Bank Forest-Steppe Of Ukraine Research Articles

Agroecological Assessment of Soybean Varieties in the Conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Agroecological Assessment of Soybean Varieties in the Conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

The formation of green mass yield of alfalfa under different doses and periods of mineral fertilizers application in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

The formation of green mass yield of alfalfa under different doses and periods of mineral fertilizers application in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Features of the protection of phaseolus vulgaris crops from weeds

Goal. To determine the effect of herbicides on the weediness of crops and the yield of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literary sources), field research (setting up experiments, observing the development of plants, determining biometric indicators, accounting for the number of weeds, collecting and determining the structure of the harvest), mathematical and statistical (processing of research results). The field experiment design included weeded and weed-protected plots to compare the development of common bean plants under different growing conditions. The results. It was established that the dominant weeds among cereals were chicken millet and gray mouse millet, and among dicotyledonous weeds - ragweed, white quinoa, common sedge, black solanum, field mustard, etc. The use of herbicide protection significantly improves the yield of Phaseolus vulgaris. The obtained yield increased on average by 1.93 - 2.01 t/ha compared to the weeded control. Conclusions. Weeding can significantly reduce the yield of common bean crops by competing for resources such as light, water and nutrients. Weed control helps conserve these resources for the Phaseolus vulgaris and increase its yield. The use of herbicides is an effective method of weed control, which promotes optimal growth of Phaseolus vulgaris. The increase in yield due to the application of herbicide protection can offset the costs of purchasing and applying the herbicide. It is important to consider the effectiveness of specific herbicides when choosing crop protection methods. Different herbicides can have different spectrums of action, that is, be effective against different types of weeds. The right choice will help optimize results and save costs. Therefore, weed control in common Phaseolus vulgaris crops through the application of herbicide protection is an important and effective strategy that can increase the yield and economic efficiency of common bean cultivation technology.

Efficiency of weed control in winter pea in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To analyze the features of weed control in winter pea in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted at the Salyvonky State Enterprise of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region) in 2020–2023. The agronomic practices used in the experiment were conventional for the zone of insufficient moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, with the exception of the studied elements. Results. The development of the concept of autumn weed control for winter pea from requires a fairly competent selection of herbicides, taking into account weather forecasts, the specifics of the effect of active substances on weeds and cultivated plants, etc., as conditions for sowing winter pea do not allow to effectively apply conventional weed control system with the use of soil tillage and, if necessary, the limited application of herbicides during the vegetation season. This is explained by the fact that the terms for soil preparation and sowing are quite limited, and soil herbicides at high air temperatures work unpredictably and have limited efficiency in case of moisture deficit. Herbicide Corum, developed by combination of active substances bentazone (480 g/l) and imazomox (22 g/l), had better indicators in terms of total efficiency at an increased application rate (1.5 l/ha) – 92.9% in the BBCH 12 and 91.7% in the BBCH 14. At the same time, the efficiency of an application rate of 1.25 l/ha was within 80%. The latter is probably related not only to the autumn conditions of application of the [reparation, but also to the fact that such species as Fumaria officinalis, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum nigrum and thistles sprouted later, when the main mass of weeds was already in a development stage that was less sensitive to low rates of the herbicide. Conclusions. The application of Corum herbicide in the BBCH 12 at an application rate of 1.25 l/ha contributed to the destruction of 73.8% and an application rate of 1.5 l/ha resulted in 86.7% of weeds. When the herbicide was applied in BBCH 14, the total efficiency of crop treatment at an application rate of 1.25 l/ha was higher by 2.4% and at a rate of 1.5 l/ha it was higher by 1.2% compared to application in the BBCH 12. This is due to the fact that Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Polygonum convolvulus, Persicaria maculosa, Solanum nigrum, Polygonum lapathifolium and thistles sprouted in the pea crops, and the herbicide was highly effective against them. On the other hand, weed plants that sprouted earlier continued to vegetate and were already less sensitive even to increased application rates of herbicide. The application of the maximum recommended application rates was, for the most part, the most effective measure to reduce the number of weeds in winter pea crops. At the same time, such rates affected crop plants, causing stress, especially in the late periods of growth and development, which further affected the formation of pea yield. Therefore, the use of herbicides in the late phases of crop development should be avoided.

