Bandwidth Of Microstrip Antenna Research Articles

Intrusion detection in machine learning based E-shaped structure with algorithms, strategies and applications in wireless sensor networks

In the everyday world of computer applications, from the cloud to the Internet of Things, distributed sensor networks are essential (IoT). These computer application devices are often connected to Arduino network connection and microcontrollers such sensors and actuators. Thus, a defensive network with an IDS serves as the need for contemporary networks. The intrusion detection system has unavoidably evolved throughout the years, but despite this, it remains a difficult study topic since the current intrusion detection system uses signature-based approaches rather than anomaly detection. Therefore, improving the current intrusion detection system is challenging since it is difficult to find zero-day attacks in IoT networks when dealing with varied data sources. Filtered Deep Learning Model for Intrusion Detection with a Data Communication Approach is presented in this study. The five steps that make up the suggested model are Initialization of Sensor Networks, Cluster Formation and Head Selection, Connectivity, Attack Detection, and Data Broker. It was discovered that the suggested model for intrusion detection outperformed both the current Deep Learning Neural Net and Artificial Neural Network. In comparison to the most popular algorithms, experimental findings revealed a superior result of 96.12 % accuracy. The E-shaped patch antenna is a brand-new single-patch wide-band microstrip antenna that is presented in this research. A microstrip antenna's patch has two parallel slots built into it to increase its bandwidth. Investigating the behaviour of the currents on the patch allows for the exploration of the wide-band mechanism. A broad bandwidth is achieved by optimising the slot's length, breadth, and location. Finally, a 40.3 % E-shaped patch antenna is developed, made, and tested to resonate at 7.5 and 8.5 GHz for wireless communications. Additionally displayed are the reflection coefficient, VSWR, radiation pattern and directivity.

A Compact Dual-Decoupling Scheme for Aperture-Coupled and Probe-Fed Closely Spaced Wideband Microstrip Antennas

A Compact Dual-Decoupling Scheme for Aperture-Coupled and Probe-Fed Closely Spaced Wideband Microstrip Antennas

Wide band and high gain microstrip antenna using planar series array 4×2 element for 5G communication system

The 5G communication system requires an antenna as a receiving device that has high performance including wide bandwidth and high gain. Microstrip antennas have advantages such as low cost, suitable for high frequencies and easy to integrate with other devices. One of the disadvantages of microstrip antennas is their narrow bandwidth and low gain. Therefore, microstrip antennas with wide bandwidth and high gain are especially needed to support 5G communication systems. This paper provides a solution by proposed a wide bandwidth and high gain microstrip antenna operating at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz for a 5G communication system. The proposed antenna was developed in four stages starting from a single element, a two-element series array, a 4-element series array and a 4×2-element planar series array. A series planar array technique is proposed to increase the gain and bandwidth of the microstrip antenna simultaneously. In this paper, simulations and measurements from the proposed antenna are displayed and compared comprehensively to show the performance improvement from each stage of the development of the proposed model. Based on the measurement results, the designed antenna has an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 0.6 GHz and fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 17.14 % with a frequency range of 3.11–3.71 GHz and maximum gain of 12.2 dB at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz. The bandwidth and gain of the antennas increased by 205 % and 99.03 % compared to single element antennas, respectively. Therefore, the proposed antenna can be recommended to be used as a receiving antenna for 5G communication systems

Compact wideband microstrip antennas using C, H, and W‐shape ground plane for GSM band applications

AbstractProximity‐fed compact wideband rectangular and circular microstrip antennas by employing H‐shape, C‐shape, and W‐shape ground plane profiles are proposed. Optimum results are obtained in rectangular microstrip antenna using H‐shape ground plane. Against the conventional ground plane, it gives 16% bandwidth improvement, supported by 17.29% and 31% reduction in resonant mode frequency and patch area, respectively. The proposed design exhibits a broadside pattern with a gain of 6.1 dBi and can find applications in GSM 900 band.

Design of folded rectangular microstrip antenna on thinner substrate for wideband response

ABSTRACT Wideband microstrip antenna is realized by adding more than one resonant modes in the patch. In this paper, on electrically thinner substrate, design of modified shape rectangular microstrip antenna by employing folded rectangular patch is presented for linear polarized wideband response. Unlike the conventional rectangular patch, radiation pattern and resonance frequency at the second-order resonant mode are modified and along with the fundamental mode, yield wider bandwidth. On substrate of thickness 0.045λ0, folded patch design yields bandwidth of more than 20% along with the broadside radiation pattern and gain more than 8 dBi. Against the reported wideband designs, proposed design does not employ parasitic patches, resonant slot, modified ground plane structures, but on thinner substrate achieves the bandwidth of more than 20%. Resonant length formulation and subsequent design methodology are presented, which is useful in realizing similar folded antenna as per the specific frequency band. Simulated results have been experimentally verified, which shows close agreement.

