Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park Research Articles

Community Perspectives in Developing Bat-Cave Tourism in Leang Londrong, Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park: Comparing The Locals & Tourists

Maros-Pangkep karst formation in South Sulawesi is one of the largest karst environments in the world. One cave located in the area is Leang Londrong and is a part of the management of Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park. The Leang Londrong area is known as tourism spot with water-based tourism as the main attraction and it is also known as the main ecosystem service provider in particular as water sources for many areas. This cave is inhabited by some species of bats. Even now the area is designated for water-based tourism, other potential tourism object such bats roosting inside the cave for tourism development has not been explored. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the perception of local community and tourists visiting the area towards nature, cave, bats and its conservation, as well as cave-bats tourism development. The study was conducted between January-April 2022 by distributing questionnaires to 86 respondents consisted of local community, tourists, and government’s representatives. The results indicated that in general the respondents had limited knowledge on nature, cave, bats and its conservation. In particular with bats, the majority of the respondents have not yet been familiar with bats, understood the roles of bats for the environment, and tended to ignore the existence of bats. However, in relation with nature and conservation, bat conservation, and the development of cave and bat tourism in Leang Londrong, all respondents from the tourist’s side agreed to support (>85%) and for the locals, the number was even higher (>90%). Therefore, from the perspectives of local community and tourists, the chance in developing cave and bat tourism in Leang Londrong can be considered possible.

Abundance assessment of Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail, Papilio gigon gigon and availability of resource plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Ismail T, Maulany RI, Ngakan PO. 2024. Abundance assessment of Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail Papilio gigon gigon and availability of resource plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 673-682. The Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail (Papilio gigon gigon Felder & Felder, 1864) is an endemic butterfly species of Sulawesi, Indonesia currently under threat from hunting and trade activities and habitat degradation. This study aims to examine the abundance of P. gigon gigon and resource plants' availability and to analyze the relationship between resource host and nectar plant density with the abundance of the butterfly species in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data were collected using the line transect method in two habitat types: settlement and forest located in three observation sites (Bantimurung, Leang-leang, and Pattunuang). The data were analyzed with Spearman's correlation test. The results showed a significant positive correlation in Bantimurung between the host plant densities (r = 0.258; p = 0.010) and nectar plants (r = 0.211; p = 0.036) with the abundance of P. gigon gigon. In Pattunuang, the host plants had indicated an insignificant correlation (r = 0.061; p = 0.548) with the abundance of P. gigon gigon, and in contrast, the nectar plants showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.487; p = 0.000). Only in Leang-leang the correlation between the abundance of P. gigon gigon showed no significant correlation with both host (r = 0.152; p = 0.132) and nectar plants (r = 0.041; p = 0.686). Differences between the observation areas were suspected to be influenced by human activities such as tourism and hunting. Therefore, management interventions by the national park are required to support the conservation of P. gigon gigon in the area.

Impacts of edge effects on the invasion of alien plant species in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Mas’ud W, Maulany RI, Putra PS, Ngakan PO. 2023. Impacts of edge effects on the invasion of alien plant species in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6160-6168. Invasive Alien Plant Species (IAPS) are a threat to biodiversity and natural ecosystems. Factors influencing the IAPS distribution are well-known, but the impact of edge effects on the distribution is rarely discussed. This study aims to reveal the effect of differences in physical environmental factors along the edge effect gradient on the distribution of IAPS in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Twenty-five line transects were established where 125 plots (20m x 20m) were systematically located to analyze the density, dominance, and distribution of IAPS on the edge bordering natural forest ecosystems and anthropogenically disturbed areas. Of the 21 IAPS found, 95.2% were distributed in clumps and 4.8% at random. As the light intensity decreases significantly (r = 0.042; p = 0.029) with the increasing distance from the edge to the forest interior, the IAPS density decreases significantly (r = -0.512; p = 0.0001). Species of IAPS that experienced a decrease in individuals were those with a habitus of herbs and shrubs. Considering that the seedlings were found to spread outside their mother tree stands, Swietenia macrophylla King. and Maesopsis eminii Engl. are suspected to be long-lived IAPS that have the potential to spread to natural karst forest ecosystems, so they need to be monitored continuously.

