar level and offered PrEP at their workplace or at a health facility. Those who are initiated will be independently individually randomized to either receive or not receive an omni-channel PrEP champion intervention (support from an experienced PrEP user) to improve PrEP adherence. We expect to screen 1,205 FBWs to enroll at least 160 HIV negative women in the study. Follow-up visits will be scheduled monthly. HIV testing will be performed at baseline, month 1, 4 and 6; and TDF testing at months 2 and 6. Primary outcomes for this trial are: (1) initiation on PrEP (proportion of those offered PrEP directly observed to initiate PrEP); and (2) adherence to PrEP (detectable urine TDF drug level at 6-months post-enrollment). The primary outcomes will be analyzed using Intention-to-Treat (ITT) analyses. Using a randomized trial design, we will evaluate two interventions aiming to reduce barriers to uptake and retention on PrEP among FBWs, a vulnerable population at risk of HIV acquisition and onward transmission. If these interventions prove effective in promoting PrEP among FBWs, they could assist in abating the HIV epidemic in Africa. Registered with German Clinical Trials Register (www.drks.de) on 29 April 2020; Registration number DRKS00018101.

Femininity work: The gendered politics of women managing violence in bar work

AbstractThis paper explores how women bar workers manage violence at work. Women bar workers in our study described that the capacity to recognize, intervene, and defuse potentially violent situations was a pragmatic response to the problem of men's violence in the night‐time economy. We analyze the gendered norms and expectations at play in how violence in bar work is managed by staff and locate this as a form of “femininity work” extending from the modes of attentive, emotionally‐attuned femininity that labor feminist labor studies theorists have described. In a context where hospitality labor already makes complex and often unexamined demands on young workers, the positioning of women bar staff as being more adept at managing violent situations suggests a particularly important demand made of women bar workers, central for understanding the enduring gendered power relations in contemporary interactive service labor.

Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of workers in indoor bars, beer halls and discotheques towards exposure to second-hand smoking in the two cities in Swaziland

Second-hand smoking is a serious health hazard causing approximately 41000 deaths from lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, coronary heart disease and stroke globally each year. Evidence suggests that workers in bars, beer halls and discotheques are more exposed to second- hand smoking compared to other workers in general. Protection of these workers through enactment of smoke-free legislation and attitudes of these workers towards such legislation are key variables of compliance. This study aimed to describe the knowledge of the adverse effects of second-hand smoking, attitudes and perceptions of workers towards the practice. The results suggest that most workers knew what second-hand smoking was and that it could cause lung cancer, coronary heart disease and asthma but undermined the fact that continued exposure or exposure to low levels could lead to severe disease or death. Fifty-four percent of the respondents showed good knowledge and 36% showed fair knowledge of the adverse effects of exposure to second-hand smoke. Respondents mentioned lung cancer (100%), increased coughing (90%), asthma (60%) and heart disease (30%) as possible adverse effects. The knowledge was not different among workers who smoked and those who did not smoke (never smoked or ex- smokers) (p=0.1041). However, both smokers and non-smokers did not believe that exposure to second-hand smoke could lead to early death (p=0.8864). The suggestions that smoking should be banned in all indoor workplaces was accepted by non-smokers but rejected by smokers (p=0.0001). So was the suggestion of increasing tax on cigarettes (p<0.0001). Legislation banning smoking in indoor workplaces is contained in the Swaziland Tobacco Products Control Act (2013) that is still waiting to be enforced and as such, indoor smoking is not banned in the country. Sixty-seven per cent of the participants were not aware of the existence of legislation aimed at protecting them against exposure to second-hand smoke in indoor workplaces. It is suggested that the enforcement of the Swaziland Tobacco Control Act (2013), which purports to impose a comprehensive ban of indoor smoking be speeded up so that indoor air quality could improve. Mechanisms to monitor adherence to the complete ban are likely to speed up improvement of the health of many indoor workers in bars, beer halls and discotheques that are exposed for lengthy periods. Enforcement of the Act should include creation of programmes to create awareness of the risks faced by the workers.

Sexual Relationship, Power and Safe Sex Practices among Female Bar Workers in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Background: HIV and AIDS continue to challenge the health sector and economies in low and middle-income countries. Effectiveness condom use in preventing transmission of HIV is jeopardized due to recent reported decline in condom use. Alcohol serving venues are meeting points for sex partner which is a significant determinant of risk sexual practices while gender inequities impose challenges to women in negotiating safe sex. Methods: Cross sectional exploratory study was conducted which deployed a qualitative method in data collection. Purposive sampling was used to select fourteen study participants. In-Depth Interview guide was used to gather information from female bar workers on perceptions and experiences in sexual relationships that are initiated following their interaction with male customers in alcohol serving settings and their negotiation for safe sex. This study explored sexual relationship power of Female Bar Workers (FBWs) in safe sex negotiations as they interact in alcohol serving venues in Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data was analysed manually by using thematic approach. Results: Negotiation ability and sexual relationship power continue to be a key determinant of safe or unsafe sexual practices in sexual relationships of female bar workers. Although power to negotiate and make decisions towards safe sex was widely reported by female bar workers when they engage in casual sexual relationships, such power is outweighed by their own willingness to engage in multiple sexual relationships to supplement their meagre incomes. Conclusion: Health promotion should continue to focus on behaviour change interventions with consideration of gendered roles and power in sexual relationships.