Wideband microstrip antenna operating in TM01 mode and its array with compact feed network

AbstractThis letter presents a broadband linearly polarized (LP) microstrip antenna operating in TM01 mode and its 2 × 2 array with a compact network. Different from the TM10 mode, the TM01 mode can be used to design arrays without a bending feed network. The impedance bandwidth (IBW) of the proposed antenna is 9.6% (2.19 GHz–2.41 GHz). Subsequently, the characteristic of this antenna operating in TM01 mode is employed to design a 2 × 2 planar array. The measured results show that the array has an IBW of 9.5%, a maximum gain of 11.4 dBi with low cross‐polarization.

Design of Wide-Band Microstrip Antenna for S-Band Telemetry Applications

This paper exemplifies the design of a low profile wide-band microstrip antenna suitable for S-Band telemetry applications. The proposed design explores the concept of wide-band antenna with improved omnidirectional gain and smaller size essentially aiming at low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite telemetry. The proposed partial annular radiating patch design has an operating impedance bandwidth ranging from 2.7 GHz to 3.8 GHz with a percentage bandwidth of 31%. It exhibits vertical polarization with a gain of around 1.434 dBi. The design and simulations are carried out using 3D EM tools and the measurement results for various performance metrics of the antenna are validated with the simulation results.

Design of Ultra-Wideband Phased Array Applicator for Breast Cancer Hyperthermia Therapy.

Focused microwave-hyperthermia therapy has recently emerged as a key technology in the treatment of breast cancer due to non-invasive treatment. An applicator of a three-ring phased array consisting of ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antennas was designed for breast cancer therapy and operates at 0.915 GHz and 2.45 GHz. The proposed antenna has an ultra-wideband from 0.7 GHz to 5.5 GHz with resonant frequencies of 0.915 GHz and 2.45 GHz and dimensions of 15 × 43.5 × 1.575 mm3. The number of each ring was chosen to be 12 based on the SAR distribution and the performance indicators of tumor off-center focusing results for four different numbers of single-ring arrays. The homogeneous breast model is applied to a three-ring phased array consisting of 36 elements for focused simulation, and 1 cm3 and 2 cm3 tumors are placed in three different locations in the breast. The simulation results show that the proposed phased array has good performance and the capability to raise the temperature of different volumes of breast cancer above 42.5 °C after choosing a suitable operating frequency. The proposed applicator allows for precise treatment of tumors by selecting the appropriate operating frequency based on the size of the malignant tumor.

Dual wide band patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX and X-Band operations

A compact, wideband microstrip antenna with dual-band characteristics is modelled on FR-4 (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02) with an overall measurements of 20 mm × 20 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna structure engages at 5 GHz with a 10-dB bandwidth of 3160 MHz (63.2 % fractional bandwidth at 5 GHz center frequency) and at 9.3 GHz with a 10-dB bandwidth of 1900 MHz (20.44 % fractional bandwidth at 9.3 GHz center frequency). The return loss observed is −44.6 dB at 5 GHz and −49.1 dB at 9.3 GHz. The practical specifications such as return losses, current distributions, bandwidths, voltage standing wave ratio and radiation patterns are investigated by utilizing the Ansys HFSS 2020 R2 simulation tool and has presented in the results. Thus the addressed antenna is appropriate for the WLAN, WiMAX and X-band operations.

A low-profile high gain U slotted wide band micro-strip antenna for 5G applications

ABSTRACT This work presents a parasitic wide band compact planar antenna for 5 G mm-wave applications. Besides having high bandwidth (5.22 GHz), the prospective antenna provides an enhanced gain of 5.23dBi which is achieved due to the reflector elements used in the design. The radiating element has a small planar rectangular geometry, with optimised dimensions of 0.342 λ0 × 0.199 λ0 × 0.005 λ0 at 28 GHz frequency of interest and has been designed and fabricated on a substrate of Rogers-RT/Duroid 5800 having a thickness of 0.147λ0 with loss-tangent of 9 × 10−4 and permittivity of 2.2. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency range of 24.71 to 29.93 GHz which falls under the n257 and n258 NR operating band of the FR2 band as defined by ITU for the millimetre wave 5 G spectrum. It is also affirmed in the study that the impedance bandwidth can be tuned by controlling the coupling gap between the radiating and parasitic patches. The measured results of the fabricated prototype of the patch are compared with the simulated results and the two results are in good agreement with each other. The pursuance of the proposed design in terms of gain, efficiency, radiation pattern, and wide bandwidth, qualifies the prototype as a viable option for mm-wave communication.