Efficiency of herbicide application in pea sowings in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the effect of herbicides, in particular those different in active substance, on the weediness of crops and the yield of pea seeds in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literature), field experiment (establishment of experiments, observation of plant development, determination of biometric indicators, calculation the number of weeds, collection and determination of crop structure), mathematical and statistical (processing of the experimental dada). The field experiment design included plots with weed infestation and clear of weeds control plots to compare the development of pea plants under different cultivation conditions. Results. A diverse species composition of weeds was present in the pea crops; however, annual grass species prevailed. Herbicides Corum SC and Pulsar 40 SC are effective for protection of pea sowings from a wide range of weeds under the conditions of timely spraying and with the use of recommended application rates. This led to a decrease in the weed infestation from 78.6% to 88.3%. The yield of pea seeds in the plots where the crops were cultivated without the presence of weeds averaged 3.51 t/ha over the years of research, while in the control plots it was only 0.56 t/ha. Accordingly, crop losses due to the presence of weeds in crops reached 2.95 t/ha, or 84.1%. Pulsar 40 SC and Corum SC provided 3.11 and 3.28 t/ha of crop seeds, respectively, or 87.6 and 93.4% of the maximum yield level in experiments. Conclusions. The use of herbicides in pea sowings is an effective way to control weeds that compete with the pea crop for space, water and nutrients. However, it is important to choose herbicides correctly to avoid negative effects on the pea sowings and the environment.

Productivity and quality of paulownia wood in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the effect of application of fertilizer, cryoprotectant and foliar feeding on the formation of yield and quality of paulownia. Methods. The research was conducted in 2021–2023 at the experimental plot of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University located in the forest plantations in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine (Kyiv region). Design of the experiment: factor A – fertilization: 1) without fertilizers, 2) application of organic fertilizer Vermykompost before planting (400 kg/ha); factor B – application of cryoprotectant: 1) without cryoprotectant, 2) cryoprotectant Mars-EL (0.5 l/ha) applied at the beginning of leaf growth; factor B – foliar application of fertilizers: 1) no treatment, 2) Quantum-AmiNoFrost (1.5 l/ha), 3) SmartGrow Recovery (2.0 l/ha). Results. At the end of the first, second and third years of paulownia cultivation, the average diameter of the trunk was 8.8; 12.2 and 17.3 cm, respectively. The application of organic fertilizer contributed to the average annual increase in this indicator by 3.0, 1.5, and 1.7 cm, and application of cryoprotector – by 0.3, 0.3, and 0.4 cm per year, respectively. The highest values of the trunk diameter in the experiment were obtained under combined application of Vermykompost, cryoprotectant and foliar fertilizer Quantum-AmiNoFrost or SmartGrow Recovery: in the first year – 10.5–10.6 cm, in the second – 13.1–13.2 cm, and in the third year – 18.4 cm. During the first, second and third years of vegetation, dry matter content of paulownia biomass per plant averaged to 3.0, 12.9, and 26.7 kg, respectively. At the same time, the application of fertilizer provided an increase in the dry matter content of 0.7, 1.7, and 3.8 kg per plant, while application of cryoprotectant provided 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 kg per plant, respectively. Similarly to the diameter of the trunk, dry matter accumulation per plant was the highest under combined action of all factors of the experiment: in the first year – 3.58–3.60 kg, in the second – 14.1–14.2 kg, and in the third – 29.4 kg. Conclusions. The yield of dry matter of paulownia in the first year of cultivation averaged 1.88 t/ha. Application of fertilizer provided dry matter increase of 0.45 t/ha, and cryoprotectant – 0.19 t/ha in the first year; 8.04 t/ha in the second year, with increases by factors of 0.45 and 0.19 t/ha, respectively, and in the third year – 16.68 t/ha, with increases by factors of 2.40 and 0.73 t/ha, respectively. In all years of the experiment, the highest dry matter yield was recorded in the combined treatment with the use of organic fertilizer, cryoprotectant and foliar fertilization: in the first year, dry matter yield was 2.24–2.25 t/ha, in the second 8.80–8.90 t/ha, and in the third year 18.40 t/ha. The average content of cellulose in paulownia biomass over the years of research was 43.8% and lignin – 20.3%. The use of organic fertilizer provided an increase in these indicators by 1.05 and 0.29%, respectively, and cryoprotectant – by 0.41 and 0.24%. The highest content of cellulose (44.5%) and lignin (20.7%) were noted for the combined action of all three factors of the experiment. As to the ash content, the average indicator for the experiment was 1.1%, and the deviations of his parameter did not depend on the influence of the experimental factors (the difference was within the experimental error).

