Band Satellite Communication Research Articles

A decade of EHF scientific research: Unveiling insights from Alphasat Q/V‐band satellite communication experiments

A decade of EHF scientific research: Unveiling insights from Alphasat Q/V‐band satellite communication experiments

A Wide Stopband Dual-notched Bands UWB Filter Based on A Novel Composite Right/left Handed Transmission Line

Background:: As one of the key components of ultra-wideband (UWB) system, UWB filter has important research significance. However, the current UWB filter still has the problem of a narrow stopband and cannot suppress the interference signals in the passband Objective:: In this paper, a novel UWB bandpass filter is proposed, which has wide stopband characteristics and good out-of-band rejection performance and implements a notch function for the WLAN band and the X satellite communication band in the passband to improve the antiinterference performance. Method:: The filter adopts a novel composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) structure to realize the passband characteristics with low insertion loss (< 0.8dB). The anticoupled line structures generate two transmission zeros (TZs) in the upper stopband, which improves the upper stopband performance of the filter. The short circuit step impedance resonators (SIRs) and the asymmetric coupling structure generate a notched band in the passband respectively. Results:: The simulated and measured results show that the 3dB passband range is 3.4-11.0 GHz, the out-of-band rejection is more than 20 dB in the stopband range of 12.8-28 GHz, and the dualnotched bands are located at 5.86 GHz and 8.0 GHz respectively. The measured results are basically consistent with the simulated results. Conclusion:: Compared with the existing filters, the proposed filter has outstanding advantages and has a wide range of application prospects in the field of indoor UWB positioning system.

Use of microstrip antennas in aerospace applications: L5 band satellite communication example

Günümüzde mikroşerit antenler, yüksek performans gerektiren araçlarda, uçaklarda, askeri uçaklarda, İnsansız Hava Araçlarında (İHA), uzay araçlarında, radar sistemlerinde, uydu ve füze uygulamaları gibi pek çok havacılık alanında tercih edilmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, Mikro şerit yama antenlerin havacılık sektöründe kullanım alanları ve özellikle küresel konumlama sistemlerinde (GPS- Global Positioning System) kullanımı araştırılmış ve GPS L5 güvenlik bandında örnek bir mikroşerit yama anten tasarımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tasarımı gerçekleştirilen yüksek kazançlı ve dairesel polarizasyonlu anten High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) program ile simüle edilerek sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Yapılan simülasyonların nümerik analizinde neticesinde 1176 MHz merkez frekansında, S11 değerinin -38.85 dB olan, band genişliğinin 54 MHz ve kazancının ise 6.07 dBm olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen bu değerler neticesinde küresel konum belirleme L5 güvenlik bandında kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

New SRR/CSRR antenna dual Band-notch for WLAN and X Band Satellite communication

New SRR/CSRR antenna dual Band-notch for WLAN and X Band Satellite communication

Design and optimization of a deep learning algorithm assisted stub-loaded dual band four-port MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and X band satellite communication applications

In this article, C-type stubs loaded hexagonal shaped four-element MIMO antenna is proposed with improved isolation for sub-6 GHz 5G and X-band satellite wireless communication applications. Initially, the design and simulation studies of the MIMO antenna are performed using Computer Simulation Software (CST) software but its design parameter estimation and optimization consume higher time using conventional EM simulation tools. In order to solve this issue, Deep Learning algorithm-based approach has been proposed to determine the optimal physical parameters along with best possible performance characteristics. This suggested DL based approach is resource and time efficient for parameter estimation and optimization during the design process. To reduce design space and generation of an effective dataset, the feature reduction method (FRM) is implied during the design process. The S-parameters are predicted through Dual-Channel (DC-DNN) Deep Neural Network model. The dual-band MIMO antenna operates with −10 dB impedance Bandwidths of 40 % (2.8 GHz – 4.2 GHz), 38.41 % (6.1 GHz – 9.0 GHz) and shows excellent diversity performance. The proposed MIMO antenna is suitable for Sub-6 GHz n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) 5G NR bands and also supports X band satellite (7.25–7.75 GHz and 7.9–8.4 GHz) communication applications.

Wideband and Highly Selective BandPass Filter Using Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technology for Ku-Band Applications

A new compact design of bandpass filter using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. It offers good in-band return loss, low insertion loss, wide passband, and high stopband attenuation. The filtering response is achieved by loading a couple of inverted tuning fork-shaped defected ground structures (DGS) on the bottom of the SIW cavity. DGS is utilized to enhance the upper stopband performance. To validate, the filter is fabricated using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 with 0.508 mm thickness and tested. The filter has a center frequency of 15.44 GHz with 19% fractional bandwidth (FBW). The return loss is more than 20 dB and the insertion loss is about 1.2 dB. It finds its application in Ku band satellite communication.