Design of a Planar Antenna Array with Wide Bandwidth and Narrow Beamwidth for IR-UWB Radar Applications

This paper presents the design of an H-band planar antenna array with broad bandwidth and narrow beam width for an IR-UWB radar application. The basic single wideband microstrip antenna is achieved by adding slots and the inset-fed technique. Then, we proposed a planar antenna array on a limited area that obtains an essential narrow beamwidth for the radar of a Non-Contact Human Vital Signs Detection application. The experimental and simulated results of the microstrip antenna array are in good agreement. The measured results show that the proposed antenna array exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth of 10.7% at around 7.5 GHz and a narrow beamwidth of 40 degrees vertically and 50 degrees horizontally, respectively.

Low-Profile Wideband Microstrip Antenna Integrated With Solar Cells

A wideband microstrip antenna with a low profile is reported for green civilian wireless communication. This design employs 12 solar cells for photovoltaic generation and mobile communications. The solar-cell layout is suitable for practical applications. Based on this deployment of solar cells, the radiation structure integrated with solar cells is formulated. With the dual-aperture coupling method, a broadband performance of 54.8% has been achieved with a low profile of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.068\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the free space wavelength at the center frequency of 2.3 GHz. More than 60% of the total area is covered by solar cells, so its ability for photovoltaic generation is improved effectively. The proposed dual-function device can offer an enhanced ability of photovoltaic generation and broadband performance with a low-profile structure.

A Compact Asymmetrical Triangular Truncated Polygon Super Wideband Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

The rapid growth in wireless communications of today’s era requires a new generation of antennas whose operating frequency range is greater than the FCC allocated UWB (3.1-10 GHz) frequency range and also operate simultaneously for multiple communication standards in single band of frequency. Microstrip antennas technology provides these features. A ubiquitous compact asymmetrical triangle truncated polygon structure monopole fed super wideband microstrip antenna for wireless communication is proposed in this paper. The antenna uses a compact size of 50X40 mm.2 The irregular tapered truncations on patch geometry have potential effects on enlargement of operating frequency band. The antenna is designed using modified epoxy substrate material of ε= 4.2, h=1.6 mm at 3 GHz, fabricated and measured. The measured results confirm that the antenna has operating frequency band of 1.2-20.03 GHz (177.39%) with bandwidth ratio of 16:1. The antenna has stable radiation patterns and consistent gain over operating band. The time domain group delay of antenna is within 4 ns, which indicates good linear phase response. Furthermore, this proposed antenna is able to cover the DVB-H in L-band for PMP (1.45-1.49 GHz), DCS, PCS, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiMAX2500, LTE2600 and UWB bands applications.

Microstip Antenna Reflection Coefficient with X Slot Addition Method for 5G Connection

The development of cellular technology has now entered the 5th generation (5G), this 5th generation provides 3 types of services, eMBB (enhanced Mobile BroadBand), URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications) and mMTC (massive Machine Type of Communications). One of the important devices in 5G technology is an antenna device which is able to support these 3 services. 5G technology requires an antenna that has high performance. There are various types of antennas, one of which is a microstrip antenna. Microstrip antenna is one of the most widely used antennas in telecommunications because of its light mass, small dimensions and easy fabrication. There are various ways or methods that can be done to overcome the narrow bandwidth of microstrip antennas, by increasing the thickness of the substrate, using parasitic elements, reducing the value of the dielectric constant, adding inserts to the feeder, or by modifying the patch by adding slots on the patch antenna. In this study to improve the performance value of the microstrip antenna, the researchers discussed increasing the reflection coefficient by adding X Slots to a microstrip antenna with a working frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication. The results of this study showed an increase in the reflection coefficient of 67%, and an increase in bandwidth of 5%.

Bandwidth Enhancement of Bow-tie Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Defected Ground Structure for 5G

A microstrip antenna suffers from a narrow bandwidth because of the thickness of the substrate. This paper presents a wideband microstrip antenna by using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) on a bow-tie microstrip patch antenna. The cross-dumbbell shaped slot is used as DGS on the ground layer. The cross-dumbbell DGS slot is put on the backside of the transmission line. The antenna is designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio and on the commercially printed circuit board substrate, i.e., the FR-4 substrate. The antenna is set for 5G applications, which use 3.67 GHz as the frequency center. By using DGS, the simulated reflection coefficient (S11) for VSWR ≤ 2 shows the fractional bandwidth increase from 2.6% to 10.45%. The measured reflection coefficient matches the simulated results where the measurement gives 13.37% for fractional bandwidth.

