Bank Formation Research Articles

The BRICS New Development Bank in the World Financial System

The article reveals the main stages of formation of New Development Bank (NDB), its strategic peculiarities and activity areas, opportunities and existing challenges to achieve the aims concerning promotion of interests of developing countries in the international fi nancial system, including reforms of international fi nancial institutions. The analysis shows that during the decade of its existence NDB turned into fully functional fi nancial institute with its own management bodies, a strong fi nancial profi le (credit rating AA+ from Standard and Poors). All this allows the bank to attract long-term fi nancing on global capital markets. The bank also has a wide range of borrowers in the fi eld of infrastructure projects and sustainable development. The core principle of NDB’s organizational and management system is the equal contribution in capital that means the equal voice rights of the founding countries plus "agreement by consensus". The analysis held by the authors demonstrates that this principle can cause both positive as well as negative consequences. For example, it can lead to disagreements between member countries concerning credit policy. The problem can be solved only via a trade-off . Being the new and special development bank, NDB at the same time has to consider economic reality he operates in. The research proves that today NDB is a part of international fi nancial community. The bank aims to cooperate with other MDBs. Nevertheless, NDB actively supports the question of reforming the existing world fi nancial institutions, including IMF, World Bank and other MDBs to promote the principles of equality and justice at the global level. Bank’s loyalty to its own strategies and principles allows to consider NDB as a fi nancial institute, that is alternate to other MDBs. Of course, now NDB cannot replace all other MDBs. Alternativeness here means a demonstration of possibility to achieve more equal and fair approach to international fi nancial relations. Such approach meets the interests of the majority of countries in the world. That’s why it’s evident that despite many challenges the role of NDB in world fi nancial system will increase.

The World Bank and Rural Land Titling in Africa: The Case of Tanzania

ABSTRACTIn 2021, the World Bank, in association with the Tanzanian Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development, added yet another chapter to the long and contentious history of land tenure reform in Tanzania. It approved US$ 150 million for the second phase of a village‐wide individual titling pilot programme that employs new technologies for surveying under the rubric of a private sector competitiveness project. This article assesses the nature, evolution and impact of the World Bank project in Tanzania within the context of its broader titling agenda in Africa. It provides an overview of the formation of the World Bank's land policy agenda in Africa, followed by an evaluation of the titling project in Tanzania. The final part of the article critically examines the arrival of new actors and players in Tanzania and assesses the new World Bank project.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Pembentukan dan Pengelolaan Bank Sampah dan Limbah Minyak Jelantah di RW 03 Kelurahan Medokan Semampir Kecamatan Sukolilo Kota Surabaya

Community empowerment in the formation and management of waste banks and used cooking oil waste in RW 03, Medokan Semampir Village, Sukolilo District, Surabaya City, aims to increase community awareness and participation in protecting the environment. This program was initiated as a response to the problem of solid and liquid waste which is often ignored, even though it has the potential to be managed into a resource with economic value. Through the waste bank, residents are involved in the process of managing household waste, sorting organic and inorganic waste, and utilizing it into valuable or recyclable items. Meanwhile, for used cooking oil waste, collection and education are carried out regarding the negative impacts of careless disposal of oil on the environment, as well as its use as raw material for biodiesel or other environmentally friendly products. The community empowerment approach is carried out through outreach, training and mentoring by the driving team. This program not only aims to improve the environment, but also opens up economic opportunities for local communities through a savings system from the sale of collected waste and used cooking oil. The results of this activity show an increase in environmental awareness among the community, as well as real economic benefits felt by the residents of RW 03.