Grouping of segetal vegetation of winter pea agrophytocenosis and its influence on crop productivity in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To study the species composition and the ratio of seed stocks in the soil of different biological groups of weeds in the agrophytocenosis of winter pea, and their influence on the yield formation depending on the sowing rate of the crop. Methods. Quantitative and weighting, agrochemical, analytical, and statistical methods were used. Results. Weeds that formed a significant seed stock, belonged to the families Chenopodiaceae (58%), Amaranthaceae (18%), Poaceae (9–11%), Brassicaceae (6%), Роlygonaceae (4.5–5.8%), and Asteraceae (1.5–2.2%). A significant raw and dry biomass was formed by Cirsium arvense (52 and 24 g/m2, respectively), Polygonum scabrum (46 and 22 g/m2), Thlaspi arvense (34 and 12 g/m2), Chenopodium album (34 and 14 g/m2), Polygonum convolvulus (27 and 13 g/m2), Sonchus arvensis (23 and 11 g/m2), Amaranthus retroflexus (21 and 10 g/m2), Ambrosia artemisiofolia (22 and 11 g/m2), Solanum nigrum (21 and 9 g/m2), Galium aparine (19 and 8 g/m2), Sinapis arvensis (18 and 8 g/m2), Setaria pumila, and Setaria viridis (9 and 4 g/m2). Conclusions. Changes in the productivity of winter pea at different degrees of weed infestation of the sowings were revealed. A significant influence of segetal vegetation on the crop yield was established at the pea seed sowing rate of 0.6 million seeds/ha, where the yield of the varieties ‘Enduro’ and ‘NS Moroz’ was only 3.01 and 3.13 t/ha, respectively. The density of segetal vegetation at the standard sowing rate of 1.1 million seeds/h and increased rate to 1.6 million seeds/ha did not affect the yield (3.33 and 3.34 t/ha, respectively). On thinned crops, weed infestation increases, which can affect the crop yield, as it has significant advantages for growth and competition with winter pea plants.

Photosynthetic activity of safflower under the effect of the elements of cultivation technology

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of the formation of photosynthetic indicators of safflower varieties as affected by the elements of cultivation technology, specifically row width, row spacing, and sowing rate, in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out in 2021–2023 at the Agronomic Research Station of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. The soil type was typical low-humus chernozem. The design of the field experiment provided for the study of the influence of the following factors: factor A – varieties: ‘Dobrynia’ and ‘Soniachnyi’; factor B – row width: 19, 38 and 57 cm; factor C – sowing rate: 100, 200 and 300 thousand seeds/ha. Results. The leaf area of safflower increased as the row width and sowing rate increased, which emphasizes the importance of optimizing the location of plants in the field for reaching effective photosynthesis and subsequent crop formation. In particular, at the time of flowering, in the ‘Dobrynia’ variety, the leaf area was 32.7, and in ‘Soniachnyi’ 31.2 thousand m2/ha; the varieties in general differed by 1.5 thousand m2/ha, which exceeded the value of the smallest significant differences by experience. At the same time, it was determined that the average leaf area for a row spacing of 19 cm was 30.7 thousand m2/ha. Increasing the row width to 38 cm contributed to the leaf area formation of 31.4 thousand m2/ha, which is 0.6 thousand m2/ha more than in the previous treatment. At a row spacing of 57 cm, the crops had a leaf area of 33.8 thousand m2/ha, which was 3.1 thousand m2/ha more than at a row spacing of 19 cm. Sowing rate of 100 seeds/ha resulted in leaf area of 31.0 thousand m2/ha, while sowing rates 200 and 300 thousand seeds/ha ensured a leaf area increase of 1.50 and 1.53 thousand m2/ha, respectively. In the budding stage, the highest content of the chlorophylls a and b in safflower plants was noted for row width of 38 cm and sowing rates of 200 and 300 thousand seeds/ha. The content of chlorophylls was 5.21 and 5.24 5.19 and 5.22 mg/g of dry matter, respectively, in ‘Dobrynia’, and 5.19 and 5.22 mg/g of dry matter in ‘Soniachnyi’. Conclusions. The highest parameters of the photosynthetic potential were obtained for row width of 57 cm and sowing rates of 200 and 300 thousand units/ha: in ‘Dobrynia’, 0.89–90 million m2 × day/ha in the period of budding – flowering, and 1.21–1.23 million m2 × day/ha in the period flowering – full maturity; in ‘Soniachnyi’ 0.93–0.94 million m2 × day/ha and 1.35–1.36 million m2 × day/ha, respectively. The parameters of net photosynthetic productivity (NPF) of crops in the period from flowering to full maturity in ‘Dobrynia’ was 1.59 g/m2 per day, and 1.47 g/m2 per day in ‘Soniachnyi’. At the same time, for a row width of 19 cm, the NPP was 1.73, and at 38 cm 1.76 g/m2 per day, and for a row spacing of 57 cm it was 1.11 g/m2 per day, which is 0.6 g/m2 per day less than for a row spacing of 19 cm. At the sowing rates of 100, 200 and 300 thousand seeds/ha, the NPP was, respectively, 1.29, 1.65, and 1.65 g/m2 per day. In ‘Soniachnyi’, the highest NPP indicators were obtained for a row spacing of 38 cm and a sowing rate of 300,000 plants/ha: 2.02 g/m2 per day; in ‘Soniachnyi’ for a row spacing of 19 and 38 cm and a seeding rate of 300,000 seeds/ha: 1.86 g/m2 per day for both options.