A Pattern-Reversal Wideband Antenna Integrating Metal Rings, Diodes-Loaded Stubs and Defective Ground

The pattern reconfigurable antenna provides a new implementation scheme for expanding application in modern wireless communications. In this paper, a pattern-reversal wideband microstrip antenna is proposed. This antenna is composed of a radiation patch with attached rectangular metal rings connected by a microstrip line on the upper layer and a four-defects ground plane connecting two PIN-diodes-loaded L-shaped stubs on the bottom layer. In view of the Yagi-antenna feature of metal rings and L-shaped stubs, the ON-OFF of diodes controls directly the radiation direction of antenna. Under the joint action of multiple resonances of rings, slots and stubs, the bandwidth of antenna is surged so as to develop evident wideband radiation. Finally, the measured impedance bandwidth of -10 dB is about 20.1% from 4.54 to 5.55 GHz. The average gain of the antenna with the size of 0.75&#x03BB;0&#x00D7;0.75&#x03BB;0 reaches 4.92 dBi. With the diodes dependence, the pattern can really deflect in opposite direction. The designed antenna has much advantages, such as low cost, wider band, compact and simple structure along with explicit application scenarios.

Optimized Bandwidth Enhanced Wideband Microstrip Antenna for 5G Applications

In this article, a single port with truncated corner and common T-shaped notch loaded microstrip patch antenna for bandwidth enhancement is presented which is useable for mid band of 5G applications. The design of this prototyped antenna is obtained by loading truncated corner and T-shaped notch on rectangular patch antenna having 50 Ω microstrip line feed. The optimized antenna 5 is selected as proposed antenna at design frequency 3 GHz among antenna 1- antenna 5after study of simulated results through IE3D Mentor Graphics simulation software. Proposed antenna covers a wide bandwidth from 2.39 to 4.04 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 51.3% with pair of resonance frequency having return loss of -23.38 dB and -29.65 dB respectively.

Wide Band Micro-Strip Antenna Design for Higher “X” Band

The article uncovers a rectangular multi-opening microstrip reception apparatus with wideband working frequencies for the uses of the 'X' band. Grave choice of measurement, the situation of feed, and opening are mulled over lady to accomplish the objective properties of the reception apparatus. Articulate receiving wire execution parameters like return misfortune, voltage standing wave proportion, increase, and effectiveness are determined utilizing the reception apparatus plan programming. Created results are additionally approved with the manufactured receiving standards. Sets of rectangular equal openings are cut on the fix for radiation. The significant recurrence of activity of the reception apparatus is between 11-12GHz, and data transmissions are in the scope of 250 MHz to 2.5 GHz at different frequencies. Discretionally, other execution parts of the receiving antenna are likewise in won understanding. Structured receiving antennae are straightforward, easy, light in weight, and furthermore simple to produce. Union with these elements receiving antennae is adjusted and is likewise having a wide scope of working recurrence.

A Low-Profile Wideband Microstrip Antenna With Pattern Diversity Based on Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines

A low-profile wideband microstrip antenna is proposed based on the structure of composite right/left-handed transmission lines (CRLH TLs). The dimensions of the proposed antenna are 64 × 64 × 4 mm. The impedance matching bandwidth is 5.05-5.92 GHz (16.5%). The unit cell of the CRLH TLs is a mushroom structure. Several different resonant modes with different radiation patterns are excited to obtain the pattern diversity. Particularly, TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> and TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sub> modes are merged to realize a wideband performance with broadside radiation pattern, whereas the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sub> mode is used to realize a conical radiation pattern. The simulations and measurements are in good agreement, and the envelope correlation coefficient shows that the proposed antenna owns an excellent diversity performance.

A Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Antenna With Wide-Angle Scanning Capability for Mobile System Applications

A dual-band shared-aperture phased array antenna with wide-angle scanning capability (WASC) is presented in this paper for mobile communications. Each shared-aperture antenna element consists of two wideband microstrip antenna units with air-cavity for the C-band and one wide beam magnetic-electro dipole antenna unit for the S-band. To achieve the wide-angle scanning, a phased array should have low inter-element mutual coupling and wide array-element beam-width. A simple metallic strip (MS), comprising four metal stubs and one rectangle shaped metal pillar, is utilized to improve the inter-element isolation of the array in and between the C- and S-bands. Furthermore, the metal strip can also broaden the beam-width of the C-band antenna units without distorting the wide-beam property of the S-band units. The shared-aperture array with a simple metallic strip is designed based on the above elements, and WASC is realized in both the C- and S- bands with low mutual coupling. To verify the proposed method, the shared-aperture array is fabricated and characterized, yielding good performance within the overall operating bandwidth. The measured results align very well with the simulated. The proposed array realizes the scanning coverage of ±60° with realized gain reduction of less than 3 dB in both the C- and S-bands, which is a good candidate for the base station in the mobile environment.