About the ice-rock collapse from the northern slope of Mt. Dykhtau on August 12, 2023 and the potential threat of collapse from the slope of Mt. Dzhangitau (Cherek-Bezengiysky River basin, Central Caucasus)

The causes and consequences of the ice-rock fall that occurred in 2023 on the Mount Dykhtau (Side ridge of the Greater Caucasus) are analyzed. This happened in the early morning of August 12, 2023 on the northern slope of Mt. Dykhtau (5.204.7 m a.s.l.) in the upper reaches of the Mizhirgi River valley of the Cherek Bezengiysky River basin at the altitude of about 4.400 m. The analysis of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7 ETM+ satellite images of different times made possible to reveal the place where a block of ice had fallen from the hanging glacier, and to determine the area affected by this ice-rock block which volume was estimated as close to 0.9-1.0 million m3 and a distance of the runout about 2.3 km. As a result of the collapse, a group of tourists were injured, one of whom died. Investigation of the dynamics of the collapse site for the period 2015–2023 showed that earlier in the period September 3 – November 12, 2015 a crack formed on the same hanging glacier massif, which continued to grow until January 2016. This was followed by several ice-rock falls, the largest of which happened in the period April 10 – June 19, 2016. In total, all collapses of 2016 were comparable in volume to the collapse of 2023. By this time, the hanging glacier had been fully restored and occupied the same position it had in 2015. We next investigated a part of the slope of the Dzhangitau Zapadnaya mountain (5059 m a.s.l.) on the Bezengi Wall massif, on the hanging glacier of which the formation of a crack with a length of about 400 m was revealed in the summer of 2023. By September, the crack width had increased to 40 m. Leyer on, the crack became stable. But in the period of September ‒ December a certain surge of the glacier at the foot of Dzhangitau Zapadnaya mountain was revealed at a speed of about 1 m per day with the formation of a prominent frontal bank overlying the Bezengi Glacier. This research confirmed the activation of the landslide processes in the high-altitude zone and showed the need for continuous monitoring based on the analysis of satellite images for the timely revealing areas with a potential threat of any ice-rock falls and warning about the danger.

Adaptive multi-model predictive control with optimal model bank formation: Consideration of local models uncertainty and stability

The Multiple Model Control (MMC) structure comprises three main components: the model bank, controller bank, and supervisor algorithm. Precise design of these components is crucial for achieving high control performance within the MMC framework, albeit this effort is not without its challenges. These challenges involve optimizing the model and controller banks ensuring system stability when dealing with uncertainties in the local models and enabling smooth switching between model-controller pairs. This paper addresses these challenges by presenting a comprehensive approach. Firstly, the optimal model bank is designed using an automatic clustering approach. Then, the design of the adaptive multi-model predictive controller bank and a supervisor algorithm capable of performing soft switching are discussed. The proposed control system exhibits the capability to ensure closed-loop system stability within each individual subspace, as well as during the transitioning between distinct subspaces. This stability is preserved even in the face of inherent uncertainties associated with the local models comprising the model bank. To evaluate and validate the performance of the proposed control system, it is applied to a satellite attitude control system. The results confirm the effectiveness and performance of the control system. The proposed control system holds promise for controlling highly nonlinear, complex, or switched systems, ensuring closed-loop system stability, and achieving high control performance.

AbAMPdb: a database of Acinetobacter baumannii specific antimicrobial peptides.

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a prominent nosocomial pathogen, exhibiting a progressive rise in resistance to therapeutic interventions. This rise in resistance calls for alternative strategies. Here, we propose an alternative yet specialized resource on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against A. baumannii. Database 'AbAMPdb' is the manually curated collection of 300 entries containing the 250 experimental AMP sequences and 50 corresponding synthetic or mutated AMP sequences. The mutated sequences were modified with reported amino acid substitutions intended for decreasing the toxicity and increasing the antimicrobial potency. AbAMPdb also provides 3D models of all 300 AMPs, comprising 250 natural and 50 synthetic or mutated AMPs. Moreover, the database offers docked complexes comprising 5000 AMPs and their corresponding A. baumannii target proteins. These complexes, accessible in Protein Data Bank format, enable the 2D visualization of the interacting amino acid residues. We are confident that this comprehensive resource furnishes vital information concerning AMPs, encompassing their docking interactions with virulence factors and antibiotic resistance proteins of A. baumannii. To enhance clinical relevance, the characterized AMPs could undergo further investigation both in vitro and in vivo. Database URL: https://abampdb.mgbio.tech/.

THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY POLICY AND PRUDENTIAL REGULATION ON THE FORMATION OF BANKS’ CREDIT POLICY

THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY POLICY AND PRUDENTIAL REGULATION ON THE FORMATION OF BANKS’ CREDIT POLICY

Investigating Proppant Transport in Slickwater Fractures using Direct Numeriacl Simulations (DNS) and Two-Fluid Models (TFM)

Proppant / fracturing fluid two-phase separation always occurs in proppant-slickwater systems, especially in fractures with small width created by low-viscosity slickwater. Forces acting on the proppant include drag from the fluid, body force and force due to inter-particles impede / improve proppant settling. In this paper, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) using direct numerical simulation (DNS) scheme presented is motivated to resolve lightweight and regular-weight proppant carried by slickwater. DNS simulations have investigated Archimedes number (Ar), proppant volume fraction (ϕ), wall effect (W/dp), horizontal crossflow (Rex) and proppant-slickwater density ratio (ρp/ρf). It is observed that Rex and ρp/ρfhave little effect on proppant settlement as the balance between proppant weight and slickwater viscosity is fixed at a constant Ar. Thus, the proppant carried by slickwater relevant drag correlation series have been derived using small-scale DNS, which is a look-up table that takes fracture aperture, amount of proppant and rheology of fracturing fluid into account. Furthermore, the performances of proppant transport were evaluated by the rate of formation of proppant bank quantitatively and the length and height of proppant bank formed in fractures qualitatively. The drag correlations derived from DNS and Beestra Van der Hoef Kuipers (BVK) were then substituted into MFIX Two Fluid Model (TFM). Proppant bank propagation and equilibrium height in the experiments have validated this DNS derived drag model. Finally, it is to apply DNS-derived drag correlations to characterize proppant settling and transport by slickwater.

The Development of Waste Bank Management to Improve Household Income in Surakarta City

Establishing a waste bank in Surakarta City is not only intended to manage household waste The waste bank can also serve to improve the community's economy. Since 2014, the Surakarta City Environmental Services (DLH) has been promoting the formation of waste banks. There were 123 waste banks recorded in Surakarta City until 2020; in 2021, only 70 remained. Furthermore, not all waste banks can run well. Therefore, this study examines how to develop waste bank management to improve household income in Surakarta City. This study used a descriptive method and Miles and Huberman analysis using 120 waste bank customers and 13 managers as respondents. The result showed that the waste bank contribution to the household income was IDR 26,461/month, which means that some aspects need improvements, such as human capacity, infrastructure and facilities, time management, economic incentives, and the program itself. This study provides recommendations on how to maintain and increase waste bank activities to enhance household welfare and environmental quality.

Seed germination requirements of the rare Helosciadium repens (aka Apium repens) determine persistence of seeds in the soil seed bank.

The rare and threatened Heliosciadium repens grows in moist grasslands and has a distinct life cycle. Plants reproduce both clonally, although ramets tend to be short-lived, and sexually, with seeds that can form a persistent soil seed bank. The germination requirements of H. repens were investigated, yielding important information for its habitat management and conservation. We examined the soil seed bank in three populations and carried out germination experiments and embryo growth measurements with fresh seeds in laboratory, greenhouse and outdoor conditions. We also investigated the effects of storage and burial of seeds. H. repens formed a long-term persistent (>6 years) soil seed bank with very pronounced primary dormancy, but no secondary dormancy or dormancy cycles. Seeds can germinate throughout the growing season when temperatures are sufficiently high. Embryo growth and seed germination are triggered by light and, to a lesser extent, daily temperature fluctuations. Seeds of H. repens seem to have developed a unique germination syndrome with several strategies to remain dormant in the soil until optimal conditions are present for seedling establishment and survival. Both sexual reproduction and seed bank formation are crucial for the long-term survival of the populations.

The Role of Skin-Derived Somatic Cell and Tissue Cryobanks in the Conservation of Aquatic Mammals.