The efficiency of growing narrow-leaved lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) with different planting densities in the conditions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

The efficiency of growing narrow-leaved lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) with different planting densities in the conditions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Monitoring of the species composition and number of insects and mites on the apple trees in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To monitor the species composition and abundance of insects and mites on apple trees in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. Field, laboratory, microscopic, mathematical, statistical and calculation methods. The research was carried out according to generally accepted methods in entomology and plant protection, starting in early spring (late April — early May before harvest).
 Results. Monitoring of the number of insect pests and mites on apple trees in three types of plantations was carried out: a young orchard on stunted rootstocks with an intensive protection system; an old orchard on tall rootstocks with a protection system; an old orchard without treatments (long-term control).
 Conclusions. Monitoring of species composition and dynamics of pests number makes it possible to study and substantiate the patterns in the structure of insect and mite populations, to predict their harmfulness and to improve the protection system of apple trees or its individual components.

Ecological plasticity of yield of new varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Ecological plasticity of yield of new varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

BIOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L.) UNDER THE INFLUENCE ON SEEDING RATE AND ROW SPACING

The aim of the present work was to establish the peculiarities of the formation of biometric parameters of safflower varieties depending on the influence of the elements of cultivation technology – the seeding rate and the row spacing in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. This study was conducted in the field of the Agronomic Research Station of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine in the years 2021-2023 on typical low-humus soils. The scheme of the three-factor field experiment was made to study the influence of the following factors: factor A – varieties “Dobrynia” and “Soniachnyi”, factor B – row spacing: 19, 38 and 57 cm, factor C – seeding rate: 100, 200 and 300 thousand seeds/ha. Results. It is established that the row spacing of 19 cm and a seeding rate of 300 thousand seeds/ha contributed to the formation of a better height of safflower plants than on the variants with a row spacing of 38 and 57 cm, while the plants did not overgrow under such conditions. It was investigated that the number of heads was higher in both varieties with the row spacing of 38 cm, at the same time the average number of heads of the variety “Dobrynia” was made 20,2-22,2, and of the variety “Soniachnyi” – 19,2-22,1. The mass of 1000 seeds was higher with a row spacing of 57 cm, and for “Dodrynia” variety in average it was made 47,7 g, for “Soniachnyi” variety – 49,2 g. For “Dobrynia” variety the number of seeds per plant under the seeding rate of 100 thousand seeds/ha and row spacing of 19 cm was made 450,9 and for “Sonyachnyi” variety the number of seeds per plant under the seeding rate of 100 thousand seeds/ha and row spacing of 38 cm was made 455,4. On the same variants of the experiment, the seed weight per plant was made 20,6 and 21,1 g/plant, which corresponded to the best indicators in context of the variants. Conclusions. It has been studied that the formation of plant height, the number of heads and the mass of 1000 seeds is influenced by the row spacing in the range of 53.2-68.9%, and varietal peculiarities determine the limits of deviations of the characteristics by 13-29.8%. At the same time, the seeding rate had a slight effect on the studied indicators. In contrast to these characteristics, the number of seeds per plant and the weight of seeds per plant significantly depend on the seeding rate of safflower (at the level of 71.3-78.7%), while the row spacing affects only 14.6-22.6 %, and the variety has no significant effect on these parameters.

