Bank-oriented Financial System Research Articles

Financial structures, banking regulations, and export dynamics

Abstract This paper studies the impact of financial structures and regulations on export dynamics using data from a large panel of countries over the 1997–2014 period. The results suggest that bank-oriented financial systems can boost the number of exporters more than market-oriented systems. However, especially in lower income countries with lax bank regulation, banks tend to reduce the dynamism of the export sector, slowing down exporters’ entry and exit. This reduced dynamism appears to reflect domestic banks’ protection of incumbent exporters more than banks’ screening of entrants or buffering of incumbents in difficult times. Foreign banks mitigate these effects, enhancing the dynamism of the export sector.

Market-Oriented vs. Bank-Oriented Financial Systems: Post-Crisis Balance Shifts in Russia and Abroad

The paper contributes to empirical discussion of pros and contras of bankoriented vs. market-oriented financial systems found in both theoretical and empirical literature. Following Beck’s and Levine’s methodological approach, we measure post-crisis shift s in financial structure ratios across the world; the research suggests that national financial systems in general tend to be biased toward stronger polarization. Some of them, however, shift toward market domination, while others (Russia being among them) turn to bank domination. International comparative studies prove that financial structure ratio is subject to variation over time, and both of its types may be sustainable in an enabling environment. Detailed empirical studies of Russia’s financial structure reveal both economic and policy origins of trend reverses from the bank orientation in the 1990s to the market orientation in 2001–2010 and back to the bank orientation after 2011. We argue that, for now, enhancing bank domination makes a poor contribution to general economic development due to the oligopolistic structure of the Russian banking sector and the resulting X-inefficiency. Nevertheless, the trend holds positive potential to mobilize liquidity from both households and firms, if properly supported by relevant policy measures. Deliberate structural policy with adequate allowance for complementarity of the two segments may efficiently upgrade the Russian financial system

Banks as the Actors of a Modern Monetary Policy in Russia: Effects of Exposure on the Econom

The article's relevance is determined by the fact that in the conditions of a bank-oriented financial system the “signals” from the central bank regarding decisions about the monetary policy go to the economy via banks, through which the main channels of the transmission mechanism of the monetary policy are implemented. The analysis of the effects of banks as the actors of the monetary policy is therefore relevant. The article, based on a study of the elements of investment potential for their impact on GDP, contains conclusions about the possibility of achieving economic growth as one of the strategic goals the monetary policy through the main channels of the transmission mechanism using its standard tools. The article is to identify and quantify the factors that have significant effects on economic growth through the impact on investment potential. The change in the Bank of Russia’s key interest affects only some of the investment potential elements such as deposits of legal entities in rubles. Such impact can slightly improve GDP. The use of monetary policy tools will enable the influence on the change of the nominal interest rate and, therefore, the adjustment of real rates, and it may also affect aggregate demand (consumption and investment potential).

Dostępność kredytów bankowych w finansowaniu mikroprzedsiębiorstw w Niemczech

SME plays a significant role in the German economy. Each entity has to raise funds for operation and development. Bank credit is the most common form of external financing of enterprises in Germany which results from the bank-oriented financial system. The authors’ purpose is to show the importance of bank loans in financing microenterprises in Germany.

Financial system development progress in Western Balkans

Financial system supports economic growth, while its regulatory framework provides stability for investors. Develo-ping countries with bank-oriented financial systems are not attractive to investors, so prolonged status quo leads to economic deterioration. This is particularly the case with some of the most underdeveloped areas in Europe: Western Balkans. It is essential the developing countries in this region consider steps towards financial liberalization, which will help open the borders for capital flows and attract new investments. The main goal of this paper is to review and present the available information related to the banking system development in Western Balkans in terms of ownership structure, capital adequacy, loan and asset performance, return on investment and liquidity. These indicators should provide a clearer picture of the current financial systems in Western Balkans economies and their development progress – useful for comparison with other developing regions and financial transformation and liberalization efforts.

To liberate or to regulate: balanced approach to bank-oriented financial system transformation in developing countries

A stable, transparent financial system inspires confidence among investors and supports the overall economic growth. Inflexible regulation tends to slow down economic progress, making countries less attractive to investors. Economies with bank-oriented financial systems tend to be less attractive to investors, so their long-term goal is to demonstrate flexibility through liberalization, attracting new investors and ensuring survival in highly competitive and unforgiving global conditions. Liberalization success is even more essential for developing countries and their efforts to open the borders for capital flows and attract new investments. While financial liberalization affects all sectors of the economy and directly influences growth, it does not guaranty it. The removal of financial restrictions could affect capital distribution, increase volatility, create challenges for banks, etc. To support the liberalization efforts, it is very important to understand the nature of banking business, criticality of transparent and effective regulatory framework, as well as the expectations of potential investors. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the process of financial liberalization in developing countries and motivate the policy makers to consider available lessons when creating their balanced approach to financial (de)regulation processes towards financial development and integration in the global financial landscape. Keywords: financial liberalization, financial regulation, economic development, developing countries. JEL Classification: G18, G21, G28