Anthropogenic actions, especially inadequate waste disposal, cause permanent effects on aquatic fauna, resulting in a significant loss in their population. In this scenario, in situ and ex situ conservation strategies have been developed for these species. Among these strategies is the formation of somatic cell and tissue banks derived from skin collection that act complementarily to other biotechnologies. These banks contain all the information for genomic, genetic, and proteomic analyses. They are useful in the assessment of the toxicity of pollutants on the physiology of the species and regenerative and reproductive biotechnologies. The formation of these cryobanks involves different steps, including cryopreservation, with the optimization of all steps occurring in a species-specific manner. There is a diversity of studies on aquatic mammals; however, a low quantity compared to the number of studies on land mammals, with more than 80% of species still unexplored. This is mainly due to the difficulty of execution and asepsis in collecting skin from aquatic mammals and the in vitro culture, which seems to require more particularities for it to be successful. Therefore, this review aims to address the current scenario and the steps involved in the conservation of somatic cells and tissues derived from aquatic mammal skin, as well as results that have been achieved in recent years and the prospects.

Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank.

There is some evidence that seed traits can affect the long-term persistence of seeds in the soil. However, findings on this topic have differed between systems. Here, we brought together a worldwide database of seed persistence data for 1474 species to test the generality of seed mass-shape-persistence relationships. We found a significant trend for low seed persistence to be associated with larger and less spherical seeds. However, the relationship varied across different clades, growth forms and species ecological preferences. Specifically, relationships of seed mass-shape-persistence were more pronounced in Poales than in other order clades. Herbaceous species that tend to be found in sites with low soil sand content and precipitation have stronger relationships between seed shape and persistence than in sites with higher soil sand content and precipitation. For the woody plants, the relationship between persistence and seed morphology was stronger in sites with high soil sand content and low precipitation than in sites with low soil sand content and higher precipitation. Improving the ability to predict the soil seed bank formation process, including burial and persistence, could benefit the utilization of seed morphology-persistence relationships in management strategies for vegetation restoration and controlling species invasion across diverse vegetation types and environments.

The influence of salt tectonics on the distribution of the Triassic Skagerrak Formation in the Ula Field, Norwegian North Sea

Distribution of the Triassic succession in the North Sea is poorly understood because of structural complexities associated with halokinesis and limited stratigraphic control. This study uses a seismic and well-based dataset to improve understanding of development of the Triassic succession in the Ula Field Area, in the Norwegian North Sea. Core interpretation revealed a fluvial-dominated depositional environment in the Ula Field Area. Palynological studies allowed dating of cored intervals, revealing Ladinian and Carnian sections, time-equivalent to the Julius and Joanne members of the Skagerrak Formation. Well-log interpretation provided insight into the intra-Triassic stratigraphy of the Ula Field Area. A section considered to be equivalent to and extending from the Smith Bank Formation to the Jonathan Member of the Skagerrak Formation was interpreted and correlated across the area. In the proposed correlation, the Julius Member thins towards the Ula Field Area and is replaced by a time equivalent sandstone unit. The Jonathan Member displays a sandier composition compared to the equivalent section in the UK sector. Seismic facies-based interpretation of Triassic stratigraphy within salt minibasins allowed recognition and mapping of intra-Triassic units and showed that mudstone members thin towards the NE. Interpreted internal geometries within minibasins allowed determination of the timing of halokinesis. Integration of different datasets allowed palaeogeographic reconstructions for the Anisian, early Ladinian, Carnian and Norian to be constructed. To conclude, the distribution of stacked fluvial channel deposits indicates that they occur both within minibasins and across salt highs such that ongoing halokinesis had no topographic expression and that channels were free to migrate across the area.

IMPACT OF BANK MERGER ON NSE NIFTY: A CASE STUDY ON MERGING OF BANKS IN 2020

Narasimham Committee in the late 1990s recommended consolidation through a process of merging of strong banks. The Committee recommended the closure of the banks those are weaker in comparison to other banks, instead of merging them. The biggest positive aspect of the merging of banks will lead to the formation of banks of scale. There are a large number of banks which are of very small in size in terms of global standards & their growth is restricted by their inability to expand. India needs more global level banks to face global competitiveness. The recent merging of the banks were aimed at addressing this problem. The announcement of merging of the banks by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on 30/08/2019, raised the expectation that it would be the most significant event that the country has witnessed since nationalization. The intention to create banks that could compete with the banks of global level & would also serve the needs of a $ 5 trillion economy by 2025. Keeping in view the above intentions, Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, declared the merging of ten public sector banks into four entities to improve their liquidity, tackling the issues of non performing assets & risk diversification. The present paper aims to explore the impact of the merging of the Banks on NSE Nifty, with respect to Stock returns, Volume of share trading & Volume of share turnover.