Finally a Smoking Gun? Compensating Differentials and the Introduction of Smoking Bans

Using the staggered introduction of smoking bans in the German hospitality industry over 2007–2008, I find a robust 2.4 percent decline in the daily earnings of workers in bars and restaurants associated with the most comprehensive smoking ban. This effect is unlikely to be driven by a decline in hospitality revenues or hours worked but is consistent with a simple model of compensating differentials. (JEL I12, I18, J22, J31, J81, L83)

Occupational Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke: Development of a Job Exposure Matrix.

Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) in the workplace has been largely controlled in most workplaces in many countries that have adopted smoke-free laws and regulations. Workers in offices, bars, restaurants, and many other settings have experienced substantial reductions in the frequency and intensity of their exposure to SHS. While current exposure to SHS of most non-smoking adults arises from living with a smoker there are likely to be some jobs where non-negligible exposure to SHS continues to occur. This study describes the development of a simple job exposure matrix (JEM) for SHS exposure for the UK working population in 2020 and identifies that at least 1.04 million workers are likely to be exposed to SHS while performing their job. Occupations with the highest frequency and intensity of exposure include those where workers carry out work tasks in private, domestic settings: including care workers and home carers. This SHS-JEM provides a novel method for assessing occupational exposure to SHS in other countries, and can act as a tool to identify priorities for policies to protect those workers who continue to be at risk from SHS.

Sex work within emerging Latino immigrant communities: a typology

Little is known about the organisation and types of sex work emerging urban Latino immigrant communities. To develop a typology of the local sex work industry, we conducted 39 in-depth interviews with foreign-born and US-born Latina female sex workers, Latino immigrant clients, and key informants such as bartenders and brothel managers in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Interview transcripts were coded through an iterative process, and descriptions of sex work were grouped into types. Three types of direct sex work (the street, houses that operate as brothels, and weekend brothels operating out of hotels), three types of indirect sex work (bar workers, opportunistic, and as-needed), and one type that could be either direct or indirect (individual arrangements) were identified. Understanding the local sex industry and its variability has implications for developing and implementing programmes and interventions tailored to the context of sex work type in order to reduce HIV transmission.

Heterogeneity in individual preferences for HIV testing: A systematic literature review of discrete choice experiments.

BackgroundUnderstanding variations in HIV testing preferences can help inform optimal combinations of testing services to maximize coverage. We conducted a systematic review of Discrete Choice Experiments (DCEs) eliciting HIV testing preference.MethodsWe searched the published literature for papers that conducted DCEs to assess user preferences for HIV testing.FindingsWe identified 237 publications; 14 studies conducted in 10 countries met inclusion criteria. Overall, test cost was one of the strongest drivers of preference, with participants preferring free or very low-cost testing. Confidentiality was a salient concern, particularly among key populations and persons who never tested. Participants in resource-limited settings preferred short travel distance and integration of HIV testing with other services. There was substantial heterogeneity across participant characteristics. For example, while women preferred home testing, high-risk groups (e.g. male porters, female bar workers) and men who had not tested in the last year preferred traveling a short distance for testing. HIV self-testing (HIVST) had high acceptability, particularly among those who had never HIV tested, although most users preferred blood-based sample collection over oral swabs. Participants highly valued post-test counselling availability after HIVST.InterpretationOverall, participants value low-cost, confidential testing with short travel distance. HIVST is a promising strategy to increase testing coverage but post-test counseling and support should be made available. Educational campaigns to increase familiarity and build confidence in results of oral testing can improve the success of HIVST. DCEs conducted within clinic settings likely have limited generalizability to those not seeking care, particularly for key populations.

Socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for HIV transmission in female bar workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic literature review

BackgroundAlthough sex workers are considered a key population in the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), less consideration has been given to female bar workers (FBW), whose primary occupation is not sex work but who often engage in transactional sex. Understanding FBWs’ risk profiles is central to designing targeted HIV prevention interventions for them. This systematic review describes the socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for HIV transmission among FBWs in SSA.MethodsWe searched six databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Popline, Embase and additionally the World Health Organization’s WHOLIS database for grey literature between July and September 2017. Inclusion criteria were reporting (1) primary socio-demographic or behavioral data; on (2) women who sold or delivered drinks to clients; (3) in establishments serving alcohol; (4) in SSA. We excluded studies not presenting separate data on FBWs. We extracted quantitative and qualitative data from the selected studies and conducted a qualitative synthesis of findings.ResultsWe found 4565 potentially eligible articles, including duplicates. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we retained 19 articles. FBWs often migrated from rural to urban areas due to economic need or social marginalization. They began bar-based transactional sex due to low wages, peer pressure and to increase financial independence. FBWs had high HIV risk awareness but low agency to negotiate condom use, particularly with regular partners or when offered higher prices for condomless sex. FBWs were also vulnerable to violence and stigmatization.ConclusionsFBWs are a vulnerable population for HIV infection. Despite social stigmatization and elevated risk of contracting STIs, bar work remains attractive because it enables unskilled women to both, make a living and maintain some independence. FBWs face HIV-related risk factors at the individual, community and societal level and may benefit from biomedical, behavioral and structural interventions.

Feasibility of an HIV self-testing intervention: a formative qualitative study among individuals, community leaders, and HIV testing experts in northern Tanzania

BackgroundAchieving the 95–95-95 global targets by 2030, innovative HIV testing models, such as HIV self-testing are needed for people, who are unaware of their HIV status. We aimed to explore key informants, mountain climbing porters, and female bar workers’ attitudes, perceived norms, and personal agency related to HIV self-testing.MethodsThis was a formative qualitative study to inform the design of an HIV self-testing intervention in Northern Tanzania. Informed by the Integrated Behaviour Model, we conducted four focus group discussions, and 18 in-depth interviews with purposively selected participants. Data were analyzed using the framework method.ResultsWe recruited 55 participants. Most participants had positive attitudes towards HIVST, in that they anticipated positive consequences related to the introduction and uptake of HIVST. These included privacy and convenience, avoidance of long queues at health facilities, reduced counselor workload, and reduced indirect costs (given that transport to health facilities might not be required). Participants expressed the belief that significant people in their social environment, such as parents and peers, would approve their uptake of HIVST, and that they would accept HIVST. Additionally, features of HIVST that might facilitate its uptake were that it could be performed in private and would obviate visits to health facilities. Most participants were confident in their capacity to use HIVST kits, while a few were less confident about self-testing while alone. Strategies to maximize beliefs about personal agency and facilitate uptake included supplying the self-test kits in a way that was easy to access, and advocacy. Perceived potential constraints to the uptake of HIVST were the cost of buying the self-test kits, poverty, illiteracy, poor eyesight, fear of knowing one’s HIV status, lack of policy/ guidelines for HIVST, and the absence of strategies for linkage to HIV care, treatment, and support.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that HIVST may be feasible to implement in this study setting, with the majority of participants reporting positive attitudes, supportive perceived norms, and self-efficacy. Hence, future HIVST interventions should address the negative beliefs, and perceived barriers towards HIVST to increase HIV testing among the target population in Northern Tanzania.

“Don’t look down on us”

PurposeAlthough some research has been done with entertainment workers in KTV bars, little has been done to gain a qualitative understanding of the vulnerabilities of masseuse women. This is due to a prevalent focus on girls under 18 years, thereby excluding most masseuses. The purpose of this paper is to understand the reality of life as perceived by Phnom Penh’s female masseuses in the lower-priced massage parlors is therefore largely unknown.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 98 female participants completed an interview answering both open and closed questions concerning relationships, stigma and discrimination and personal sexual abuse among other topics.FindingsThis study finds that many women working in the massage parlor industry are vulnerable to various threats, including sexual exploitation and abuse. Dependency structures within the massage parlor as well as with their families seem to play a key role in the life situations that can be positive as well as negative, and in some cases both.Research limitations/implicationsThis is not a prevalence study so all figures are tentative. The women were deeply concerned that they might be stigmatized further so they may not have revealed the extent of their challenges.Practical implicationsMore research and work with this vulnerable group is vital. They should be recognized as a vulnerable group who have rights.Social implicationsThe findings provide a baseline evaluation of the vulnerable conditions of the massage industry for women in Cambodia. Specifically, that stigma, discrimination, physical and sexual abuse, as well as a lack of access to education are all vulnerabilities not commonly covered, especially with adult women working in the entertainment industry.Originality/valueUnderstanding the reality of life as perceived by Phnom Penh’s female masseuses in the lower-priced massage parlors is therefore largely unknown so a study of this kind is necessary.

“Don’t look down on us!”

