Bandwidth Allocation Protocol Research Articles

I‐WABA: An efficient wavelengths arrangement and bandwidth allocationWDMAprotocol for passive optical intra‐rack data center networks

AbstractIn this article, we effectively handle the continuously growing traffic within data centers (DCs) and we focus on the intra‐rack communication. We propose a passive optical intra‐rack DC network (DCN) that uses a set of wavelengths for the data intra‐rack communication and a separate control wavelength for pre‐transmission coordination. We introduce a distributed access control scheme, named intra‐rack wavelengths arrangement and bandwidth allocation (i‐WABA) protocol, to effectively arrange the data wavelengths into groups and efficiently allocate them among the servers for transmission, avoiding synchronization complexity. The proposed i‐WABA protocol ensures the collisions‐free transmission over the data wavelengths and at destination achieving high performance, scalability, and reliability. In opposition to the majority of the state‐of‐the‐art intra‐rack MAC protocols that adopt synchronous transmission requiring strict time compliance, the proposed i‐WABA protocol is unslotted providing simple and reliable access control even under high data rates. Moreover, unlike other studies that assume that the control communication is performed over an Ethernet link, the proposed intra‐rack DCN considers that it is performed in the optical domain, ensuring its effective parallel operation to the data communication. The throughput improvement is extensively studied and it is proven to be an increasing function of the number of data wavelengths groups. Finally, the proposed intra‐rack DCN along with the proposed i‐WABA protocol is compared with other state‐of‐the‐art intra‐rack DCNs in terms of throughput, power consumption, and cost, while it is proven to be a performance, energy, and cost efficient DCN solution.

Enhanced Bandwidth Allocation Technique and Protocol Standards to Improve QoS in Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is efficiently plays vital role in development of several sectors by offering many opportunities to grow the economy and improve the life standard through connecting billions of “Things” which provides business opportunities in different sectors and encounter many technical and application challenges. This paper emphasizes the role of Dynamic bandwidth allocation and protocols standards in various IoT sectors such as healthcare, education, agriculture, industrial, transportation, smart cities etc., and focuses on the challenges in providing uninterrupted bandwidth to all IoT devices with existing infrastructure, which depends on standardized protocols and network devices to establish connection with heterogeneous IoT devices. This paper covers Enhanced Dynamic Bandwidth Techniques, protocol standards and policies in IoT network technologies to Improve QoS in IoT devices.

Promenade: Proportionally Fair Multipath Rate Control in Datacenter Networks with Random Network Coding

In today's datacenter topologies, there exist multiple equal-cost paths between each pair of communicating virtual machines. Yet, splitting flows and routing them along multiple paths may lead to packet reordering, which may affect the performance of TCP. In this paper, we propose Promenade, a new protocol that uses random network coding to mitigate the negative effects of packet reordering, while at the same time achieving weighted proportional fairness in bandwidth allocation across different tenants. To achieve weighted proportional fairness when allocating bandwidth to tenants, the problem of rate control is formulated as a convex optimization problem, and Promenade uses its distributed solution as a theoretical foundation to design its bandwidth allocation protocol. With our real-world implementation of Promenade in the Mininet testbed, we are able to show that Promenade is able to achieve weighted proportional fairness in its rate control when individual flows are split into multiple paths.

Next Generation Fiber-Wireless Fronthaul for 5G mmWave Networks

mmWave radio, although instrumental for achieving the required 5G capacity KPIs, necessitates the need for a very large number of access points, which places an immense strain on the current network infrastructure. In this article, we try to identify the major challenges that inhibit the design of the Next Generation Fronthaul Interface in two upcoming distinctively highly dense environments: in Urban 5G deployments in metropolitan areas, and in ultra-dense Hotspot scenarios. Second, we propose a novel centralized and converged analog Fiber-Wireless Fronthaul architecture, specifically designed to facilitate mmWave access in the above scenarios. The proposed architecture leverages optical transceivers, optical add/drop multiplexers and optical beamforming integrated photonics towards a Digital Signal Processing analog fronthaul. The functional administration of the fronthaul infrastructure is achieved by means of a packetized Medium Transparent Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation protocol. Preliminary results show that the protocol can facilitate Gb/s-enabled data transport while abiding to the 5G low-latency KPIs in various network traffic conditions.