Mutualistic and antagonistic phyllosphere fungi contribute to plant recruitment in natural communities

Abstract Phyllosphere fungal communities participate in multiple ecological functions (litter decomposition, disease‐causing, plant defence). However, there is a lack of knowledge on whether and how these functions contribute to plant community dynamics under natural conditions. One of the aspects of plant dynamics in which these fungi can most clearly affect is recruitment, since the success of newly germinated plants can be seriously compromised by pathogenic activity or the absence of mutualistic interactions. To determine the relationship between phyllosphere fungal communities and plant recruitment, we combined published information on the frequency of plant–plant recruitment interactions and phyllosphere fungal communities in 38 woody species from two mixed forests in southern Spain. Our results indicate that phyllosphere pathogens and saprotrophs have a negative effect on canopy–recruit interactions, while epiphytic fungi have a positive effect. Additionally, the presence of canopy species hosting high richness of epiphytes or counting with a high diversity of saprotrophic fungi favours the formation of an abundant sapling bank. Synthesis. Our results suggest that phyllosphere fungi play a relevant role in the assembly of the sapling bank in forest communities, thus, potentially influencing plant community dynamics. Beyond the well‐known negative effect of pathogenic fungi on recruitment, our results show the mutualistic effect of fungal epiphytes and a dual role of saprotrophs as antagonistic, decreasing recruitment of certain species, or mutualistic, enhancing recruitment in the sapling bank.

Investigation of approaches to designing complex database structures in systems of integrated monitoring of environmental, economic, energy and social parameters of the territory

The object of research is the traditional and universal approach of designing the database structure in systems of integrated monitoring of ecological, economic, energy and social parameters of the territory, which include diverse data from various subject areas. In the course of the study, an analysis was performed based on a set of criteria such as scalability, ease of updating data, absence of empty fields, volume of the database, number of tables and fields, ease and speed of execution of requests for a sample set of indicators of the research object. The comparison of these approaches took place on the example of water resources monitoring, since it has several subsystems and a large number of indicators that are used for assessment. It is established that the proposed universal approach to designing complex database structures made it possible to reduce the volume of the database by 2.25 times due to the absence of empty fields. In particular, in the considered example, the filling factor of the database with the traditional approach is 1.75 times less than with the proposed universal approach. It should be noted that the rate of table filling for the traditional design approach can vary depending on the number of indicator values, while the table filling rate for the universal approach is always close to 100 %. Also, the proposed database design approach makes it possible to speed up data loading and processing. For example, with the same volume of significant information, the minimum speed of sampling the characteristics of one research object is 3.87 times greater in a database developed according to the principles of the universal approach than according to the rules of the traditional approach. The proposed structure of the database is successfully used in the system of complex eco-energy-economic monitoring. The developed structure of the database can serve as an effective basis for the formation of an electronic data bank at the level of the enterprise, region and country.

Interbank organization and central banking: Beyond M. Itoh’s contribution to the theory of credit and crisis

This study identifies the characteristics and contributions of Makoto Itoh’s theory of credit and crisis by focusing on two studies on the formation process of Capital and the “Long Depression” at the end of the 19th century. Itoh significantly advanced our understanding of the spatial and multilayered structure of the market and credit system, along with uneven development at the end of prosperity and the difficulty of capital to cope with excessive fixed capital. This study further examines the remaining issues in Itoh’s theory, focusing on interbank organization and central bank formation, and explores directions for the further expansion of theoretical research. It is crucial to enhance our comprehension of settlement relationships in the commercial center and the logic of vertical and horizontal organizing among banks.

ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ ПРОЦЕССАМИ НА ОСНОВЕ КОГНИТИВНОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗАЩИТЫ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ ЯБЛОНИ ОТ ЯБЛОННОЙ ПЛОДОЖОРКИ)

The necessity of developing digital technologies for managing biotechnological processes in long-term agrocenoses based on cognitive modeling is substantiated. Methodological approaches to the construction of effective management tools for biotechnological processes based on the logical concept of the triad (organization, management, efficiency) in a dynamic cycle have been developed. An algorithm for the formation of digital technologies for managing biotechnological processes is proposed, including: the formation of multifunctional databases and data banks and digital applications, cognitive modeling of system relationships and the formation of cognitive maps, the development of a system architecture of a prototype program, approbation and verification of the adequacy of a digital application. An algorithm has been developed for constructing cognitive models for the formation of management tools for biotechnological processes in long-term agrocenoses, including clarification of goal setting and local tasks; the distribution of functional relationships between the structural components of the agrocenosis using methods of correlation and regression analysis; economic and statistical characteristics of systemic relationships in reproductive processes by functional areas of influence using correlation matrices and discriminant analysis; verification of the results of optimization of parameters of functional stability and technological and economic efficiency of production and technological processes. A cognitive process management map is constructed using the example of protecting fruit plantations from pests. A flowchart of an algorithm for building a digital control program for biotechnological processes for protecting fruit plantations is proposed using the example of an apple moth, which provides for the development of a technology for importing data from a weather station to determine the sum of effective temperatures and determine the start of processing depending on the stage of development of the pest; neural network technologies for detecting a harmful object; a module for automated selection of a protection system. Key words: DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, MANAGEMENT, BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PLANT PROTECTION, COGNITIVE MODELING, ALGORITHM, MODEL

Projects of establishing the Peasant land bank and its organizational-legalprinciples of functioning

The purpose of the article is to characterize the process of formation and the first steps of the Peasant Land Bank (Selianskyi pozemelnyi bank), to identify and analyze various projects of the organization of a state institution for long-term crediting of the peasantry, which preceded the emergence of the Peasant Land Bank in 1882. Research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of historical research: historicism, systematicity, objectivity in the selection of facts and documents. Scientific novelty of the article lies in the analysis of projects for the formation of the Peasant Land Bank in the Russian Empire in the context of agrarian reforms of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Organizational and legal aspects and principles of functioning of this bank, its role in the implementation of the government's agrarian policy are studied. The author examines the influence of credit activity of the Peasant Land Bank on the development of agriculture and formation of a class of wealthy peasants in the context of the modernization of agriculture. Conclusions. The establishment of the Peasant Bank, to a certain extent, can be considered as an important step in the direction of public opinion at that time. The concession, which over time was tried to be significantly reduced, was the establishment of numerous restrictions, which indicated the limited effectiveness of the bank's activities. These restrictions included a five million annual transaction limit, a small maximum loan size per person, and the ability to participate in transactions only by voluntary agreement between the seller and the buyer. It was also assumed the need for significant additional payments when purchasing, which were unaffordable for poorer peasants. These restrictions significantly limited the positive influence of the bank. It was noted that the main goal of the bank was realized in a residual way, in particular, due to political reasons and commercial principles that were the basis of its activity. In addition, crediting conditions were considered absurd, as they provided for the same interest rates as in commercial banks. A prospective promise was a change in the focus of the bank's activity to credit support for peasants who intended to farm on the acquired lands, in particular by providing “ameliorative” credit.

Committed Actors, Institutional Complexity, and Pathways to Compromise: The Emergence of Islamic Banking in Germany

AbstractThe formation of the first Islamic bank in Germany in 2015 came with considerable tensions at the interface of the religious logic, on the one hand, and the state logic, on the other. With the Islamic religious logic being novel to the German field of banking and finance, innovative templates were established to deal effectively with the resulting tensions and conflicts. Drawing on qualitative data, we investigate how the bank, with its strong commitment to Islam, navigated such novel institutional complexity and the challenges stemming from the jurisdictional overlap. We identify four distinct compromise mechanisms in this institutionally complex situation, in which a committed actor prioritizes one logic over another: explaining, convincing, conceding and suspending. Importantly, as options, these mechanisms are situated in a cascading order of preference for the focal actor. More generally, our research posits that in any encounter between institutional logics in which the specific instantiation of a logic stems from a foreign interinstitutional system, the resulting novel institutional complexity may necessitate the development of innovative templates which, at the same time, may imply ‘stretching’ an institutional logic and, in consequence, impact the compatibility of its jurisdictional claims.