Sunflower yield depends on application of fungicides and growth regulatorsin the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Sunflower yield depends on application of fungicides and growth regulatorsin the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Biological effectiveness of herbicides on potatoes in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Biological effectiveness of herbicides on potatoes in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

EFFICIENCY OF PRE-SOWING APPLICATION OF COMPLEX FERTILIZERS IN TECHNOLOGY OF GROWS OF WINTER WHEAT SOFT

The article presents the results of research on theoretical substantiation and formation of yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, depending on the pre–sowing application of a new type of fertilizers with prolonged action in the technology of pre–sowing application of winter wheat. The purpose of the study was to establish the effectiveness of the use of new fertilizers in different formulations, which were applied during the sowing of winter wheat, compared to the absolute control and the option, which was chosen as a production control – with the introduction of nitroamophoska. The research was conducted during 2019/2020–2021/2022 in the scientific laboratories and stationary crop rotation of the department of plant breeding at the VP NUBiP of Ukraine "Agronomic Research Station", which is located in the Fastiv district, of the Kyiv region. In the experiments, a high–yielding, medium–early ripening winter wheat variety of MIP Valencia was sown. Sowing was carried out in the second decade of September, the sowing rate was 5 million similar seeds per 1 ha. The predecessor was soybean. The experiment was carried out in quadruplicate. The registered area of the site is 50 m2. To establish the effectiveness of the new types of DoraSOP fertilizers, a two–factor field experiment was conducted: factor A – the type of fertilizers (Actibion, Phos, Elite), factor B – the rate of fertilizer application (80; 100; 120 kg/ha physical weight). As a result of the conducted research, the parameters and regularity of the formation of elements of the crop structure were established. With the introduction of Actibion, Phos, Elite fertilizers in all the years of our research, a greater differentiation of grains in the ear was established compared to absolute control and zonal control. The number of grains in an ear when fertilizers were applied increased by 17–50% compared to the control variant. The mass of grain from an ear in the control version was 0.74 g. In the zonal control version, it was 0.97 g in Actibion 125 versions – 1.29 g; Phos – 1.05–1.11 g; Elite – 1.20 –1.22 g. The weight of 1,000 grains is influenced by the weather conditions of the year and the provision of moisture during the period of formation and pouring of grains. The highest indicators of the mass of 1000 grains were noted in the versions using Dorasop – Actibion fertilizers – 42.4–44.1 g.; Phos – 39.0 – 41.5 g; Elite – 42.5–43.0 g. The highest yield among the studied options was obtained in the options with Actibion application, and was 6.51–6.79; Elite – 6.24–6.58; Phos – 5.11–5.56 t/ha, yield in control – 3.17, production control – 4.88 t/ha. The use of fertilizers had a positive effect on the formation of quality indicators of wheat grain. The protein content in grain when Actibion fertilizers were used increased to 13.6–13.8%, in the control variant – 11.1%, and in the production control – 13.5%. The application of Elite provided a protein content of 13.5 to 13.7%. The maximum indicators of crude gluten content were noted in variants with the use of Actibion fertilizers of 23.6 – 24.6%, slightly lower indicators were formed when using Elite – 23.6 – 24%, production control formed indicators of crude gluten at the level of 24.3%, which corresponds to the 2nd quality class. Variants using Phos post–sowing fertilizer – 19.4 – 20.0%, respectively, 3rd quality class. Even lower indicators of the amount of gluten were in the control version without application of post–sowing fertilizer – 17.5%. Conducted complex studies of DoraSOP fertilizers on winter wheat crops, made it possible to draw conclusions about the high efficiency of fertilizers. Fertilizers have a prolonged effect, are characterized by a low rate of application, surpass the production control, which was significantly higher in terms of the total application of the active substance of macroelements. The effectiveness of all types of fertilizers depends significantly on weather conditions, in particular the amount of precipitation.