A cross-layer QoS-aware optimization protocol for guaranteed data streaming over wireless body area networks

In this paper, we study the problem of routing, bandwidth and flow assignment in wireless body area networks (BANs). We present an adaptive joint routing and bandwidth allocation protocol for traffic streaming in BAN. Our solution considers BAN for real-time data streaming applications, where the real-time nature of data streams is of critical importance for providing a useful and efficient sensorial feedback for the user while system lifetime should be maximized. Thus, bandwidth and energy efficiency of the communication between energy constrained sensor nodes must be carefully optimized. The proposed solution takes into account nodes' residual energy during the establishment of the routing paths and adaptively allocates bandwidth to the nodes in the network. We also formulate the joint routing tree construction and bandwidth allocation problem as Mixed Integer Linear Program that maximizes the network utility while satisfying the QoS requirements. We compare the resulting performance of our protocol with the optimal solution, and show that it closes a considerable portion of the gap from the theoretical optimal solution.

A decentralized LR-PON architecture supporting efficient peer-to-peer communication

Recently, LR-PON is considered as a desirable technology to provide a large scale of optical access cover. Upstream transmission (from ONUs to OLT) and downstream transmission (from OLT to ONUs) have been well studied in existing LR-PON architectures. However, little attention has been paid to efficient peer-to-peer communication which is extremely demanding in LR-PON. Therefore, in this paper, we will propose a decentralized LR-PON architecture supporting direct peer-to-peer communication among ONUs. Then a decentralized bandwidth allocation protocol which dedicates to maximize network throughput is proposed for efficient peer-to-peer communication and protecting peer-to-peer communication from the risk of OLT failure. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our work.

Integrated Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Access Networks Supporting Inter-ONU Communications

Integrated fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks provide a powerful platform to improve the throughput of peer-to-peer communication by enabling traffic to be sent from the source wireless client to an ingress optical network unit (ONU), then to the egress ONU close to the destination wireless client, and finally delivered to the destination wireless client. Such wireless-optical-wireless communication mode introduced by FiWi access networks can reduce the interference in wireless subnetwork, thus improving network throughput. With the support for direct inter-ONU communication in the optical subnetwork, throughput of peer-to-peer communication in a FiWi access network can be further improved. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid wavelength division multiplexed/time division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM/TDM PON) architecture supporting direct inter-ONU communication, a corresponding decentralized dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) protocol for inter-ONU communication and an algorithm to dynamically select egress ONU. The complexity of the proposed architecture is analyzed and compared with other alternatives, and the efficiency of the proposed system is validated by the simulations.

Hybrid TDMA with heuristic traffic shaping: An efficient bandwidth allocation approach for heavy loaded LANs

Hybrid TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) with heuristic traffic shaping (HyTDMA/HTS) is a new collisionless MAC protocol for efficiently managing the traffic of a heavy loaded broadcast LAN. The protocol employs techniques that enable it to perform better than both fixed assignment protocols like TDMA as well as dynamic bandwidth allocation protocols like LTDMA. HyTDMA/HTS can smoothly operate in diverse traffic environments of very high loads and bursty traffic, and it can still maintain maximum shared medium utilization while maintaining low packet delay times. Built into the protocol is also a simple yet effective heuristic mechanism that regulates the traffic of hosts flooding the network with an excessive number of packets larger than the average.

Dynamic Bandwidth Auctions in Multioverlay P2P Streaming with Network Coding

In peer-to-peer (P2P) live streaming applications such as IPTV, it is natural to accommodate multiple coexisting streaming overlays, corresponding to channels of programming. In the case of multiple overlays, it is a challenging task to design an appropriate bandwidth allocation protocol, such that these overlays efficiently share the available upload bandwidth on peers, media content is efficiently distributed to achieve the required streaming rate, as well as the streaming costs are minimized. In this paper, we seek to design simple, effective, and decentralized strategies to resolve conflicts among coexisting streaming overlays in their bandwidth competition and combine such strategies with network-coding-based media distribution to achieve efficient multioverlay streaming. Since such strategies of conflict are game theoretic in nature, we characterize them as a decentralized collection of dynamic auction games, in which downstream peers bid for upload bandwidth at the upstream peers for the delivery of coded media blocks. With extensive theoretical analysis and performance evaluation, we show that these local games converge to an optimal topology for each overlay in realistic asynchronous environments. Together with network-coding-based media dissemination, these streaming overlays adapt to peer dynamics, fairly share peer upload bandwidth to achieve satisfactory streaming rates, and can be prioritized.