Bonded to the State: A Network Perspective on China's Corporate Debt Market

A corporate bond market has the potential to play an important role as a supplement to bank-oriented financial systems in emerging markets—functioning in effect as a ‘spare tire’. Yet bond markets typically rely upon formal institutions that are lacking in developing economies. Despite significant institutional weaknesses, China’s corporate bond market has grown to become the third largest in the world. In this article, we use a network perspective to explore the formation, operation, and function of the Chinese corporate bond market. We explain the market’s exponential growth as a result of a network of relationships among state-owned or linked actors that has substituted for formal institutions. But the consequences of this state-centric network may undermine the spare tire function. We begin by unpacking the complexities of the market’s structure and formal regulation, which have been shaped by a surprising degree of regulatory competition. Next, we analyse China’s corporate bond market as a network of relationships that invariably lead back to the state, and explore the consequences of this network on the pricing, rating, and default of corporate bonds. The paper concludes by highlighting several important policy issues raised by our analysis, including the consequences of regulatory competition, the potential role of the bankruptcy system in handling issuer financial distress, and the linkages between the corporate bond market and China’s rapidly expanding shadow banking system. The size, and institutional fragility, of the Chinese corporate bond market illustrate both the accomplishments and limitations of state capitalism.

FDI AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AS DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR V4 COUNTRIES

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and financial development (qualitative and quantitative changes in the financial system and its components) on the dynamics of economic growth in V4 countries. In modern conditions, the financial system is a transfer mechanism of the business cycle and therefore affects the structure and dynamics of foreign direct investment, and especially the efficiency of their assimilation. The subject of the survey is the financial development and the FDI flows impact on economic growth. Methodology. The survey is based on the evaluation of the equation, which is the Barro regression specification. This model helps to find out the impact of the volume and depth of financial system on the dynamics of economic growth. GDP growth per capita is used as an indicator of economic growth. The paper proposes modeling results for the group countries (Hungary, Poland, Slovak and Czech Republic). Static data have been used for the period from 1992 to 2016. Results. FDI has an important role in reforming and developing the national economies of the countries in Visegrad Group. However, today, there is a problem with the stability of FDI inflows and with the efficiency of their development, which negatively affects the dynamics of economic growth. An important factor is the insufficient level of national financial system development of the Visegrad countries. All countries of the group have bank-oriented financial systems that are heavily dependent on foreign capital. At the same time, governments pay particular attention to the stability of banking sectors and set high standards for their sustainability. This holds back the financial development of the national economies of the Visegrad Group. At the same time, regression models for all countries confirm the importance of financial development in economic growth. The most important for V4 countries is to increase the size of the financial sector. Simulation shows that the stock market has the biggest positive impact on economic growth. The creation and development of the regional financial market were proposed for the countries in the Visegrad Group. Perhaps such an offer will not be in Hungarian interests as it has a different financial system and investment policy than other countries in V4 Group. However, other CEE and former Soviet countries will be able to join the regional market in the future. The obtained results should be taken into consideration when developing the macroeconomic policy of the Visegrad Group countries, implementing the policy of financial sectors development of these countries, and improving the policy of attracting foreign direct investment.

Financial structure, firm size and industry growth

This paper provides new empirical evidence to the intensive debate of whether financial structure—the extent to which a country has bank- or market-based is relevant for economic growth. Using the cross-industry and cross-country data, it finds that industries dominated by small firms grow faster in a country with a more bank-based financial system. It also finds that the effect of financial structure on industry growth runs mostly through growth in the number of establishments rather than through growth in the average size of establishments. The evidence is robust to a battery of sensitivity tests. Our research thus provides complementary information on whether financial structure fosters economic growth by disproportionately facilitating the growth of small-firm industry and new firm formation in these industries. Given the importance of small firms for private sector-led growth and limited access to credit of these firms in developing countries, policy toward strengthening bank-oriented financial systems is crucial for their economic growth.

Bank relationships and the likelihood of filing for reorganization

This paper examines the effects of bank relationships on the likelihood and duration of the decision to file for reorganization for a sample of Taiwanese firms in default. We find that bank relationships significantly influence the likelihood and duration of a firm's decision on filing for reorganization. Firms with strong bank relationships exhibit significantly decreased likelihood of filing for reorganization and increased length of time needed for making the decision. The findings suggest that in a bank-oriented financial system where banks are the dominant providers of capital, bank relationships better enhance informational advantages for banks and reduce coordination problems among banks, which limits firm filings for costly reorganizations.