Sunflower yields depending on crops in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Sunflower yields depending on crops in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Formation of productivity of amaranth varieties in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine under the influence of MaxiMarin absorbent

Purpose. To carry out an economic evaluation of amaranth varieties ‘Kharkivskyi­1’, ‘Helios’ and ‘Sem’ for the application of MaxiMarin absorbent used to compensate for lack of rainfall and uneven moisture in the forest steppe of Ukraine. Methods. During 2021–2023, three varieties of amaranth and MaxiMarin brand absorbent in the form of granules were studied in the field (Uman, 48°46¢N, 30°14¢E) at an application rate of 25 kg/ha. The varieties were evaluated according to the following parameters: weight of leaves, inflorescence and roots, yield of green mass in the flowering and full maturity phases. Amaranth grain yield, protein, fat and starch content were also determined. The methods of analysis of variance and correlation were used. Results. The absorbent applied had a significant effect on the productivity indicators, which were characterized by a significant difference between varieties. In particular, the average increase in the mass of leaves per plant for the studied varieties of amaranth was 12.2%, the mass of inflorescence – 8.9%, or 3.6 g/plant. The variety ‘Kharkivskyi­1’ responded best to the introduction of an absorbent that improved growth conditions, the weight of its inflorescence increased by 12.6%, or 5.3g/plant. The strengthening of growth processes was made possible by the improved deve­lopment of the root system and an increase in its mass, depending on the variety, of 12.3–24.6% (2.1–3.0 g/plant). At the same time, total plant weight increased by an average of 12.4% (11.2–13.3% in different varieties). Green mass yield increased by 13.6–16.5% (4.75–5.75 t/ha) due to the use of absorbent and was in the range of 33.0–40.0 t/ha. The highest values were characterized by the variety ‘Sem’ – 34.3 t/ha in the control and 40.0 t/ha in the experiments with added absorbent. Its application also caused an increase in the yield of different varieties of amaranth by 0.30–0.38 t/ha or 16.0–18.3% (the most productive was the variety ‘Sem’ – 2.08 and 2.46 t/ha, depending on the variant of the experiment) and a significant decrease in the concentration of protein (by 0.1–10.0%), fats (by 7.4–19.5%) and starch (by 3.2–8.2%). Conclusions. Absorbents are an effective tool for levelling moisture imbalances and ensuring maximum realization of the productive potential of amaranth, but improving the water regime has a negative effect on the accumulation of protein, fats and starch.

Growth and productivity of winter pea under different weed control practices in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To analyze the features of growth and formation of the winter pea productivity under various weed control options in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted at the Salyvonky State Enterprise of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region) in 2020–2023. The agronomic practices used in the experiment were conventional for the zone of insufficient moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, with the exception of the studied elements. Results. The best conditions for the growth and development of pea plants and leaf area formation were noted for the autumn application of the herbicide Corum in the BBCH 12 stage. This contributed to the fact that during the flowering period, the leaf area of the crop plants was more than 36 thousand m2/ha, and in the spring, it was more than 35 thousand m2/ha. The use of the same herbicide in the BBCH 14 ensured the formation of a leaf area of more than 35 thousand m2/ha, which corresponded to the indicators of the treatment with herbicide Pulsar 40 in the BBCH 12. That is, winter pea crops, during flowering, are able to effectively limit the sprouting of new weed plants and the growth and development of their existing plants, which was facilitated by the timely application of the herbicide. The application of the herbicide Corum turned out to be the best option from the point of view of the formation of a high level of photosynthetic potential (PP) of pea crops. For the application in the herbicide in autumn in the BBCH 12 stage at an application rate of 1.50 l/ha, the FP was 1.57 thousand m2/ha × day. At the same time, application rate of 1.25 l/ha slightly differed from the best in the experiment. The spring application of the herbicide Corum in the BBCH 12 at application rates of 1.25 and 1.50 l/ha contributed to obtaining PP of 1.51–1.52 thousand m2/ha × days, which also provided the highest indicators in the spring block of the experiment. Since, thanks to the application of Corum herbicide, winter pea plants formed a large leaf area, the indicators of net photosynthesis productivity of crops in the best treatments were at the level of 2.89 g/m2 per day for autumn application and 2.64 g/m2 per day for spring application. The highest PP of pea in the experiment was provided by the use of herbicide Pulsar Flex, which was probably achieved due to the slightly smaller leaf area formed by the crops and the mild effect of the herbicide on the plants, which reduced the risk of stress in crops and contributed to active plant growth and development. Conclusions. Autumn application of Corum herbicide to protect crops was the most efficient for increasing pea yield. In all years of research, as well as on average in the experiment, the application of 1.50 l/ha of this herbicide in the BBCH 12 provided the highest yield: 3.08, 1.98, and 3.68 t/ha in 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively, and 2.91 t/ha on average over three years. In the second place in terms of yield formation efficiency was the application of the same rate of herbicide in the BBCH 14, while later application dates did not contribute to a high level of realization of the crop biological potential. Spring application of Corum was also effective at both application rates in the BBCH 12 stage of weed development: the yield of pea seeds was 2.52 and 2.62 t/ha, respectively.