Performance Analysis of a Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for a Mixed Traffic TDMA Network

This paper considers a time-division multiple-access system that is designed for voice services and analyzes the effects of adding data services with a given bandwidth allocation protocol. This protocol stipulates priority for voice and movable traffic boundaries, and is unique in that it allocates slots at designated update-interval times. We develop a Markovian analytical model and use it to derive relevant system performance characteristics for voice and data traffic. In the analytical model, reserved and shared slots are separated, and therefore, frame compaction is not applied. We study the effects of reserved data slots on performance and determine the bandwidth available for the data, given a specified level of voice service. Additionally, we explore the optimum update interval that maximizes the data-capacity subject to the specified voice-traffic characteristics. Our analytical model provides a means for studying mixed traffic system dynamics, as well as the effects of different traffic types on the others' performance. It provides an approximation to the bandwidth allocation protocol that allows us to select system parameters without the need for lengthy simulation runs.

An All-Optical Access–Metro Interface for Hybrid WDM/TDM PON Based on OBS

A new all-optical access-metro network interface based on optical burst switching (OBS) is proposed. A hybrid wavelength-division multiplexing/time-division multiplexing (WDM/TDM) access architecture with reflective optical network units (ONUs), an arrayed-waveguide-grating outside plant, and a tunable laser stack at the optical line terminal (OLT) is presented as a solution for the passive optical network. By means of OBS and a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) protocol, which polls the ONUs, the available access bandwidth is managed. All the network intelligence and costly equipment is located at the OLT, where the DBA module is centrally implemented, providing quality of service (QoS). To scale this access network, an optical cross connect (OXC) is then used to attain a large number of ONUs by the same OLT. The hybrid WDM/TDM structure is also extended toward the metropolitan area network (MAN) by introducing the concept of OBS multiplexer (OBS-M). The network element OBS-M bridges the MAN and access networks by offering all-optical cross connection, wavelength conversion, and data signaling. The proposed innovative OBS-M node yields a full optical data network, interfacing access and metro with a geographically distributed access control. The resulting novel access-metro architectures are nonblocking and, with an improved signaling, provide QoS, scalability, and very low latency. Finally, numerical analysis and simulations demonstrate the traffic performance of the proposed access scheme and all-optical access-metro interface and architectures

A Novel Decentralized Ethernet-Based PON Access Architecture for Provisioning Differentiated QoS

To date, the mainstream ethernet passive optical network (EPON) bandwidth allocation schemes as well as the new IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the first mile Task Force specifications have been centralized, relying on a component in the central office [optical line termination (OLT)] to provision upstream traffic. Hence, the OLT is the only device that can arbitrate time-division access to the shared channel. Since the OLT has global knowledge of the state of the entire network, this is a centralized control plane in which the OLT has centralized intelligence. This paper proposes novel distributed EPON architectures, and in the process proves that these distributed networking architectures and the associated bandwidth allocation algorithms and protocols have characteristics that make them far better suited for provisioning quality of service (QoS) schemes necessary for properly handling data, voice, video, and other real-time streaming advanced multimedia services over a single line. Specifically, this paper proposes a novel ethernet over star coupler-based PON architecture that uses a fully distributed time-division multiple-access (TDMA) arbitration scheme. Supported by the decentralized scheme, this paper proposes several QoS-based dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms in which the OLT is excluded from the implementation of the time slot assignment. In contrast with the mainstream centralized EPON architectures that combine priority queuing [intra-optical network unit (ONU) scheduling] with DBA schemes (inter-ONU scheduling), the proposed distributed EPON architecture supports differentiated services through the integration of both scheduling mechanisms at the ONU (intra-ONU scheduling). The introduction of this integration feature that can only be supported by a decentralized architecture provides better QoS guarantees. Furthermore, in addition to the added flexibility and reliability, the overall performance of the proposed decentralized EPON architecture and the associated bandwidth allocation algorithms are shown to be at least as efficient as their centralized counterparts.

Scalable network resource management for large scale Virtual Private Networks

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a private data network that uses a non-private data network to carry traffic between remote sites. There is currently significant interest in the deployment of VPN service across IP backbone facilities. In this study, we focus on designing a scalable IP-based VPN architecture and applying the distributed scheme to efficiently manage the VPN network resource. Specifically, our technologies include the following: (1) We present a scalable VPN architecture. In terms of the VPN maintenance cost and average end-to-end delay measured by average tunnel lengths, the different virtual network topologies are evaluated. (2) We take the distributed approach to solve the VPN bandwidth allocation problem. Several heuristic algorithms to select `better' route are proposed to improve the successful VPN request rate with certain QoS (quality of service) requirement. We conduct extensive performance evaluations on different systems and algorithms. The evaluation shows that in terms of admission probabilities, the distributed VPN bandwidth allocation protocol based on local status information and partial of network information can perform well, which is close to theoretical optimal result. We note that the optimal solution has the single failure and scalability issues for the large VPN deployment.