Financial Reporting Quality and Investment Efficiency of Private Firms in Emerging Markets

ABSTRACTPrior research shows that financial reporting quality (FRQ) is positively related to investment efficiency for large U.S. publicly traded companies. We examine the role of FRQ in private firms from emerging markets, a setting in which extant research suggests that FRQ would be less conducive to the mitigation of investment inefficiencies. Earlier studies show that private firms have lower FRQ, presumably because of lower market demand for public information. Prior research also shows that FRQ is lower in countries with low investor protection, bank-oriented financial systems, and stronger conformity between tax and financial reporting rules. Using firm-level data from the World Bank, our empirical evidence suggests that FRQ positively affects investment efficiency. We further find that the relation between FRQ and investment efficiency is increasing in bank financing and decreasing in incentives to minimize earnings for tax purposes. Such a connection between tax-minimization incentives and the informational role of earnings has often been asserted in the literature. We provide explicit evidence in this regard.

The Bank-Oriented Financial System:An Empivical Study on Bank Behavior afiter the Bubble by Sui Qing-Yuan

The Bank-Oriented Financial System:An Empivical Study on Bank Behavior afiter the Bubble by Sui Qing-Yuan

Financial Reporting Quality and Investment Efficiency of Private Firms in Emerging Markets

Prior research shows that financial reporting quality (FRQ) is positively related to investment efficiency for large U.S. publicly traded companies. We examine the role of FRQ in private firms from emerging markets, a setting in which extant research suggests that FRQ would be less conducive to the mitigation of investment inefficiencies. Earlier studies show that private firms have lower FRQ, presumably because of lower market demand for public information. Prior research also shows that FRQ is lower in countries with low investor protection, bank-oriented financial systems, and stronger conformity between tax and financial reporting rules. Using firm-level data from the World Bank, our empirical evidence suggests that FRQ positively affects investment efficiency. We further find that the relation between FRQ and investment efficiency is increasing in bank financing and decreasing in incentives to minimize earnings for tax purposes. Such a connection between tax-minimization incentives and the informational role of earnings has often been asserted in the literature. We provide explicit evidence in this regard.

Risk perception and the financial system

I examine how a country's financial system influences assessments of firm-level risk. Consistent with theories of financial intermediation, I find that firms located in a country with a bank-oriented financial system are perceived as posing a lower credit risk and correspondingly are assigned higher credit ratings than otherwise similar firms in a market-oriented setting. Even after considering elements of a country's legal infrastructure that relate to creditor protection and insolvency proceedings, the financial system remains an important determinant of credit-rating assignment. The results are robust to the inclusion of several firm-level controls, including financial performance, industry, ownership concentration, political connections, and the ease with which the firm's assets can be monitored.

Financial system structure and economic growth: Structure matters

This paper investigates how the structure of a financial system—whether it is bank or market-oriented—affects economic growth. In contrast to earlier research, which indicates that the financial system's structure is irrelevant for growth, I find that there is a nonlinear (contingent) relationship between growth and financial structure. Countries that have an inflexible judicial system grow faster when they have a more bank-oriented financial system.

Codetermination as a (Partial) Substitute for Mandatory Disclosure?

Employee board representation can serve information dissemination purposes. This comment argues that in Germany, which (still) has a bank-oriented financial system, transparency may be better served by using codetermination (under which up to half of the supervisory board is composed of employees) as an information channel, rather than by importing the mandatory disclosure requirements that are typical of Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions. There are two reasons for this. One is that the evidence about the efficiency of mandatory disclosure requirements is mixed. The other is that mandatory disclosure is an intrinsic component of market-oriented financial systems such as the US financial system. Transplanting a market-oriented component into a bank-oriented financial system brings the risk of inconsistencies, as it affects the complementarities that exist among the intrinsic components of a bank-oriented system. This comment thus concludes that before suggesting ways to transplant further mandatory disclosure requirements into the German financial system, or improve existing ones, one should consider how to use or improve the use of codetermination as an information dissemination channel.

Legal institutions and financial system orientation

This paper explains why weak-institution economies typically adopt bank-oriented financial systems by arguing that bank financing may harden firms' budget constraints (thanks to the unique financial structure of banks, which makes up for the weak corporate governance under inadequate legal institutions).

Market- vs. bank-based financial systems: Do rights and regulations really matter?

In some countries, banks are firms' key source of financing. In others, firms look mainly to financial markets to meet their financial needs. Why should this be so? This paper provides an explanation tied to legal traditions. Civil-law courts are less effective than their common-law counterparts in resolving conflicts because they have less flexibility in interpreting the laws and creating new rules. Banks emerge in these economies as primary contract enforcers, leading to bank-oriented financial systems. Furthermore, because common-law courts enforce laws effectively, providing them with more detailed creditor and shareholder protection laws has a greater impact on the development of financial markets compared with civil-law systems.