Geologic Influence on Radon Concentrations Levels in Cave: A Case Study of Mimpi Cave in the Maros Karst of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Radon gas in the natural environment mainly comes from the release of local bedrock geology and easily accumulate in closed spaces such as basements and caves. This study was performed to investigate the radon concentrations in Mimpi Cave, Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, in the Maros karst area, South Sulawesi, and discussed a possible relationship between the radon concentrations and the local geology. Measurements were carried out using a passive detection technique with CR-39 nuclear tracks detectors by exposing it for a period of three months. The 222Rn levels measured inside the cave ranges from 64.03 Bq m‑3 to 3396.02 Bq m‑3, with an average value of 1075.05 Bq m‑3.The results are comparable with radon concentration in different caves environments reported from other surveys in several countries. Geological background of the Maros Karst areas could sustain the measured radon values, due to the presence of limestone rock with a mineral composition which can lead to higher radon concentrations in Mimpi Cave.

Inventory of Domesticated Orchid Species in Samaenre Village Mallawa District, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The study aimed to determine the types of orchids from domestication in Samaenre Village, Mallawa District, Maros Regency which is included as one of the buffer areas of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. This type of research is a descriptive study with a purposive sampling method, which only records the types of orchids maintained by the community in Samaenre Village, Mallawa District, Maros Regency. The results showed that there were 26 types of orchids. 11 were identified to the species level and 15 were identified to the genus level. Orchids found are Acriopsis sp., Aerides inflexa, Aerides sp., Agrosthophyllum sp., Appendicula sp., Apporum uncatum, Coelogyne celebensis, Coelogyne sp., Cymbidium finlaysonianum, Dendrobium anosmum, Dendrobium crumenatum, Dendrobium striaenopsis, Dendrobium sp., Eria sp., Flickingeria sp., Liparis sp., Luisia sp., Phalaenopsis amabilis, Phalaenopsis amboinensis, Phalaenopsis sp., Pholidota sp., Phreatia sp., Robiqueta sp., Spathoglottis sp., Trichoglottis geminata, Vanda sp. The most widely kept type of orchid is Dendrobium striaenopsis. It shows that society is able to domesticate natural orchids of various types.

Diversity and Distribution of <i>Ficus</i> (Moraceae) in The Karst Ecosystem of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park

Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is an area that has the largest karst ecosystem in Indonesia. Karst is prone to damage and difficult to reuse, so it requires conservation efforts. One of the plant species that can maintain this sustainability is Ficus which acts as key species in karst ecosystems. However, at this time the species is experiencing disturbances, one of which is due to the experience of invasive plants that can threaten the existence of Ficus because the weeds can colonize habitats and are dominant which can change species diversity. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and distribution of Ficus, compare species composition, and analyze environmental factors that affect Ficus spp. in Pattunuang Resort and Bantimurung Resort. Vegetation analysis method with nesting plots placed by purposive sampling and supported with environmental and soil data measurements to determine the factors that indicate the habitat preference of Ficus. We found 18 plant species of Ficus spp. in total. At Resort Pattunuang we found 14 Ficus species with the highest abundance being Ficus sundaica (27.55%), while we recorded 15 Ficus species at Resort Bantimurung with the highest abundance being Ficus ampelas (29.23%). Ficus species were uniformly distributed with a relatively high ratio of species composition in both resorts. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the presence of Ficus in Pattunuang Resort is influenced by wind speed, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, and air humidity. In Bantimurung Resort, the existence of Ficus is influenced by wind speed, soil temperature, soil moisture, and air humidity.

Visitors’ Awareness to Maintain and Preserve the Biodiversity and Environment at Bantimurung Nature Tourism Object, Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park

Bantimurung Nature Tourism Object is one of the famous destinations in South Sulawesi Province. This research aims to determine the level of visitor awareness to preserve this destination’s biodiversity and environment. Data collection about the levels of visitor awareness was conducted using the interview method. The result of the study showed that most visitors are aware of the biodiversity and the environment. However, the lack of knowledge and fewer visitors information about protected butterfly species declined their environmentally friendly behavior and awareness. Therefore, persuading visitors that their behavior will affect the destination’s biological and non-biological natural resources is necessary. Moreover, it is required to improve visitors’ knowledge about friendly environmental behavior and how to maintain this potential so they can enjoy it sustainably.