The content of dry matter and chlorophylls in paulownia plants of different ages in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the influence of the main fertilization, the application of cryoprotectant and foliar feeding on the formation of the content of dry matter and chlorophylls a and b in paulownia plantations of different ages. Methods. The research was carried out in 2021–2023 at the experimental plot of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University located in the forest plantations in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine (Kyiv region). Design of the experiment: factor A – fertilization: 1) without fertilizers, 2) application of organic fertilizer Vermykompost (400 kg/ha) before planting; factor B – application of cryoprotectant: 1) without cryoprotectant, 2) cryoprotectant Mars-EL (0.5 l/ha) applied at the beginning of leaf growth; factor B – foliar application of fertilizers: 1) no treatment, 2) Quantum-AmiNoFrost (1.5 l/ha), 3) SmartGrow Recovery (2.0 l/ha). Results. In the first year of vegetation in the flowering phase, the average content of dry matter of paulownia plants was 44.8%, chlorophylls a and b – 2.6 and 1.5 mg/kg, and in the control treatment – 43.6%, 2.14 and 1.43 mg/kg, respectively. According to the experiment, the highest indicators were obtained in the treatment of fertilizing plantations with organic fertilizer Vermykompost, as well as cryoprotectant Mars-EL and foliar application of anti-stressors Quantum-AminoFrost or SmartGrow Recovery: dry matter content – 46.4 and 46.9%, chlorophyll a – 2.80 and 2.89 mg/kg, chlorophyll b – 1.59 and 1.65 mg/kg, respectively. In the 2-year-old plantations, the average content of dry matter in the treatments was 45.7%, chlorophylls a and b – 2.74 and 1.54 mg/kg, while in the control treatment these indicators were significantly lower: 45.2%, 2.24 and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively. As in the previous year, the maximum contents of dry matter (46.2–46.3%) and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a: 2.89–3.01 mg/kg, chlorophyll b: 1.66–1.70 mg/kg) obtained for combinations of all three factors of the experiment. In the third year of vegetation of paulownia plantations in the flowering phase, on the average, the stems contained 51.2% of dry matter; the content of chlorophyll a in the leaves was 3.95 mg/kg, chlorophyll b – 2.84 mg/kg, in the control variant – 49.7%, 3.71 and 2.51 mg/kg, respectively. The highest results according to the experiment, as in the previous two years, were recorded in the treatment with the complex application of organic fertilizer Vermykompost, cryoprotectant Mars-EL and Quantum-AminoFrost or SmartGrow Recovery: the content of dry matter was 52.5–52.7%, chlorophyll a 4.05–4.07 mg/kg, and chlorophyll b 2.84–2.89 mg/kg. Conclusions. The parameters of the formation of indicators of the content of dry matter and photosynthetic pigments in paulownia plants were largely determined by the agrotechnical measures applied in the experiment, namely, the introduction of the main fertilizer and the treatment of plants during the growing season with cryoprotectant and anti-stress formulations, as well as the age of the plants. In particular, in the first two years of vegetation, the contents of dry matter and chlorophylls a and b were approximately at the same level in the experimental treatments, while in the third year, as the plants developed, they increased significantly. Throughout all the years of the study, the highest indicators of the content of dry matter and photosynthetic pigments were recorded in the treatments with the complex application of all three studied factors: fertilizer, cryoprotectant and foliar feeding.