Sensitivity enhancement of an antenna sensor by using sextuple notch bands for application in cancer detection

In this study, a sextuple band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna sensor with slots in the feedline and parasitics is proposed. This is used for cancer detection in breast and skin phantom. The antenna sensor operates a bandwidth of 2.45–16 GHz. The dielectric properties of malignant cells are completely distinct from healthy cells, EM waves passing through the cells recognize a malignant. S11 parameters of the antenna are analyzed with the help of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) after placing the antenna on the phantoms. Further, the statistical machine learning concept of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is utilized for more vivid detection of malignant cells. The bands WiMax (2.8–3.4 GHz), radio astronomy (4.75–5.8 GHz), satellite communication (6.7–7.5 GHz, 9.2–10.9 GHz and 12.95–13.55 GHz) and SHF band (15.43–15.63 GHz), create interferences within the UWB spectrum. The interfering bands are removed by slot loading and parasitics. Thus, the sensitivity of the antenna sensor improved.

Ultra-wideband MIMO antenna with reconfigurable band notch characteristics and improved isolation

This paper introduces an ultra-wideband (UWB) dual-element MIMO antenna with reconfigurable band-notched characteristics. The antenna comprises a partial elliptical radiator patch with a partial trapezoidal notched ground and has a fractional bandwidth of 120%. By incorporating two inverted U-shaped slots and three PIN diodes, the antenna can switch between dual, single, and no notches, enabling reconfigurable band notches for WIMAX (3.5 GHz), sub6 5G band (4.5 GHz), and satellite communication band (7.5 GHz). The proposed structure has been extended to a two-element MIMO in a side-by-side arrangement, achieving isolation characteristics below -30 dB over the bandwidth by incorporating stubs between the antenna elements. The MIMO antenna has acceptable diversity performances, and the switching characteristics remain unperturbed. The time-domain behavior shows that the structure can handle impulse signals. The overall substrate dimension of the dual-element MIMO is 1.4λ0×0.7λ0. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.

SRR inspired modified psi shaped perfect metamaterial absorber for C-band application

In this research article, a compact and simple design of polarization insensitive perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) is offered. The design is optimized to target the two mid frequencies of C-band for satellite communication. This novel design is a congress of two modified psi shaped resonators which are surrounded by a split ring resonator (SRR) and an octagonal split ring resonator (OSRR). Dielectric material FR-4 of loss tangent 0.025 and thermal conductivity 0.3 WK-1m−1 is used as substrate whereas the copper (annealed) of thermal conductivity 401 WK-1m−1 and electrical conductivity 5.8 × 107 Sm−1 is used for back copper plate and resonators. This is a compact unit cell of electrical dimension 0.268λ × 0.268λ with 1.6 mm thickness of dielectric substrate and 0.035 mm thickness of bottom copper sheet. The proposed PMA is simulated within the microwave frequency range 5 GHz to 10 GHz with commercially available FIT based high-performance3D EM analyserCST microwave studio suite. The simulation result yields two resonance peaks at 6.15 GHz and 7.36 GHz with fantastic absorption rate 99.99% and 99.40%, respectively. The presented PMA shows polarization insensitivity up to 45° and oblique wide angle incidence up to 75°. Moreover, the simulated outcome is validated by some trusted validation processes; for example- equivalent LC circuit by advanced design software (ADS) and FEM based high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). A very negligible amount of deviation of resonance frequencies are observed in ADS and HFSS results compared to CST simulated result. Different types of array combinations are also simulated to test the stability of the result and to check the coupling effect. This C-band PMA is recurrently deployed in satellite communication band, defense, security, and stealth coating equipment.

SIW-DGS bandpass filter design for C band satellite communications

SIW-DGS bandpass filter design for C band satellite communications

The technology platform of the EIVE CubeSat mission for high throughput downlinks at W-band

This paper details the motivation and the status of a new satellite mission, which targets the in-orbit verification of a wide band satellite communication link, operating in the high millimeter-wave regime at 71–76GHz. Under ideal weather conditions, data rates over 15Gb/s in complex modulation formats are expected to be demonstrated in-orbit, while data rates over 6Gb/s are still expected under adverse atmospheric and weather conditions. The scientific payload, hosted by a 6U-CubeSat platform, comprises a high-performance W-band transmitter with GaN-based solid state power amplifiers, an InGaAs-based low-noise receiver and a modern FPGA-based digital processing unit, realizing arbitrary waveform generation functionality and 4k image/video storage. The ground terminal employs a highly directive Cassegrain antenna with coarse GNSS and fine multi-mode RF tracking and a low-noise receiver together with an integrated high-speed digital processing and storage unit.