Regulation of Water Resources to Guarantee the Right to Availability of Water in the Karst Area of Maros-Pangkep, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Decree of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, Number SK 398/Menhut-II/2004, dated October 18, 2004, converted the Maros Pangkep karst area to the Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park (Babul National Park). Karst and Babul National Park depend on rainwater absorbed by subsurface rivers. Babul National Park has integrated water management, although water supply and security are still threats. This study analyzes the harmonization and synergy of water policy with community requirements in the Maros-Pangkep Karst area, where residents rely largely on underground rivers. This study utilizes empirical legal research. (1) The Babul National Park manager distinguishes between the use of water as mass and as energy, and the surrounding community must seek for a permit for the latter. In the implementation process, the permission did not fully comply with the existing standards, notably the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number P.18/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2019 governing the use of water and energy in wildlife sanctuaries, National Parks, Grand Forests, and Nature Tourism Parks. (2) Because legal enforcement hasn’t deterred forest destroyers, this will undermine forest conservation and the importance of forests in water management.

Analysis of Mineral Characteristics of Leang Lonrong Cave Ornaments in The Pangkep Karst Area, South Sulawesi, Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park

Research has been carried out on the mineral content of caves in the Leang Lonrong Pangkep Karst Area with experimental research methods. The purposes of this study are to analyze the characteristics of Leang Lonrong Cave, explain the mineral content of the Leang Lonrong Cave ornaments, and show the presence of RRE elements contained in the Leang Lonrong Cave ornaments. The characteristic data of the cave was obtained from direct observations, and measurements in the Leang Lonrong cave in the form of cave dimension data, namely the length of the cave with a size of ±150 meters, the height of the mouth of the cave 1.91 meters and the length of the mouth of the cave 6.40 meters and the intensity of light in the cave obtained 0 lux with a temperature of 26˚ C and 88% humidity. The data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively using match software, namely X-Ray Diffraction data obtained from sample characterization using X-Ray Diffraction tools on cave ornaments. Dominated by carbon elements marked with white ornaments, the analysis results were obtained. It is known that the mineral content in the cave ornament samples is impure Calcite derived from the dissolution of limestone in karst rocks. From the statement, it is known that each ornament contains Calcite. The results of the descriptive analysis in the form of temperature, humidity, light intensity, fauna and flora, and cave ornaments. The results of the descriptive study in the form of temperature, humidity, light intensity, fauna and flora, and cave ornaments. From the qualitative results obtained, the mineral content of Calcite is the most mineral constituent of cave ornaments, and received rare earth metal elements (RRE) in the minerals of each stalactite ornament in the form of elements Yb (ytterbium), Ce (cerium), and La (Lanthanide)

Developing Atlas of Ficus Plant Morphology Based on Local Potency of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park as Botany Learning Material in The College

Learning based on local potential is a curriculum demand contained in the National Standards of Higher Education. One of the local potentials in the South Sulawesi region is Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park with high biodiversity. There are 709 species of plants and among them, there are 43 types of Ficus plants that are key species in the area. This research aims to develop a plant morphology atlas based on the local potential of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park as botanical teaching materials in universities. Development adapts the stages of the ADDIE model. Research data in the form of qualitative data and quantitative data obtained from material experts, teaching materials development experts, education practitioners, and learners. The data obtained is then analyzed using the validity percentage formula. The validation of products with a value of 97.6% indicates that the plant morphology atlas of material aspects includes valid criteria. The taught material development apex obtained a value of 99.6% which indicates a very valid criterion. Based on the results of validation from education practitioners which is 76.7% and includes quite valid criteria. The results of the trial in a small group obtained a value of 84% with excellent validity. In conclusion, the atlas developed valid and practice as teaching material. So, this atlas can be used as a teaching material for supplements, especially in plant morphology courses in universities.