PurposeAlthough some research has been done with entertainment workers in KTV bars, little has been done to gain a qualitative understanding of the vulnerabilities of masseuse women. This is due to a prevalent focus on girls under 18 years, thereby excluding most masseuses. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 98 female participants completed an interview answering both open and closed questions concerning relationships, stigma and discrimination and personal sexual abuse among other topics.FindingsThis study finds that many women working in the massage parlor industry are vulnerable to various threats, including sexual exploitation and abuse. Dependency structures within the massage parlor as well as with their families seem to play a key role in the life situations that can be positive as well as negative, and in some cases both.Social implicationsThe findings provide a baseline evaluation of the vulnerable conditions of the massage industry for women in Cambodia. Specifically, that stigma, discrimination, physical and sexual abuse, as well as a lack of access to education are all vulnerabilities not commonly covered, especially with adult women working in the entertainment industry. This research has been adapted from the original transcript “Strive, No Matter What” (Miles et al., 2014).Originality/valueThe paper seeks to understand the reality of life and vulnerabilities as perceived by Phnom Penh’s female masseuses in the lower-priced massage parlors which is largely unknown.

The Antitrust Challenge to Covenants Not to Compete in Employment Contracts

Employee covenants not to compete bar workers who leave their jobs from working for a competing employer for a period of time. The common law regards noncompetes as restraints of trade and imposes a “reasonableness” standard on them; they can also be challenged under the antitrust laws. But new research suggests firms frequently abuse noncompetes, causing significant harm to workers and to the economy. The existing legal approach is inadequate because the common law offers minimal sanctions and antitrust law imposes excessive burdens of proof on plaintiffs. While antitrust law is the appropriate vehicle for challenging noncompetes because of its focus on market effects, it needs to be strengthened.

Structural, interpersonal, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors for HIV acquisition among female bar workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

ABSTRACTIn sub-Saharan Africa, female bar workers (FBWs) often serve as informal sex workers. Little is known about the prevalence of HIV and HIV-related risk factors among FBWs in Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania. Using an adapted Structural HIV Determinants Framework, we identified structural, interpersonal, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors for HIV acquisition. We compared the prevalence of HIV and HIV-related risk factors among a random sample of 66 FBWs from DSM to an age-standardized, representative sample of female DSM-residents from the 2016 Demographic and Health and 2011–2012 AIDS Indicator Surveys. Compared to other women in DSM, FBWs had elevated prevalence of all four groups of risk factors. Key risk factors included gender and economic inequalities (structural); sexual violence and challenges negotiating condom use (interpersonal); depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and low social support (psychosocial); and history of unprotected sex, multiple sex partners, and high alcohol consumption (behavioral). HIV prevalence did not differ between FBWs (7.1%, 95% CI 3.7-13.3%) and survey respondents (7.7%, 95% CI: 5.3-11.1%), perhaps due to FBWs’ higher – though sub-optimal – engagement with HIV prevention strategies. Elevated exposure to HIV-related risk factors but low HIV prevalence suggests economic, psychosocial, and biomedical interventions may prevent HIV among FBWs in DSM.

Association between Male Customer Sexual Harassment and Depressive Symptoms among Female Bar Workers in Yaounde, Cameroon: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: The primary objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and identify the common forms of sexual harassment perpetuated by male customers against female bar workers, and investigate their association with depressive symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2017 using venue-based cluster sampling technique from a representative sample of 410 female bar workers in Yaounde, Cameroon. Depression was measured using the 5-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) scale. Respondents were read a definition of what constitutes sexual harassment and asked if they had experienced one or more such behaviours from their male customers in the past 3 months. Weighted logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between male customer sexual harassment and depressive symptoms. The level of statistical significance was set at p-value ≤0.05. Results: The median age of the 410 female bar workers who participated in the study was 29 years (IQR=25-34). About 41.5% (n=170) were found to have developed depressive symptoms in the past 4 weeks. The majority (98.8%) of respondents had experienced one or more forms of sexual harassment from their male customers in the past 3 months. The most common form of sexual harassment experienced was sexual advances from male customers including requesting the telephone numbers of female bar workers for them to be contacted later for a date (90.9%). After adjustment for potential confounders, respondents who experienced inappropriate starring from their male customers that made them felt uncomfortable (AOR=3.08; 95% CI, 1.90-5.01) and those who received repeated demands for a date from male customers despite their rejection (AOR=1.61; 95% CI, 1.04-2.49) were significantly more likely to have developed depressive symptoms in the past 4 weeks prior to the study. Conclusions: Male customer sexual harassment was very prevalent in this study and was associated with depressive symptoms. There is a need for interventions to reduce sexual harassment perpetuated by male customers against this group of women. It is also essential for the establishment of community-based services for the diagnosis and treatment of depressive symptoms among these women and other vulnerable population.

HIV risk and pre-exposure prophylaxis interest among female bar workers in Dar es Salaam: cross-sectional survey

ObjectiveFemale bar workers (FBW) in East Africa often conduct sex work to supplement their incomes, and may be vulnerable to HIV acquisition. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) offers protection against HIV acquisition....