Electronic Beam Steering Metamaterial Antenna with Dual-Tuned Mode of Liquid Crystal Material

In this study, a dual-tuned mode of liquid crystal (LC) material was proposed and adopted on reconfigurable metamaterial antennas to expand the fixed-frequency beam-steering range. The novel dual-tuned mode of the LC is composed of double LC layers combined with composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line theory. Through a multi-separated metal layer, the double LC layers can be loaded with controllable bias voltage independently. Therefore, the LC material exhibits four extreme states, among which the permittivity of LC can be varied linearly. On the strength of the dual-tuned mode of LC, a CRLH unit cell is elaborately designed on three-layer substrates with balanced dispersion values under arbitrary LC state. Then five CRLH unit cells are cascaded to form an electronically controlled beam-steering CRLH metamaterial antenna on a downlink Ku satellite communication band with dual-tuned characteristics. The simulated results demonstrate that the metamaterial antenna features' continuous electronic beam-steering capacity from broadside to -35° at 14.4 GHz. Furthermore, the beam-steering properties are implemented in a broad frequency band from 13.8 GHz to 17 GHz, with good impedance matching. The proposed dual-tuned mode can make the regulation of LC material more flexible and enlarge the beam-steering range simultaneously.

COMPACT MIMO ANTENNA WITH MULTIBAND DISPENSATION

Multi input multi output (MIMO) technology is used to enhance data speed. In this technique, multiple antennas are used at the source and destination ends. The current work mainly focuses on MIMO antenna with dimensions 50.8 × 37 mm<sup>2</sup>, designed using low dielectric constant material with thickness 1.57 mm. In this MIMO design, two monopole antenna elements are fed with coplanar waveguide feeding. To achieve good isolation characteristics, both the antennas are kept transverse to each other. In between the two patches a stub is placed to enhance the isolation and also to increase the bandwidth. To evade the interference of ultra-wide band (UWB) with the existing wireless bands U slots are placed on the patch and in the feed line to notch worldwide interoperability for microwave access, wireless local area network, and X band satellite communication applications. The designed antenna units were simulated for optimized performance using computer simulation technology microwave studio and antenna parameters like radiation pattern, group delay, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and return losses are measured and reported. Results emphasize that the proposed MIMO antenna operates from 3 GHz-11 GHz with a peak gain of 6 dB at 7 GHz and isolation is less than -21 dB in the entire band. An exception at notches the ECC is less than 0.001 and diversity gain (DG) is approximately 9.995 dBi. These characteristics show that the antenna can be used for UWB applications.

A K-Band Hybrid-Packaged Temperature-Compensated Phased-Array Receiver and Integrated Antenna Array

This article presents an eight-channel 1.9-dB noise figure (NF) <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band phased-array receiver (RX) for satellite communication (SATCOM). It employs the hybrid-packaged 65-nm CMOS beamformer and 0.1- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GaAs low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) based on the fan-out wafer-level chip-scale packaging (WLCSP) technology. For the power-efficient RX implementation, the power consumption of gain and phase tuning blocks is discussed, and the fully passive phase shifter (PS) and attenuator (ATT) are employed in this work. A global biasing scheme is proposed to ensure performance uniformity across temperature variations. Across the SATCOM band of 17.7–20.2 GHz, the proposed hybrid-packaged phased-array RX IC only consumes 30.2-mW dc power per channel and achieves < 1.2-dB gain variation and < 0.9-dB NF variation from −40° to 85 °C. Based on the RX IC, a dual-polarized 1024-element RX antenna array is further introduced. The measured gain-to-noise temperature ratios (G/Ts) are 6.22 and 6.51 dB/K at 19.7 GHz for left- and right-hand circular polarizations, respectively.

Low profile and broadband circularly polarized metasurface antenna based on nonuniform array

A broadband low-profile, circularly polarized metasurface antenna with a nonuniform aperture is proposed for L band satellite communications. By optimizing the nonuniform geometry, antenna size is minimized and bandwidth is expanded. Characteristic mode analysis (CMA) clearly reveals the dominant modes and stimulated modes for wideband operation. The feeding structure employs a quadrature phase quarter-power divider to excite a collection of orthogonal modes, generating stable circular polarization (CP) radiation and a phase center. Numerous feeds and crossing slots, in conjunction with the metasurface, produce multiple resonances and minimum axial ratio (AR) locations when excited, resulting in a broad impedance and AR response. The low profile nonuniform metasurface CP antenna achieves a 40% −10 dB impedance bandwidth, a 47% 3 dB AR bandwidth, and a peak gain of 8.7 dBic with a compact dimension of 0.67 × 0.67 × 0.06 λ3.