Detection of viruses from feces of wild endangered Macaca maura: a potential threat to moor macaque survival and for zoonotic infection

BackgroundTo date, there is a scarcity of information and literature on Macaca maura health status relative to viral diseases. The objectives of the present study were to investigate on the potential spread of enteric and non-enteric viruses shed in the environment through a wild macaque feces and to understand the possible interrelation in the spread of zoonotic viruses in a poorly studied geographical area, the Sulawesi Island. This study will also contribute providing useful information on potential threats to the health of this endangered species.MethodsThe sampling was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, in the south of the Sulawesi Island and non-invasive sampling methods were used to collect fresh stools of the M. maura, one of the seven macaque species endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The population under study consisted in two wild, neighboring social macaque groups with partially overlapping home ranges; twenty-four samples were collected and examined using negative staining electron microscopy and a panel of PCR protocols for the detection of ten RNA and two DNA viruses.ResultsViral particles resembling parvovirus (5 samples), picornavirus (13 samples) and calicivirus (13 samples) were detected by electron microscopy whereas the PCR panel was negative for the 12 viruses investigated, except for one sample positive for a mosquito flavivirus. The results did not correlate with animal sex; furthermore, because all of the animals were clinically healthy, it was not possible to correlate feces consistency with viral presence.ConclusionsAs information on viral infections in wild moor macaques remains limited, further studies are yet required to identify the fecal–oral and blood transmitted potentially zoonotic viruses, which may infect the moor macaque and other macaque species endemic to the South Sulawesi Island.

Diversity and use of traditional medicinal plant species in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Husaini IPA, Maulany RI, Nasri N, Ngakan PO. 2022. Diversity and use of traditional medicinal plant species in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5539-5550. The people of Minasatene (Pangkep District) in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi (Indonesia) have used traditional medicinal plants for many centuries. However, this local knowledge has not been recorded. This study aims to examine the diversity of plant species used to treat various ailments in the area. A set of semi-structured questionnaires was distributed to 60 respondents, consisting of traditional healers, elderly people, herb sellers and local people of Minasatene. This was used to obtain a demographic profile, vernacular names of plants and their uses, plant parts used, modes of preparation and methods of application. The diversity and use of the medicinal plant species in a traditional context were descriptively analyzed. The data were further extrapolated using Use Value (UV) to analyze the relative importance of plant species based on the number of uses; Fidelity Level (FL) to determine the specific uses of each plant species and preference over other species, and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) to investigate an agreement between each group of diseases and related remedies. The study reveals that there were 74 species of medicinal plants belonging to 65 genera and 44 families being used as traditional medicines, which have been known to treat 54 ailments. Among the plant species, soursop (Annona muricata) had the highest UV (0,95), while the fig tree species, Ficus septica (100%) had the highest FL with the most frequent citation. From the data gained, it was found that skeletomuscular disorders had the highest ICF value (0,92).

STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI POLA KEMITRAAN KONSERVASI TAMAN NASIONAL BANTIMURUNG BULUSARAUNG KABUPATEN MAROS

This research aims to describe the socio-economic conditions of the community, assess the success of community empowerment programs, identify the driving and inhibiting factors of empowerment programs, and formulate community empowerment strategies for conservation partnership patterns in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. This research was conducted at Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, District of Maros in July-August 2021. This research method uses a survey method. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and interviews. The data analysis used is descriptive statistics and SWOT analysis. The results of this study based on the results of the SWOT analysis that has been carried out identified 1) internal factors identified in empowerment there are seven strength factors & eight weakness factors. While the external factors there are nine factors of threats and opportunities. 2) The results of the analysis of internal factors have three strengths of empowerment with a score of 0.29, and there is one weakness with the lowest score of 0.15. Based on this analysis indicates that the internal factors are strong or very supportive of empowerment. 3) The results of the analysis of external factors show that opportunities and threats have one factor with a score of 0.23 and 0.08. 4) Based on a SWOT analysis of community empowerment strategies in Batimurung Bulusaraung National Park that can be done, namely helping productive economic businesses, building business networks by involving related parties, and optimizing the use of forest resources.