The formation of photosynthetic indicators of soybean varieties depending on the nutrition area in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the influence of row width and seeding rate on the formation of soybean photosynthetic indicators. Methods. The research was carried out in 2021–2023 in the stationary crop rotation of the Plant Breeding Department in the fields of the Agronomic Research Station of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (Pshenychne, Vasylkiv district, Kyiv region). Scheme of the experiment: factor A – sowing method: ordinary row with a row spacing of 19 cm; strip with a row spacing of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm; wide-row with a row spacing of 38 cm; factor B – seeding rate: 450, 600 and 750 thousand seeds/ha. Results. Thickening of crops contributed to an increase in the number of leaves on soybean plants as a result of increased competition for nutrients and solar energy. At the seeding rate of 450,000 seeds/ha, the number of leaves on one plant of the ‘Sirelia’ variety was on average 50.8, ‘Saidina’ 52.4, ‘Vyshyvanka’ 51.7, and ‘Zhaklin’ – 54.6. With an increase in the seeding rate to 600,000 seeds per hectare, this indicator increased by 2.9 leaves in ‘Sirelia’, by 1.3 in ‘Saidina’, by 1.1 in ‘Vyshyvanka’, and by 2.1 in ‘Zhaklin’. Siimilar regularities were observed in the case of a further increase in the seeding rate to 750,000 seeds/ha: 4.1; 2.6; 1.9 and 3.7 leaves per plant, respectively. Therefore, when growing soybean in thickened stands, leaf area increases as the number of plants per unit area of the field increases. After all, competition is intensifying and plants are trying to reach more efficient assimilation of solar energy. In particular, in the phase of bean formation in the ‘Sirelia’ variety, the highest values of the leaf area were obtained when growing plants at a planting design of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and a seeding rate of 750,000 seeds/ha – 46.5 thousand m2/ha. Accordingly, in second place in terms of the formation of the leaf area was planting design 38 cm + 38 cm + 38 cm and the seeding rate of 750,000 seeds/ha – 45.1 thousand m2/ha. The variety ‘Saidina’ when grown at a planting design of 38 cm + 38 cm + 38 cm and a seeding rate of 750,000 seeds/ha of seeds had a leaf area of 45.5 thousand m2/ha, ‘Vyshyvanka’ 46.6 thousand m2/ha, and ‘Zhaklin’ 48.5 thousand m2/ha, that is, these indicators were the maximum for these varieties. Conclusions. On average, the yield of dry matter in ‘Sirelia’ and ‘Saidina’ was 3.21 t/ha, in ‘Vyshyvanka’ 3.00 t/ha, and in ‘Zhaklin’ 3.09 t/ha. In ‘Sirelia’, at the row widths of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and a rate of 600,000 seeeds/ha, dry matter yield of 3.53 t/ha was obtained, and the maximum was recorded for the same row width and seeding rate of 750,000 seeds/ha – 3.57 t/ha. The obtained indicator was the largest among all studied varieties. The highest rates of net photosynthesis productivity (NPP) at the time of flowering in the ‘Sirelia’ variety were at the planting design of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and the seeding rate of 450,000 seeds/ha – 1.08 g/m2 of dry matter per day, in ‘Saidina’ 1,02, and in ‘Zhaklin’ 1.06 g/m2. At the same time, in ‘Vyshyvanka’ at a planting design of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and a seeding rate of 600,000 seeds/ha, the NPP was 0.94 g/m2 of dry matter per day. At the time of formation of beans, the highest dry matter was formed by the variety ‘Sirelia’ at a row width of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and a seeding rate of 600,000 seeds/ha – 0.65, and ‘Vyshyvanka’ – 1.24 g/m2 per day. In the varieties ‘Saidina’ and ‘Zhaklin’, of dry matter was at a planting design of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and seeding rate 450,000 seeds/ha: 1.17 and 1.40 g/m2 per day of dry matter, respectively.