Tuning fork-hammer shaped perfect metamaterial absorber for C-band applications

The new compact octagonal split ring resonator with octagonal close ring resonator-based tuning fork-hammer-shaped metamaterial is a perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) for C-band application. It is a new arrangement of two octagonal ring resonators with tuning fork-hammer shaped metal strips that are fabricated using FR-4 dielectric material. The numerical results obtained from the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio exhibited dual resonance peaks at 4.34 GHz and 5.35 GHz with the absorption of 99.98% and 98.31%, respectively for transverse electric (TE) mode. The obtained numerical results were also authenticated using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulator, an equivalent circuit model which shows a very insignificant amount of variation. Agilent N5227 Vector Network Analyzer was also used for measurement in this study. A slight variation at all peak points was observed when the simulation and measurement data were compared. Absorption individualities were also analysed using different polarisation angles and incident angles for TE mode. The projected absorber demonstrated near unity absorptions up to 30° polarisation angle and 60° wide incident angle. The proposed design was optimised using different types of parametric studies such as unit cell configurations, split gap, and width of the octagonal ring resonator. This C-band absorber is frequently used in satellite communication band, defence, security, and stealth coating equipment.

A circularly polarized folded reflectarray antenna for Ka‐band satellite communications uplinks

AbstractA low‐profile circularly polarized folded reflectarray antenna (CPFRA) with linearly polarized (LP) feed antenna is presented in this article. Polarizing grid usually used as the subreflector of traditional FRA is replaced by a polarization‐sensitive frequency selective surface (FSS) in the CPFRA design. The polarization‐sensitive FSS is designed to convert the LP incidence into the CP wave within its passband while reflecting the orthogonal LP incident wave over its operating frequency band. A CPFRA prototype has been proposed and validated for Ka band satellite communications uplinks in this article. The maximum measured antenna gain of 26.0 dBic is achieved at 29.75 GHz with the corresponding antenna aperture efficiency of 40%. Beam scanning property has been achieved by the CPFRA with the mechanical movement of feed horn antenna. All the measured axial ratios (ARs) of the CPFRA are lower than 3 dB in the frequency range from 29 to 30.25 GHz. Meanwhile, the measured antenna gain variation with different beam scanning angles is less than 1 dB from 29.25 to 31 GHz.

Optimization of Parallel Coupled Filter Using Genetic Algorithm for C Band Applications

PCML filter with five coupled lines is designed using mathematical calculations then the same PCML filter is optimized using GA for reduction in size and bandwidth enhancement. Optimized filter is compact and total size reduction is 37.66% after optimization and bandwidth enhancement after optimization is 84.3%. Both filters are useful for C band applications, wireless communication, satellite communication, cordless phones, surveillance, and weather monitoring using weather radar. The substrate used is FR4 epoxy with a dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm.

A New Compact Split Ring Resonator Based Double Inverse Epsilon Shaped Metamaterial for Triple Band Satellite and Radar Communication

This study presents a double-inverse-epsilon-shaped, triple-band epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterial with two split ring resonators (SRRs). The proposed unit cell comprises a single slit two SRRs with two inverse-epsilon-shaped metal bits. Rogers RT6002, of dimension 10 × 10 × 1.524 mm3, is used as a substrate. An electromagnetic simulator CST microwave studio is used to investigate the effective medium parameters of the material. The proposed metamaterial shows three resonance peaks that are demarcated at the frequencies 2.38 GHz, 4.55 GHz and 9.42 GHz consecutively. The negative permittivity of the metamaterial is observed at the frequency ranges of 2.39–2.62 GHz, 4.55–4.80 GHz and 9.42–10.25 GHz. The goodness of the material was presented by the effective medium ratio (EMR) of the unit cell at 12.61. In addition, the simulated results are authenticated by using different electromagnetic simulators such as HFSS and ADS for the equivalent circuit model, which exhibits insignificant disparity. The anticipated scheme was finalised through some parametric analyses, together with configuration optimisation, different unit cell dimensions, several substrate materials, and altered electromagnetic (EM) field transmissions. The proposed triple band (S-, C- and X-bands) with negative permittivity (ε) metamaterial is practically used for numerous wireless uses, for instance, far distance radar communication, satellite communication bands and microwave communication.

Fractal Cardioid Slot Antenna for Super Wideband Applications

A new geometry for uniplanar, ultra-wideband monopole antenna has been proposed for operations in the 1.8–30 GHz band, thanks to its fractal structure in the form of a cardioid. The antenna has extremely small dimensions at 0.21λ × 0.285λ at the lowest frequency of 1.8 GHz. A parametric analysis of the influence of certain antenna dimensions on its characteristics was performed in order to achieve the widest possible impedance bandwidth. This antenna is designed for low-cost FR-4 substrate because it is primarily intended for use in broadband energy harvesting and IoT systems, but it is also suitable for applications in communication systems. Simulation results show that the antenna has a reflection coefficient (S11) below −10 dB in the entire 1.8 GHz to 30 GHz frequency range, which covers all existing cellular bands: 3G, 4G, 5G Wi-Fi, ISM, satellite communication and radar bands. The antenna exhibits gains up to 5 dBi.