Valuation of Physical Properties of Rocks in the Maros Pangkep Karst Area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park

This research is an experimental study that aims to analyze and valuate the physical properties of rocks in the Maros Pangkep Karst Area. The samples were 60 (sixty) consisted of each 30 (thirty) samples in the Maros Karst Area (04°58'-05°01' S and 119°39'-119°41' E) and in the Pangkep Karst Area (04°51'-04°53' S and 119°37'-119°38' E). The analysis results of the physical properties of rocks in the Maros Karst Area obtained modified limestone and dolomite limestone with density values in the range of 1.50-2.68 g/cm3 and porosity of 0-50%, indicating secondary porosity. The Pangkep Karst Area obtained dolomite limestone with density values of 2.47-2.65 g/cm3 and porosity of 0-5%, indicating primary porosity. There are differences in physical properties of rock in the Maros Karst Area and Pangkep Karst Area based on an independent sample t-test. The valuation of the physical properties of rocks in the Maros Karst Area have special quality (5-50%), sufficient quality (10-15%), poor quality (5-10%), and negligible quality (0-5%) and in the Pangkep Karst Area has negligible quality (0-5%). Based on this valuation, karst rocks in the Maros Karst Area can be recommended reservoar and karst rocks in the Pangkep Karst Area can be recommended as aggregate limestone.

Factors Affecting the Intensity of the Use of Medicinal Plants in Minasatene Resort, Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi: A Case Study in Indonesia

Medicinal plants are believed to have the ability to both cure disease and maintain health and have been used by humans for a long time. The intensity of the use of medicinal plants can be influenced by community characteristics and supporting factors such as economic, social, and others. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire from 210 respondents. The data recorded is: 1. How frequently did they use medicinal plants); 2. Information about respondents' characteristics consist of gender, age, marital status, educational level, occupation, and monthly income; 3. Preference of the Community for Type of Treatment and Reason for Preference of medicin; 4. Factors that affect the intensity of the use of medicinal plants consist of the effectiveness of medicinal plants,the price of modern medicine, side effects of modern medicine, distance of health facilities, participation in health insurance, a history of disease, frequency of illness, and average duration of illness.At the intensity of the use of medicinal plants in the community of Minasatene Resort, as much as 31.9% used medicinal plants at least once a year. The variables that had a significant relationship with the intensity of the use of medicinal plants were the effectiveness of medicinal plants against disease (p = 0.000), the presence of side effects of modern medicine (p = 0.035), a history of disease (p = 0.007), and the average duration of each time period sick (p = 0.028).

Karakterisasi Anggrek Jenis Phalaenopsis amboenensis J.J. Smith di Wilayah Resort Mallawa Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung

Abstract. Resort Mallawa Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is a location where many orchids grow. This study aims to determine the type of orchid Phalaenopsis amboenensis J.J. Smith. This study uses the roaming method by conducting a search of the study area and documentation which includes taking pictures and morphological characterization as the basis for identifying orchid species. Orchid exploration was carried out at 4 locations with altitudes ranging from 400 m above sea level to 954 m above sea level. Based on the altitude where the Phaleonopsis amboenensis orchid was found at an altitude of 839 to 927. Based on the light intensity, it was found in semi-shaded conditions with monopodial growth type. Keywords: characterization, bantimurung bulusaraung national park area, phalaenopsis amboenensis j.j. smith, resort mallawa

KONSEPTUALISASI PARIWISATA BERWAWASAN LINGKUNGAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF GREEN ACCOUNTING (STUDI KASUS TAMAN NASIONAL BANTIMURUNG)

The tourism sector, especially ecotourism, has a responsibility to the surrounding environment. This study aims to determine the implementation of green accounting to realize ecotourism based on sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. Research data were obtained from primary data and secondary data. The method used is a qualitative method with an interpretive approach, as well as testing the validity of the data based on triangulation of data sources carried out at Bantimurung Bulusaraung Nature Tourism. The results of the study found that currently Bantimurung Bulusaraung Nature Tourism is being developed into ecotourism. The carrying capacity of the environment is very important in ecotourism. Efforts are being made to preserve the physical and biological components, including applying the concept of environmental carrying capacity in ecotourism areas. The existence of Bantimurung Bulusaraung Nature Tourism increases the income of the community around the destination. Bantimurung Bulusaraung Nature Tourism has not implemented green accounting, so it has not disclosed environmental costs in detail in the notes to the financial statements. The application of green accounting in the ecotourism sector needs to be implemented because the operational activities of tourism objects are responsible for nature and the surrounding environment. Development of natural tourism in Bantimurung Bulusaraung based on SDGs. Whenever you create a building, the main thing you pay attention to is the environment. Management always measures the level of damage in Bantimurung Bulusaraung Nature Tourism every time they carry out construction.

Analisis Mikrohabitat Eboni (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) pada Kawasan Hutan Tombolo Resort Balocci Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

The study aimed to analyze the pattern of ebony distribution (Diospyros celebica Bakh) and the relationship of microhabitat factors with variable density and dominance. This research was conducted in the Tombolo Resort Balocci Forest Area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park in South Sulawesi Province. Data collection is carried out in a plot measuring 100 m x 100 m divided into 100 subplots measuring 10m x 10m, covering the individual number of trees and the area of the base field on each research sub-plot. Microhabitat factors include pH, marbles, soil depth, header closure, and the proportion of sub-plot surfaces covered in outcropping stones. The results showed that (1) the pattern of ebony distribution at the location of this study is clustered, (2) the correlation value of pH and density shows a negative and insignificant relationship (p>0.05), the correlation of marbles with density shows a positive and significant value (p<0.05), the closing correlation of the header, the depth of the soil with a positive but insignificant density (p> 0.05), while the correlation of the proportion of sub-plot surfaces covered in outcrops and densities showed a negative but significant relationship (p<0.05), (3) the correlation value of pH with negative and insignificant dominance (p>0.05), the correlation of the proportion of outcrop stones with negative and significant dominance (p<0.05), the correlation of heading closure, marbles with positive and significant dominance (p<00.05), soil depth correlation and positive but non-significant dominance (p> 0.05).

Habitat preferences of wild orchids in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park to model their suitable habitat in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahayu EMD, Yusri S. 2021. Habitat preferences of wild orchids in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park to model their suitable habitat in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 43-54. Wild orchids are mainly threatened by habitat degradation and over-exploitation. Orchid conservation requires information regarding its distribution and suitable habitat, and factors affecting it. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and habitat preferences of orchids in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia, and to predict the habitat suitability map of orchids in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The survey was conducted in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park to collect data on orchid occurrences along with microhabitat characteristics (altitude, light, temperature, substrate thickness, and vertical distribution). ERGo Datasets Landforms and Physiography, SRTM elevation, NDVI derived from LANDSAT 8 OLI were used in Google Earth Engine to obtain macrohabitat data. Microhabitat preference of environmental data was averaged for each variable and further explored with Canonical Correlation Analysis. Suitable habitat was modeled with Maxent using occurrences and environmental data. The survey found 26 epiphytic orchid species and 22 phorophyte species. Orchids were found at an altitude from 514 m to 933 m above sea level. Altitude is the most discriminant factor in determining orchids’ distribution in the study area. The Maxent analysis showed that the suitable habitat of orchids comprises of 3,554.952 km2 area which is mainly located in lowland rainforest with high topographic diversity, preferably warm slope, and ridges. Since lower slope and lowland areas are not protected, community-based conservation such as social forestry can become one of the alternative solutions for in situ conservation of orchids. For ex-situ conservation, integrated orchid conservation in botanic gardens should be prioritized.

Distribution and characteristics of the Makassar tarsius Tarsius fuscus fischer, 1804 sleeping nest in the tropical primary and secondary forests of South Sulawesi

Tarsius fuscus, whose distribution is limited to the southern part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is threatened by poaching and habitat loss, with the latter leading to the disappearance of its sleeping nest locations, despite the species’ wide range of habitat requirements. This study aimed to identify the distribution and characteristics of T. fuscus sleeping nests. Research took place in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park primary and secondary forest areas and Hasanuddin University Educational Forest. Sleeping nest locations were identified through vocalizations in the morning (4.30–6.00 am) and direct visual observations. Sleeping nest distribution maps were created using QGIS 3.16. Sleeping nests were found in karst rock shelters, Ficus trees, forest pandanus, and fallen tree debris, at elevations of 68–947 mdpl, 4–42° slopes, temperatures ranging 23.3–29.1°C, and distances to roads and settlements of 21.4–460.3 m and 325.9–1888.5 m, respectively. Tarsius fuscus tended to nest in primary forest rather than secondary forest, although this may also be caused by the larger proportion of primary forest. Protecting both primary and secondary forest is crucial, but particular focus should be given to the latter, owing to its susceptibility to human disturbance.